Mene ne iyaye kankara

Gona - da jikin abin da aka kafa hada rinjayar dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke, ƙasa fasali, yanayin damina da kuma mutum masana'antu aiki a cikin sama ɓangare na Duniya ta ɓawon burodi. A cikin yanayi na rayuwar mutum da ƙasa ne mai muhimmanci. Da farko shi ne sharadin zama na shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, a karo na biyu - ba tare da wani mutum kawai zai yi ya mutu a dalilin matsananciyar yunwa. Saboda haka, kasar gona, a matsayin samfurin da rai, shi ne a lokaci guda kuma ga wanzuwar da kuma ci gaban rayuwa a wannan duniya tamu.

Gona - da wani fifiko ga hanyar samar da aikin noma. All selhozdeyatelnost mutum dangane da yin amfani da wannan hanya. Furfure ya shafi wannan murfin a matsayin matsakaici domin shuka girma, a cikin dabba - a matsayin dalilin samar da shanu da abinci. Domin manoman shi hidima a matsayin wani abu na aikace-aikace na da karfi.

Dukan aikin gona da masana'antu a ko ta wani hanya da nasaba da amfani da daga cikin manya Layer na duniya ta ɓawon burodi. Saboda haka kuxi domin ta aikace-aikace dole ne a kalla a asali sanin da kaddarorin da abun da ke ciki, samuwar da kuma rarraba kasa.

ƙasa samuwar

A tsari ne mai rikitarwa: iyaye dutse ne tuba a cikin wani abu muhimmanci daban-daban daga asali, ba kawai da alãmarsu amma kuma a cikin dũkiyarsu. Babban yanayin ga nasara gona - da shiri na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a kan iyaye dutse. Domin m haifuwa daga wadannan kwayoyin bukatar danshi da kuma irin abincin da cewa shi ne samuwa ga wannan nau'i na rayuwa. Duka wadannan muhimmanci aka gyara ne sakamakon weathering na kankara. Ƙasa samuwar - a ci gaba da aiwatar da, dangane da farko dutse interactions da kwayoyin, makoma ta. Ya ci gaba da gudana kamar haka.

Tushen na shuke-shuke, na zaunar a kan wani dutse to sha na gina jiki daga gare shi, haddasa su tashi kusa da surface. Da zarar shuka ya mutu, na gina jiki kunshe ne a cikin su, je zuwa mobile jihar. A wannan tsari, wani ɓangare daga cikin kayan da aka wanke bãya saukar da ya kwarara daga yanayi hazo, da sauran part aka ajiye a cikin babba yadudduka na dutse, da kuma na uku da aka dauka up sabon shuke-shuke.

Saki, da shuke-shuke samar da wata humus - hadaddun mahadi kwayoyin abubuwa. Wannan humus, accumulates a cikin babba yadudduka na dutse, ya ba shi sabon Properties, da launukanku zuwa duhu launi. A layi daya tare da samuwar humus ne a aiwatar da bazuwar.

Humus samuwar da kuma lalata, kazalika da jari da na gina jiki a cikin babba yadudduka na kasar gona, cinye da nazarin halittu sake zagayowar abubuwa - jigon da ƙasa samuwar tsari. Yana da wannan wurare dabam dabam na bakarãriya dutse zama m.

Kimiyyar zamani da rababben babban gona-kafa kankara a Farawa da dama Categories. Kowace daga cikinsu kamata a yi la'akari daban.

diluvium

Wannan irin iyaye kankara hada daban-daban moraines - babban, wanda aka ajiye a wurare inda a baya akwai wani gleiser, karshen kafa a gefen gleiser, da kuma gefen, suna located a tarnaƙi na harshe a cikin filayen kwari irin glaciation.

Babu ko wane irin iya mallakar moraine, za su zama adibas dutse type: yashi loam, yashi, lãka, loam - a cikin wasu kalmomi, waɗanda a cikin abin da jimillar nauyi adadin suna kunshe a cikin daban-daban boulders. Looseness kuma mafi yawansu suna dauke da mafi yawa a cikin m moraines, lãka ne halin da wata babbar.

