Mene ne genotype? Tamanin da genotype a cikin kimiyya da ilimi da duniyoyin

Auren ya akai-akai buga mana da nasarorin da suka samu a cikin binciken na mutum genome da kuma sauran gabobin halittu. Easy handling da kuma lissafin ba ba tare da na kowa Concepts da haruffa, wanda ba su hana kuma wannan kimiyya.

Mene ne genotype?

A lokaci fahimci kafa na genes na kwayoyin, wanda aka adana a cikin chromosomes na kowane daga cikin sel. A ra'ayi na genotype kamata a iya bambanta daga genome, t. Don Dukansu kawo daban-daban lexical ma'anar. Saboda haka, genome shi ne cikakken duk kwayoyin halittu na wannan nau'in (mutum genome, da genome biri, zomo gene).

Ta yaya ne genotype na mutum?

Mene ne genotype a ilmin halitta? Da farko zaci cewa kafa genes bambanta kowane cell. Wannan ra'ayin da aka karyata tun da masana kimiyya gano ginshikai na samuwar da zygote na biyu gametes: namiji da mace. Kamar yadda wani mai rai kwayoyin daga zygote kafa ta m rarrabu, yana da sauki tsammani cewa duk m Kwayoyin zai yi daidai da wannan sa kwayoyin halitta.

Duk da haka, ya kamata ya kasance rarrabe daga abin da genotype daga cikin iyaye na yaro. A tayi a cikin mahaifa yana da wani rabin sa kwayoyin halitta daga mahaifiyarsa da kuma daga uba, don haka da yara ko masu kama da iyayensu, amma a lokaci guda ba su 100% kofe.

Mene ne genotype da phenotype? Ta yaya suka bambanta?

Phenotype - wani tarin dukan waje da ciki siffofin na jiki. Misalai ne gashi launi, gaban freckles, tsawo, da jini, haemoglobin, ko babu enzyme kira.

Duk da haka, da phenotype ba wani abu tabbataccen kuma m. Idan ka duba da zomaye, da launi da Jawo dabam dangane da kakar: a lokacin rani suna da launin toka da kuma hunturu fari.

Yana da muhimmanci a fahimci cewa wani sa na genes ne ko da yaushe akai, da kuma phenotype iya bambanta. Idan muka yi la'akari da rayuwar kowane guda cell a cikin jiki, kowane daga cikinsu daukawa daidai da wannan genotype. Duk da haka, insulin da aka hada a cikin wannan, a cikin wasu keratin, a cikin na uku actin. Kowane ne ba kama da juna a siffar da kuma size, ayyuka. Wannan shi ake kira da phenotypic bayyana. Wannan abin da genotypes da kuma abin da ya bayyana su bambanta daga phenotype.

Wannan sabon abu ne ya bayyana ta da cewa da bambantawa na jam sel wasu kwayoyin halittu kunshe a cikin aiki, yayin da wasu ne a cikin wani "Yanayin barci." Recent ko rayuwa kasance m, ko sake-amfani da tantanin halitta a stressful yanayi.

Misalai rikodin genotypes

A yi, da binciken na kwayoyin bayanai ne da za'ayi amfani da matukar boye-boye da kwayoyin halittu. Alal misali, kasa-kasa ido gene aka rubuta tare da babban birnin kasar "A", da kuma magana da blue ido - karamin harafin "a". Saboda haka ya nuna cewa da wata ãyã daga wani rinjaye ruwan kasa-sa ido da kuma shudi - wani koma bayan tattalin arziki.

Saboda haka, a kan tushen da mutane na iya zama:

• rinjaye homozygotes (AA, Brown-sa ido).
• heterozygotes (Aa, ruwan kasa-sa ido).
• recessive homozygotes (aa, blue idanu).

Bisa wannan ka'ida nazari hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin halittu da kansu, wanda yawanci amfani da dama nau'i-nau'i daga kwayoyin halittu. Wannan kiwata tambaya: mene ne genotype 3 (4/5/6, da dai sauransu ...)?

Wannan magana na nufin cewa ana dauka da zarar uku gene nau'i-nau'i. A rikodin zai zama, misali, kamar haka: AaVVSs. Akwai sabon genes da suke da alhakin sosai halaye daban-daban (misali, a mike gashi kuma curly gashi, gaban gina jiki ko rashin daga gare ta).

Me ya sa aka mai da hankula shigarwa genotype matukar?

Duk wani gene, ya gano da masana kimiyya, shi ne wani takamaiman sunan. Mafi sau da yawa shi ne English sharuddan ko phrases da cewa za a iya isa babba size a tsawon. Haruffan sunayen wuya ga wakilan kasashen waje kimiyya, haka masana kimiyya sun gabatar da fiye da wani sauki rikodi na genes.

Ko a makarantar sakandare dalibi iya, wani lokacin san abin da genotype 3a. Irin wannan shigarwa na nuni da cewa gene da alhakin 3 alleles na wannan gene. Lokacin amfani da wannan sunan Gene fahimtar gadar hali ka'idojin iya zama da wuya.

Idan ya zo ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje inda tsanani nazarin karyotype da DNA karatu, akwai makoma ga hukuma sunayen da kwayoyin halittu. Wannan shi ne musamman gaskiya ne ga waɗanda masana kimiyya suka buga sun gudanar da binciken.

Inda m genotypes

Wani kyau siffa daga cikin yin amfani da sauki alamomin - wannan versatility. Dubban kwayoyin halittu da na musamman da sunan, amma kowanne daga cikinsu za a iya wakilta daya kawai wasika daga cikin haruffa. A mafi yawan lokuta, a warware kayyade matsaloli a kan daban-daban siffofin da haruffa an maimaita kuma da sake, kowane lokaci decrypted darajar. Alal misali, a cikin wani matsala da gene B - black ne da launi da gashi, da kuma sauran - shi ne gaban moles.

The tambaya "abin ne genotypes na" mafitar ba kawai a aji domin ilmin halitta. A gaskiya QFontDatabase sa Heart wording da terminology a kimiyya. Wajen magana, da yin amfani da genotypes - a ilmin lissafi model. A hakikanin rai ƙara wahala, duk da cewa da babban manufa har yanzu gudanar don canja wurin zuwa takarda.

By kuma manyan, da genotypes a cikin nau'i a cikin abin da muka san su, an yi amfani da shirin na makaranta da kuma mafi girma ilimi a warware matsaloli. Wannan simplifies da fahimtar da topic "abin genotypes" da kuma tasowa dalibai 'ikon bincika. A nan gaba, da fasaha na yin amfani da irin wannan records ne ma da amfani, amma hakikanin sharuddan da sunayen da kwayoyin halittu ne mafi dace domin ainihin gudanar da bincike.

A halin yanzu, kwayoyin halittu suna karatu a cikin daban-daban nazarin halittu dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Boye-boye da kuma yin amfani da genotypes yana da muhimmanci ga kiwon lafiya da shawarwari, a lokacin da daya ko fiye da siffofin za a iya gano a wani yawan al'ummomi. A fitarwa na masana zai iya hango ko hasashen phenotypic bayyana a cikin yara da wasu yiwuwa (misali, bayyanar 25% na farin gashi ko 5% na yaran da aka haifa tare da polydactyly).