Me ake tsufa da kuma mutuwa mutane

'Yan mutane san, amma a cikin XVIII karni, da talakawan rai span ne kawai 24 shekaru da haihuwa. Bayan shekaru 100, wannan adadin ya karu da rabin - to 48 shekaru. Yanzu baby iya rayuwa a kan talakawan 76 years old. Tare da 'yan binciken a ilmin halitta, masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa wannan adadi zai zama dogon lokaci m.

gabatarwar

Yau, da search for "rejuvenating apples" da kuma amsar wannan tambaya na sa tsufa mutane, mayar da hankali a nazarin kwayoyin tsarin da Kwayoyin, yayin da kasa hankali ne ya biya zuwa rawar da danniya da kuma rage cin abinci a cikin rayuwar mutane. Wa cimma dawwama nuna wa anti-tsufa kananan dakunan shan magani, da biyan kowane shekara zuwa 20 000 daloli ga hormone far, DNA analysis, da kuma cosmic tiyata. Duk da haka, wadannan gwaji hanyoyin ba da tabbacin dawwama - kawai masana alkawari tsawanta rayuwa.

Tare, bari mu san lokacin da kuma ya sa mutanen da girma da haihuwa, abin da suke da cututtuka da kuma Sanadin tsufa da kuma yadda za a rage gudu da tsufa tsari.

A ra'ayi na "tsufa"

The kalmar "tsufa" yanzu hade tare da anti-tsufa kayan shafawa da kuma tiyata. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kimiyyar zamani ne mafi mayar da hankali a kan nazarin m sarari da sabuwar dabara na sabuwar fasahar. Game da rashin mutuwa kawai manta.

Amma Doktor Dzhon Langmore, farfesa, a Jami'ar Michigan, da kuma tawagar "duba" a cikin Kwayoyin, daga ainihin mutum rayuwa. A takaice, ya ya yi karatu da kuma gano cikin jigidar halittar DNA a da iyakar sarkar na maimaita nau'i-nau'i daga enzymes da aka baya cinye "telomere". Sun yi aiki a matsayin m "iyakoki" a kan karshen chromosomes cewa hana kwayoyin a kan lokaci, da yiwuwar raba a rabin, wadda take kaiwa zuwa tsufa da kuma mutuwa mutumin.

Mene ne "telomeres"

Masana kimiyya lura cewa lokacin da mutum ya samun mazan, telomere tsawon rage-rage, sarƙoƙi. A ƙarshe suka zama haka short cewa tantanin halitta kwafi Yanã m kurakurai ko kuma babu guda a cikin DNA jerin, hana Kwayoyin ikon maye gurbin kansu. Wannan ya takaita batu a lokacin da cell ya rasa da DNA code for rai da ba zai iya haifa da kanta, shi ake kira Hayflick iyaka. Yana da wani gwargwado na yadda da yawa sau da tantanin halitta zai iya aiwatuwa da kanta, kafin ya rasu.

Wasu daga cikin sel a jikin mu da sosai high Hayflick iyaka. Alal misali, Kwayoyin da suke cikin mu bakin da hanji har abada sharewa da kuma maye gurbin. Lalle ne sũ, ya bayyana a iya girma telomeres, ko da a cikin adulthood. Sa'an nan da masana kimiyya sha'awar sa wasu Kwayoyin hana ci gaban na telomeres da shekaru, da kuma wasu ne ba.

"Programmed" Kwayoyin

Dr. Langmore yin amfani da jiki, biochemical da kwayoyin dabaru don nazarin tsarin da kuma aiki na telomeres, ɓullo da wani cell-free tsarin for dawo daga aikin model na telomeres yin amfani da roba DNA. Kuma ma gano inji ta da telomeres suna "stabilized", da kuma yanayin da kai zuwa ga rashin zaman lafiya.

Protein dalilai "alhakin" domin karfafawa daga cikin chromosome iyakar da aka cloned da kuma karatu. Electron bincike da madubin likita sanya shi yiwuwa a kai tsaye ganin tsarin telomeres model. Wannan sigar ban sha'awa nazari ya kai ga da yawa alamar binciken.

Masana kimiyya sun gano wani muhimmin enzyme wanda zai iya "kashe" da telomere zuwa jigidar halittar DNA iya izuwa cokula masu yatsotsi. Shi ne ake kira telomerase. Amma lokacin da muka samu mazan, da adadin telomerase a Kwayoyin rage-rage. Wannan ne amsar wannan tambaya da dalilin da ya sa jikin mutum zamanai.

Biyar manyan theories

Saboda haka, masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa mutuwa na faruwa dangane da asarar da babban yawan Kwayoyin. Akwai da dama theories cewa bayanin yadda Hayflick iyaka da aka bayyana a cikin sel na jiki. Ka yi la'akari da su a cikin daki-daki:

1. kuskure bane. Wannan ka'idar ma'anar kurakurai wanda zai iya bayyana a sinadaran halayen a samar da DNA da RNA, kamar yadda na rayuwa inji shi ne ba 100% m. Cell mutuwa na iya zama da sakamakon wadannan uncorrected kurakurai.