Glacial adibas dokoki na musamman reliefs, musamman drumlins, da sauran karshen-Sea.

gantali ajiya

Wadannan gona-kafa kankara ake kira ruwa-glacial. Wannan sunan da suka samu ga dalilin cewa kafa godiya ga ruwa na glaciers narke. Wadannan adibas sau da yawa kewaye da kasa da kuma m moraines, sau da yawa overlapping su. Wannan shi ne saboda a hankali a hankali hijirar na gleiser. Fluvioglacial samuwar melkovalunnyh ko kunshi yashi da tsakuwa adibas kafa glacial Delta eskers ridges da sauran reliefs, composing ƙarshe yashi-ƙanƙara filin.

Wadannan kankara an halin da high sa na abu, madaidaici lamination a kan nuna bambanci, wanda shi ne na halitta ga kwarara ruwa adibas.

Gona-kafa kankara na da irin wannan suna a hade tare da baƙin yumɓu da ciwon kusan m layering. Masana sun yi imani da cewa irin wannan loamy adibas aka kafa ta kananan spills glacial ruwaye. Kila ne m, danko sosai, yana da wata yellowish tint. Domin irin wannan abun ciki shi ne ba halayyar boulders.

Yafi rufe baƙin yumɓu rarraba a cikin watershed yankunan, Kwance a kan moraine, daga abin da, kusan ko da yaushe, bayyananne gindaya.

A karkashin wannan muhalli da yanayi iya ci karo da rawayar} asa da kuma baƙin yumɓu. A sunadarai abun da ke ciki na iyaye kankara na irin wannan, daga baƙin yumɓu ne kama da sutura, amma ya bambanta carbonate.

Mafi yawa, wadannan kudaden da ba low ƙasa haihuwa. Rashin humus, na gina jiki, low danshi abun ciki abu gubar ga wannan sakamakon. Ilimi abu a cikin depressions, podstelennyh clays, tare da sauka a hankali waterlogging yanki, take kaiwa zuwa da cewa a wadannan wuraren kafa iyaye gona-kafa kankara podzolic kasa. A high zafi yanki suna iya zama fadama-podzolic.

Lacustrine-glacial adibas

A filayen da iyaye kankara an kafa ta laka na tabkuna da ya cika m yankin na taimako a kusa da glaciers. A wannan yanayin, advantageously gano horizontally-mai lebur tef lãka, amma wani lokacin za su iya yi tuntuɓe a kan yashi, kuma yashi loam da unexpressed kusan kwance stratification.

alluvial adibas

Wannan kungiyar hada da adibas wanda aka kafa a cikin kogin kwaruruka, da kuma a bakin kogin ruwan tufana. Wadannan adibas da wata, tsattsarkar layering. Nau'in iyaye abu irin lokacin da alluvial adibas zai dogara ne a kan yanayi, da abun da ke ciki na iya zama yashi, lãka, baƙin yumɓu da kuma kama. D.

lacustrine adibas

Halin da rashi na tef layering muhimmi lake-glacial tsarin. Bugu da ƙari kuma, su ne yafi cikin sharuddan daban-daban lake daruna samuwar.

Lacustrine-alluvial adibas

Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wannan kungiyar hada da adibas na alluvial irin da lake. Wadannan kudaden da ake kafa a Shefela da kõguna a cikinta, Woodlands. Musamman na kowa a cikin yankunan m, kuma mai tsanani sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a cikin bazara. Wuce kima danshi a sawmills dogon lokaci na stagnation na ruwa take kaiwa zuwa bayyanar lãka adibas lake irin. M iyaye abu Properties na irin wannan ne low. A kasar mu, manyan yankunan karkarar yammacin Siberia, Polesie da sauransu. N. ne kafa ta irin wannan adibas.

proluvial adibas

A karkashin wannan definition fit sediments kafa wucin gadi ya sauko daga kan duwatsu. A kayan na wadannan adibas unsorted kunshi gravelly, ƙanƙara kuma dutse abubuwa. Wadannan kankara za a iya samu a gindin dutsen: ko da karamin kwazazzabo alfahari da wani gagarumin adadin offsets. Tattara abubuwa masu kyau, wadannan kayan gyara da Piedmont bayyana band. Sau da yawa sosai suna da gagarumin darajar - wani m misali na wannan ne tsiri tare da Kopet Dagh.

