Mene ne lestvichnaya tsarin: definition, ma'anar da kuma aikace-aikace

Agnatic yawan shekaru a historiography da aka sani da daya daga cikin tsarin na maye a monarchies. Mafi sau da yawa lokaci da ake amfani a dangane da na da lokacin Rus mulkin gargajiya fragmentation.

Asalin da tsarin

Generic manufa gado (ko in ba haka ba "lestvichnaya tsarin") ya bayyana a cikin Rurik daular. Da farko, Rasha ya guda Karkasa jihar tare da cibiyar a Kiev. Yana zo a cikin 882 a lokacin da Oleg sõyayya da sabon kudancin babban birnin kasar daga Novgorod Mai girma. Daga baya shugabannin mulki, da suke zaune a kan bankunan na Danube. Tare da kowane tsara Rurikovich girma yawan maza ( 'yan'uwa, da kuma thoroughbreds t. D.).

A X karni Svyatoslav aika da ƙaramin 'ya'ya maza a matsayin gwamnonin a sauran garuruwa. Wannan yi tsira da magadansa. A lokaci guda, wannan ya kai ga tashin da internecine yaƙe-yaƙe. The matasa yarima ba ya so ya zama a cikin yanayin na dogara a kan Kiev da kuma ko dai kansu kama wannan birni, ko ya sanar da nasu 'yancin kai. Duk da haka, a duk lokacin da irin wannan aware yaki ƙare a daya kuma guda, daya daga cikin 'yan takarar lashe, repressed ta abokan adawar da kuma sake-united iko. Yana da aka ba tukuna lestvichnaya tsarin, amma kawai ta rudiments.

jayayya

A flowering na zamanin d Rasha jihar zo a kan mulkin Yaroslava Mudrogo, wanda ya mutu a 1054. Kamar kakanninsa, ya sake aika da ƙaramin 'ya'ya maza a matsayin gwamnonin (a Novgorod, Pereslavl, da sauransu. D.). Kuma, ba shakka, da zarar cikin rikici fara saboda wannan. Jaroslav zuriyarsa ba za a iya warware ta karfi da makamai, wanda daya daga cikinsu shi ne dama, sabili da haka duk suka taru a wani majalisa a Liubech. Wannan ya faru a 1097. A wannan lokaci, ikon ya yi jãyayya jikoki Yaroslav. Sai a wannan taron lestvichnaya tsarin da aka soma.

A jayayya aka kai saboda gaskiyar cewa tattalin arzikin da kuma jindadin kasar da aka gurgunta da m yaƙe-yaƙe. Bugu da kari, da Slavs barazanar da waje maƙiyi. Waɗannan su ne Cumans - daji makiyaya da suka rayu a filayen zuwa kudu da gabas na Rasha. Suna kullum shirya predatory tafiye-tafiye zuwa da zaman lafiya na cikin birni, wawushe ko levied haraji. Don hamayya da su, tilasta kananan sarauta ya bai isa ba. A jihar daina zama cikakke, shi ne kamar a patchwork bargo, inda kowane "yanki" da bi nasu bukatun.

Babban jam'iyyun a cikin Congress sun Svyatoslav Izyaslavovich (Prince of Kiev), Vladimir Monomakh (Pereslavl yarima) da kuma Oleg Svyatoslavovych (Prince of Chernigov). Su ne kullum a rashin daidaito da juna. Duk da haka, sun kasance iya yarda. New lestvichnaya gado tsarin soma da jam'iyyun, shardanta nauyin dokoki domin duk shugabanni.

key siffofin

Shugabannin gane daidai. Kowace daga cikinsu samu gādon, wanda ya samu daga ubansa. Da gaske, wannan nufi yarda da 'yancin kai na lardin tsakiyar Kiev. A daidai wannan lokaci, da "uwa na Rasha birane" ya kamata mulkin shugaba, wanda shi ne mafi tsufa a cikin daular. Wannan na nufi cewa bayan Svjatopolka ikon kamata je Vladimir Monomakh (dan uwansa), kamar yadda ya faru a 1113. Wannan shi ne takamaiman-lestvichnaya tsarin. Kiev shige daga mazan da kane. Bugu da ari dokokin sun yara farko, bi da su uwan da sauransu. D. A tsarin ya kasance m. Sau da yawa shege nema tayar da dattawa. Wani lokaci su yi nasara.