2. Theory of free radicals. Yana amsa wannan tambaya na sa tsufa mutane, a kansu hanya. Uncontrolled free radicals iya lalata membranes cewa kewaye Kwayoyin da salon salula DNA da RNA kwayoyin. Wannan lalacewa ƙarshe take kaiwa zuwa tantanin halitta mutuwa.

A halin yanzu, wannan ka'ida duk karfinsa karatu. Gwaje-gwajen a kan beraye sun nuna cewa wani karu daga 40% na caloric ci kaiwa zuwa wani cire tallafin rayuwa da kuma rage yawan free radicals. Bugu da kari, da masu bincike gano cewa, bitamin E da kuma C suna da kyau sha su.

3. crosslinking ka'idar furta cewa tsufa rayayyun kwayoyin halitta saboda da bazuwar samuwar (da crosslinking) "gadoji" tsakanin sunadarai na gina jiki, wanda zai iya sa'an nan tsoma baki tare da aiwatar da samar da RNA da DNA. Wannan crosslinking za a iya sa mutane da yawa sunadarai, yawanci bayyana a Kwayoyin a sakamakon metabolism, kazalika da abin gurɓatawa (msl, kai kuma taba hayaki).

4. Brain jarrabawa ya amsa wannan tambaya na sa mutane tsufa da sauri, a cikin wani daban-daban hanya. Wannan shi ne saboda da "gazawar" a cikin homeostasis na jikin ayyuka, musamman a cikin iko da hypothalamus a kan pituitary gland shine yake, wanda a bi sa a rashin lafiya a cikin iko da endocrine gland.

5. Autoimmune ka'idar. Yana da aka samarwa da Dr. Roy Walford a Los Angeles, wanda ya nuna cewa iri biyu na gina jiki da maikacin jini na rigakafi da tsarin (B da kuma T) rasa su makamashi saboda "hari" na ƙwayoyin cuta, cututtuka da kuma ciwon daji Kwayoyin. Kuma a lokacin da B- da kuma T-Kwayoyin zama m, suka harba lafiya Kwayoyin.

Me tsufa mutane: haddasawa da kuma bayyanar cututtuka

A wani matsayi a cikin rayukansu, sau da yawa kusa da shekaru 30, sigina da ãyõyin tsufa fara zama na fili. Su za a iya gani a ko'ina: a kan fata wrinkles, rage karfin da sassauci ga ƙasũsuwa da gidajen abinci, da zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, kuma kayan hanji da juyayi tsarin ne batun sauya.

Duk da yake babu wanda zai iya ce daidai me ya sa tsufa mutane. Amma shakka shi gano cewa halittar jini, da rage cin abinci, motsa jiki, cuta, da kuma sauran abubuwan tasiri wannan tsari.

Hankali duba bayyanar cututtuka da kuma Sanadin tsufa babbar tsarin na jiki:

1. The Kwayoyin, tsokoki da kuma gabobin:

- telomeres, wanda aka located a iyakar chromosomes cikin kowane cell, ƙarshe hana tsagawa cikin jigidar halittar DNA.

- sharar tara a Kwayoyin.

- connective nama zama mafi m.

- iyakar aikin damar yawa gabobin da aka rage.

2. zuciya da jini:

- zuciya bango zama thicker.

- zuciya tsokoki fara aiki kasa da nagarta sosai famfo wannan adadin jini.

- da lakã zama thicker, stiffer da kasa m.

- hankali jijiya samar da jini zuwa zuciya da kwakwalwa, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa tsufa mutane, a cikin ãyõyin ne bayyananne.

3. Essential fasali:

- jikinsu na zama mafi wuya don sarrafa da yawan zafin jiki.

- zuciya rate daukan tsawon komawa zuwa al'ada bayan motsa jiki.

4. Kasusuwa, tsokoki, da gidajen abinci:

- ƙasũsuwa zama sirara kuma kasa da karfi;

- gidajen abinci - stiffer da kasa m.

- guringuntsi a ƙasũsuwa da gidajen abinci fara rasa ƙarfi.

- tsoka nama kuma hasarar da ikon, wanda ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa tsufa mutane, da Sanadin wannan tsari.

5. narkewa kamar tsarin:

- ciki, hanta, pancreas da kuma kananan hanji nuna muhimmanci kasa narkewa kamar juices.

- shi slows saukar da motsi na abinci ta hanyar narkewa kamar tsarin.

6. Brain da kuma juyayi tsarin:

- yawan jijiya Kwayoyin a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma laka da aka rage.

- a cikin kwakwalwa za a iya kafa mahaukaci Tsarin kamar "plaques" da "tangles", wanda kai ga wani tabarbarewar ta yi;

- yawan sadarwa tsakanin jijiya Kwayoyin rage-rage.

7. idanu da kunnuwan:

- akan tantanin ido zama sirara, da kuma ƴan - tougher.

- kasa bayyana ruwan tabarau.