Hallmark, kamar yadda za a iya gane, proluvial adibas ne a fan-dimbin yawa ko mazugi. Abun da ke ciki proluvium bambancin. Kusa da dutsen jeri ne yawanci gravelly schebenchatye ilimi, wajen danyen. The m cire dutsen ne amfani, da karami da tsarin. A cikin mafi girma da nisa daga gindin proluvium kunshi yashi da kuma baƙin yumɓu.

eluvial adibas

Gona-kafa kankara na da irin wannan suna kafa ta weathering na dutsen tsarin, ya zauna a wuri.

Bisa ga abun da ke ciki na primary dutse da weathered hali za a iya hukunci a kan abin da irin tsarin da kuma zama mai. Lokacin da daban-daban sinadaran tsoma halitta Properties shi yana iya zama gigantic tubalan na dutse ko lãka m kayayyakin. Mountain kololuwa ne mai arziki a cikin dutse a qarqashinsu, yayin da ta Shefela gumi liyi tare da lãka adibas.

Eluvium halin da hankali sharuddan sauyawa na kankara da kuma qananan bambance-bambance a mineralogical abun da ke ciki na sediments daga iyaye don samun ilmi.

deluvial adibas

Babban gona-kafa duwatsu ne na irin wannan adibas na dutse iri. Suna sosai da nasaba da eluvial, kasancewa, a gaskiya, eroded tuddai da ruwan sama ko meltwater eluvium.

Ulla kankara na irin wannan da wani sa da kuma gagarumin stratification. Mafi sau da yawa, da yadudduka ne a layi daya zuwa gangaren dutsen. Domin mafi part kunshi glinoobraznyh barbashi. A ikon gane manyan m tarkace ne kadan.

Irin adibas suna located in wurare na rage taimako, a kusa da dutsen jeri ko Shefela.

Eluvial-talus adibas

Nature eluvial da talus adibas ne cewa manyan yankunan su ne a kusa da kusanci. Tare da wannan tsari, ga ganewar inda daya irin laka fara da ƙare da wani, shi ne musamman wuya, idan ba zai yiwu ba. Masana sun yanke shawarar cewa iyaye kankara a cikin wannan hali, za a kira eluvial talus. Su ko da yaushe suna located in mountainous yankunan da yankunan da m ƙasa.

aeolian adibas

Da samuwar wadannan adibas ne ko da yaushe hade da jari na iska aiki.

Lalle ne, haƙĩƙa aeolian adibas ne adibas na yashi da cewa yin up yankin na Hamada da kuma Semi-Hamada. Wadannan Tsarin ƙirƙirar recognizable reliefs - dunes. Yana da ga shi unmistakably hada da asalin da irin zuwa ga Eolian irin.

A Gwargwadon yankunan ba alaka da Hamada, kuma, za a iya gane irin wannan iyaye kankara. Wadannan sun hada da dunes na daban-daban asalin: tẽku, kogin, nahiyar. Wadannan siffofi suna kafa ta yashi adibas, fassara a baya, lokacin da yanayin damina sun daban-daban, ko kuma suna a cikin tsari perevevaniya yau - wannan tsari sau da yawa faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ayyukan mutane. Bayan da morphological Properties eolian shaida bambanta daga duk sauran iri diagonal layering kuma high kasawa.

rawayar} asa

Wadannan quaternary kafa kankara zauna da muhimmanci wuri a cikin kasar. Steppe na kudu da kudu-maso-gabas kusan ta dukan tsawon kunshi rawayar} asa kuma rawayar} asa-kamar baƙin yumɓu. Wadannan iri kankara da rarrabe siffofin: friability, babu stratification, porosity. A mafi muhimmanci bambanci tsakanin su - a cikin babban abun ciki na magnesium da alli carbonate.

marine sediments

Marine kafa kankara ne, yafi wakilta Rasha a cikin Caspian ciki. su ilimi a wannan gundumar faru a lokacin da na karshe da qetare iyaka na Caspian Sea. Wadannan kudaden da ake located a nan a cikin nau'i na m cakulan platy clays, Sands lokaci-lokaci. Sau da yawa, wadannan duwatsu da karfi da gwargwado. Bugu da kari, marine adibas halayyar da Arctic Ocean.