Wani mai ban sha'awa mulki cewa bambanta lestvichnaya gado tsarin ya kasance al'ada dan damfara. Saboda haka abin da ake kira wakilan da Rurik daular, ga ubanninsu ba rayuwa har zuwa ya nuna sarauta a Kiev (ko kuma wani birni). Sau da yawa, da masu zunubi da aka aiki a cikin sabis na sauran shugabanni da kuma zama adventurers. Wasu da aka ba musamman gado a cikin sabon ciyar, cewa kawai kara yawan siyasa abokai a cikin Rasha.

The kama da senoratom

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa irin wannan umarni a Rasha ba musamman. A da yawa kasashen Turai, a tsakiyar zamanai, wannan manufa ya rare a matsayin mai kyau hanya don warware rikici tsakanin iko iyalansu. Akwai senoratom kira wannan tsarin. Iyakar abin da bambanci shi ne cewa Rasha gwamnatin baya shiga wani mataki na rarrabuwa, kuma yana nufin daga baya, kuma shi m.

Rasha da kuma lestvichnaya tsarin

Har ila yau Liubech shugabannin sun amince da cewa a yanzu duk tare za su yi yaƙi da Polovtsian da kuma aika su squads na sojoji general. By kuma manyan da shi shi ne kawai tabbatacce sakamako Lyubech Congress a 1097.

Daga bisani a kowace shekara rata tsakanin cibiyar da larduna a Kiev ya zama mafi m. Volatile lestvichnaya ikon watsa tsarin ya zama daya daga cikin key dalilai domin wannan tsari. Kiev karshe rasa jagoranci, bayan da aka kama da sojojin Andreya Bogolyubskogo a 1168. A lokaci guda Vladimir-Suzdal Prince bai kasance a kan Dnieper, da kuma sa baya ta ɗan kura. Wannan karshe ya tabbatar da sabon tsari na abubuwa - ya daina zama babban birnin Kiev Rus.

Fragmentation da ya jagoranci wani al'adu rata tsakanin arewaci da kuma kudancin birane. A farkon shekaru, a lokacin da akwai lestvichnaya tsarin (definition ne musamman shahara tsakanin masana tarihi a cikin XIX karni), shi ya ba sosai m. Duk da haka, da Mongol mamayewa da kuma fitowan da iko Lithuanian jihar karshe tsaya wani sadarwa a tsakanin kudu da gandun daji steppe arewa.

Sanadin

Sau da yawa akwai muhawara: abin lestvichnaya tsarin? Wannan shi ne wani ban tausayi hadari ko yake da wani abin kwaikwaya. Comparative Analysis na Rasha da kuma Turai monarchies na tsakiyar zamanai ya nuna cewa wajen wata ma'ana ci gaba a cikin mahallin tarihi. A Ingila, Faransa, da kuma musamman a Jamus a fuskar da aka guda fragmentation hade da dawowar ƙasar su ciyar. Ba na zaton cewa gado da aka bai da wani yarima - domin shi ya kasance kullum da tawagar, wanda shi ne a cikin kowane sarauta aka zaunanniyar da core iko.

Yana da wannan aji (a cikin wasu kalmomi, nan gaba boyars) ya bayan bayyanar 'yancin kai a lardin mulkoki. Agnatic yawan shekaru ya ba kadai hanya zuwa rabu da dogara a kan maras "cibiyar". A cikin Rasha arewa (Novgorod, Pskov) zuwa ga XV-XVI ƙarni. Jam'iyya da kuma jamhuriyar wanzu format. Da jama'a na wadannan birane dadin musamman 'yancin walwala. 'Yancin kansu daga cikin sarakunan da aka yi yiwu godiya ga dũkiya (saboda kasuwanci da yammacin makwabta), kazalika da musanyar al'adu tare da duk wadanda wannan Turawa (misali, tare da membobin da Hanseatic League).

Ƙin na agnatic yawan shekaru

Agnatic yawan shekaru tsira da zamanin Mongol mulkinku Rasha. Yana kuma ru hadisin don samun tasirin daga khans ya mallaki (sa'an nan kuma, matsayin mai mulkin, da zabi da dama a cikin ni'imar tsofaffi). A wannan yanayin, da kashi na hujja ba Kiev, effete, kuma Vladimir-on-Klyazma.

Lokacin sõyayya a Rasha ikoki a Moscow (XV karni), da Kremlin shugabanni ƙi m kaddara yi. Power ya zama autocratic da kuma tafin kafa. Brothers da sauran namiji zumunta zama gwamnonin ko gwamnonin Democrat a lardin.