- ganuwar da kunne canal zama sirara kuma eardrums - thicker.

8. The fata, kusoshi da gashi:

- Skin da shekaru zama sirara kuma kasa na roba, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa mutane suke tsufa a cikin bayyanar.

- gumi gland samar da kasa gumi.

- kusoshi girma sannu a hankali.

- gashi samun m launi, da kuma wasu ma daina girma.

tsufa cututtuka

Akwai na kowa ãyõyin tsufa, wanda sun hada da wadannan:

- ƙara laulayi cututtuka.

- wani kadan karu a girma.

- ƙãra hadarin zafi bugun jini ko hypothermia.

- ƙasũsuwa sauki ya karya;

- stoop.

- jinkirin motsi.

- rage daga cikin jimlar makamashi.

- maƙarƙashiya kuma urinary incontinence.

- wani kadan slowing tunani matakai da memory hanawa.

- rage daidaituwa.

- tabarbarewar gani acuity kuma karu a gefe hangen nesa.

- asarar ji.

- sagging da wrinkling na fata;

- graying gashi.

- nauyi asara.

Next, la'akari da abin da shi ne dalilin da ya sa wani mutum da aka tsufa, da kuma abin da irin abubuwan sa mu mazan.

rinjayar sugar

Mutanen da suke son kayan zaki, shi zai zama m sani cewa sugar "hanzarta" mu tsufa. Idan ka cinye shi a cikin manyan yawa, za ku sami nauyi da sauri, kamar yadda jikinka zama mafi saukin kamuwa zuwa kullum cututtuka. Su, ba shakka, zai rage "kai tushen" a rayuwar mutum na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, kowace kullum cutar rinjayar duk Kwayoyin a cikin jiki. Kuma wannan ne dalilin da ya sa wani mutum da aka tsufa sannu a hankali.

shan taba

Ko wani yaro san cewa shan taba ne cutarwa ga kiwon lafiya. A New Zealand, misali, mutuwa a kowace shekara 5000 mutane saboda da illa na shan taba (ciki har da m). Wannan shi ne mutane 13 a kowace rana!

Kowane taba ka hayaki zai ƙara wrinkles a kan fuskarsa. Kuma a hade tare da yalwa na sunshine kuma har yanzu taimakawa wajen bayyanar matattu Kwayoyin a kan fata.

saki

Eh, za ka karanta cewa dama! A rata tare da wanda kake ƙwarai kaunace, ba shakka, yana da mummunan tasiri ba kawai a kan m jihar, amma kuma a cikin bayyanar da kiwon lafiya.

A shekara ta 2009, masu bincike gudanar da wani binciken na m tagwaye, a sakamakon wanda ya bayyana cewa raba ma'aurata duba yawa girmi waɗanda suka kasance a ko da yaushe tare.

Exposure ga rãnã

A rana ta haskoki da kyau sakamako a kan jikin mutum, amma da wani fim. Sun iya sa bayyanar wrinkles on fata, sa'an nan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa wasu mutane rinka tsufa da wuri fiye da wasu.

Rarar rana na iya haifar da elastosis (raguwa na fata elasticity) da kuma bayyanar da yawa pigmented aibobi a kan fuskarsa.

Phobias da danniya

Recent karatu sun sami wannan sirri phobias da motsin zuciyarmu hanzarta tsufa da kuma ƙara shekaru ga bayyanar. Kullum danniya take kaiwa zuwa wani m saki hormones tsoro, wanda yin mummunan tasiri a kan kayan ciki da kyallen takarda. Kuma ta kara taimakawa ga samuwar free radicals, wanda su ne dalilin da ya sa mutane suna tsufa hanzari.

Yadda za a rage gudu da nazarin halittu Agogon

Akwai wasu jagororin cewa zai taimake ku a kan nasu, kuma ba tare da zuba jari makudan to rage gudu da tsufa tsari a cikin jiki:

1. Koyi da yadda za a gudanar da fargaba da kuma jimre ji.

2. ƙuntata kalori ci slows saukar da tsufa. Sakamakon farko na karatu a birai sun nuna cewa a daidaita cin abincin nasu za su iya "rage gudu" shekaru da alaka physiological canje-canje.

3. Aiki a kai a kai. Bayan duk, su taimaka a saki girma hormones.

4. Ka yi kokarin samun isasshen barci a kowace rana. Kawai a lokacin barci za mu iya cikakken mayar da dukan ƙarfinku.

5. Huta. Zaži da ya dace hanya a gare ku shakata. Watakila wannan zai zama rawa, karanta littattafai, sauraron kiɗa ko kawai zafi tubs dabaru.

A ƙarshe, za mu iya ce cewa za mu duka girma haihuwa, ko muna son shi ko ba. Amma yanzu mun san yadda za a rage gudu da tsari, ko da a salon salula matakin. Kana bukatar ba kawai don kai mai lafiya salon, amma kuma rage girman dukkan abubuwan da cewa suna da wani mummunan tasiri a kan jikin mu.