Mene ne interspecific gasar? misalai

Yawan jama'a da lafiyar qasa - wani kimiyya horo cewa ya wadãtu da bambancin da dangantaka tsakanin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta na daban-daban alƙarya. Daya nau'i na irin wannan hulda ne interspecific gasar. A wannan labarin, za mu duba a ta fasali, alamu na abin da ya faru na gwagwarmayar ƙasa, abinci da kuma sauran abiotic dalilai a kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa a cikin halitta da kuma wucin gadi biogeotsinozah.

Species, kuma ta muhalli halaye

A lokacin tarihi ci gaban nazarin halittu halittun (kungiyoyin da ciwon kowa ainihi) saba da abiotic da biotic dalilai yanayi. Tsohon hada da sauyin yanayi, da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na kasar gona, ruwa da iska, da dai sauransu, da kuma na biyu - .. A tasiri na wasu jinsunan rayuwa a kan sauran.

Mutane na daya jinsin shirya a wasu wuraren habitats unevenly. Su gungu suna kira alƙarya. Community na daya irin na dindindin lamba tare da jama'a na sauran jinsinta. Yana ma'anar matsayinsu a al'amarin, wanda ake kira da muhalli alkuki.

Interspecific gasar, wani misali na wanda za a tattauna a cikin labarin, an kai tsaye, a cikin wurare na overlapping jeri na daban-daban na al'umma da kuma zai iya kai ga nau'i nau'i na da yawan jama'a na daya daga cikinsu. Alal misali, a G. Gause gwaje-gwajen da Rasha masana kimiyya sun ɓullo da iri biyu ciliates a kan daya matsakaici. Daya daga cikin su ya fara rayayye radiyo da kuma girma a kudi na wani. A sakamakon haka, a mafi rauni form gaba daya shafe ta da (dadaddun) for 20 days.

Mene ne sakamakon overlapping yankunan

Idan ƙasar biyu daban-daban na mazauninsu a wasu yankunan na biotope ci tsakanin mutane taso da karfi isa bambance-bambance a cikin external tsarin, da lokaci na balaga da kuma ma'abota. Suna da ake kira da biya diyya fasali.

A kan periphery na yankin sanaki kwayoyin na daya kawai jinsin, su alƙarya ake converged tare da al'umma, wakilta mutane na wani nau'in. Ya kamata a lura da cewa a karo na biyu idan tsakanin alƙarya ne kusan babu interspecific gasar. Misali da kananan tsuntsaye lura ko da Charles Darwin a Galapagos Islands a lokacin da yake tafiya a kusa da duniya a kan jirgin ruwa mai filafilai "Beagle" - bayyananne tabbatarwa.

A dokar m wariya

A muka ambata a sama masanin kimiyya G. Gause tsara muhimmanci muhalli dokar: idan trophic da sauran jama'a na da bukatun da biyu daban-daban na wannan, wadannan ididdigar da aka gasar. Wannan kara gusar da lafiya a wannan mazauninsu, kamar yadda ya auku therebetween interspecies gasar. An misali cewa misalta shi - shi swings da yawan perch, rudd da roach-cin a cikin wannan kandami. Roach toya ne mafi aiki da kuma voracious, don haka sun samu nasarar kau da matasa perch da rudd.

Sympatric da allopatric halittun

Suka tashi, a sakamakon yanayin kebantaccen. La'akari da jinsin kira allopatric. Domin bayyana gaskiyar su bayyanar, amfani da bayanan a fannin binciken kasa da paleogeography. Samfurori da irin al'ummomin gasa karfi da isa, tun da suka bukatar wannan abinci albarkatu. An wannan hali ne halin da interspecific gasar.

Misalai na dabbobi da fallasa su na labarin kasa kebantaccen, - a North American dabbar beaver da mink. Daruruwan shekara dubu da suka wuce, da Asiya da kuma Arewacin Amirka da aka da alaka da ƙasar mãkirci.

A cikin babban yankin, sanaki 'yan qasar jinsunan hakori. Lokacin da akwai da Bering mashigar, da Yuro-Asiya da American alƙarya da waɗannan dabbobi a sakamakon bambanta rarrabuwar kafa wani sabon nau'in, gasar da juna. Bambance-bambance tsakanin mutane na alƙaryu an inganta a sakamakon kawar da halaye.

Shin yana yiwuwa a rage interspecific gasar?

Bayyana sake cewa yawan Kare Mahalli interspecific gasar - shi ne dangantaka na kwayoyin na zuwa alƙarya da daban-daban jinsunan da kuma bukata irin albarkatun da ake bukata domin da rayuwar. Wannan na iya zama wani sarari mazauninsu, haske, danshi kuma, ba shakka, abinci.

Karkashin yanayi, da al'umma daban-daban halittun da raba ƙasar yankin da abinci tushe iya rage matsa lamba na gasar a hanyoyi daban-daban. To, ta yaya ne rage interspecific gasar? Misali - a rabo daga cikin kewayo, wadda take kaiwa zuwa daban-daban iri iri na abinci waterfowl - dimilmilo, kuma shag. Ko da yake suna zaune a kan wannan dukiya, amma mutane na yawan na farko jinsunan ciyar a kan benthic kwaro da kifi siffofi, da kuma na biyu - search for abinci a cikin sama ruwa yadudduka.

Domin autotrophic kwayoyin da aka ma halin da interspecific gasar. Misalai na shuke-shuke, da goyon bayan ragi manifestations na gwagwarmayar zama - a herbaceous jinsin da kuma itacen form. Wadannan alƙarya da multilevel tushen tsarin cewa tsiraru da tabbatar da rabuwa da ƙasa yadudduka, na da shuke-shuke sha ruwa da kuma ma'adanai. Tsire-tsire kafa zuriyar dabbobi (Anemone Ranunculaceae, zobo, bearberry) da taproot tsawon daga dama millimeters to 10 santimita, kuma perennial itacen jinsunan gymnosperms da flowering shuke-shuke - daga 1.2 zuwa 3.5 m m.

tsangwama gasar

Wannan nau'i na faruwa a lokacin da jinsuna daban amfani da wannan muhalli factor ko hanya. Mafi sau da yawa shi ne overall abinci wadata. Kwari, kamar shuke-shuke da dabbobi, da tartsatsi interspecific gasar.

Misalai da Photos of gwaji bayanin a kasa zai bayyana P. Park nazari, da za'ayi a karkashin awon yanayi. The masana kimiyya amfani iri biyu kwaro gwaje-gwajen, na a gidan Tenebrionidae - Muchnik (mealworms).

Mutane na wadannan jinsunan shiga cikin gasar domin abinci (gari), kuma sun kasance yara (beetles ci wani nau'in).

A vitro gwaje-gwajen da aka canza abiotic dalilai: zafin jiki da kuma zafi. Sun canza alama na dominance al'ummomi na da daya ko wasu irin. Bayan wasu lokaci a wani wucin gadi yanayi (akwatin tare da gari) da aka samu samfurori na daya kawai irin da wani - gaba daya bace.

sarrafawa gasar

Yana taso a sakamakon m gwagwarmaya na kwayoyin na iri daban-daban abiotic dalilai da suke a mafi: abinci, ƙasa. An misali na irin wannan wani nau'i na muhalli interactions - abinci da tsuntsaye na ga jinsuna daban a kan wannan itace, amma a cikin daban-daban tiers.

Saboda haka, interspecies gasar - shi ne a cikin ilmin halitta da irin wannan irin hulda tsakanin kwayoyin, wadda take kaiwa zuwa:

• wani muhimman hakkokin rabuwa da jama'a na jinsuna daban na ba-matching muhalli maharibai.
• fitar akalla daya irin roba biogeotsinoza.
• zuwa cikakken ellimanatsii mutane a cikin wata alƙarya gasar taxon.

Kare Muhalli alkuki da kuma ta gazawa, alaka interspecific gasar

Kare Muhalli nazarin gano cewa biogeotsinozy kunshi haka da yawa muhalli maharibai na da yawa jinsunan rayuwa a cikin yanayin kasa. A spatially kusa muhalli alkuki al'ummomi muhimmanci halittun da biotope, da tsanlnin su gwagwarmayar mafi yanayi na yanayi:

• ƙasa.
• abinci tushe.
• yayin da yawan live.

Wadannan su ne uku main sigogi na real muhalli alkuki zaune. Yana takaita ajali yanayin na zama na yawan jama'ar, kamar parasitism, gasar, predation, mazauninsu ƙuntatawa, saukarwa abinci albarkatu.

Environmental matsa lamba rage a cikin biotope ne kamar haka:

• layering a gauraye gandun daji.
• daban-daban habitats na larvae da kuma manya. Saboda haka, da mazari naiads rayuwa a kan ruwa shuke-shuke da imago sun ƙware da iska yanayi. a cikin May irin ƙwaro larvae rayuwa a cikin babba yadudduka na kasar gona, da kuma adult kwari da suke zaune a cikin ƙasa-iska sarari.

Dukan waɗannan mamaki faye hali irin wannan abu a matsayin interspecific gasar. Misalai na dabba da shuka gabatar sama tabbatar da wannan.

interspecific gasar sakamakon

Mun la'akari da tartsatsi sabon abu a cikin yanayi, halin kamar yadda interspecific gasar. Misalai - ilmin halitta da kuma da lafiyar qasa (as ta sashe) - gabatar mana da wannan tsari a cikin yanayi na kwayoyin na zuwa mulkin fungi da kuma shuke-shuke, kamar yadda da kyau kamar yadda a cikin dabba mulkin.

By da sakamakon interspecific gasar shafi lafiya da canzawa daga jinsuna da kuma muhalli bambantawa. A farko sabon abu ne miƙa a lokacin da suka shafi nau'in a cikin al'ummar yanayin kasa ba kara su lambobi, kamar yadda akwai wani musamman factor a cikin haifuwa na yawan jama'a. Sauyawa daga jinsuna, dangane da dokoki na m wariya ne matsananci nau'i na matsa lamba fiye da roba da kuma sertilnogo irin wannan babu makawa take kaiwa zuwa mutuwar mutum - a gasa.

Environmental bambantawa (bambanta rarrabuwar) take kaiwa ga samuwar na kadan juya hali, musamman sosai jinsunan. Suna Fitted ga waɗanda rabo daga cikin jimlar iyaka, inda akwai riba (cikin sharuddan siffofin da haifuwa, abinci mai gina jiki).

A kan aiwatar da bambantawa na biyu gasar jinsunan rage kwayoyin canzawa, kuma ayan da mafi ra'ayin mazan jiya gene pool. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin wadannan al'ummomi, da tabbatar da dorewar nau'i na zabin yanayi zai mamaye tuki ansu kafofin tarwatsa kuma ya views.