Library of Congress: al'adun gargadiya daga mutãne

Tun daga nan, a matsayin Internet zo a cikin rayuwar mu, kuma shi ne da tabbaci karfafa, duk dakunan karatu a duniya sun samu bayyananne outflow na karatu. Bayan duk, don me je library, idan World Wide Web da damar zuwa kusan duk wani bayani. Duk da haka, wannan tabbatarwa za a iya kalubalanci, ba cewa wata babbar dama da wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu, kimiyya treatises da yawa wasu kayan ya ba tukuna aka digitized. Mutane da yawa rare muhimmanci abubuwa da gaske ba zai yiwu ba a samu a kan Internet. Ta yaya kuma taba rubutun d¯a ko duba ta hanyar yellowed jarida fayiloli na karshe karni. Kuma shi ke kawai ga mai sauki karatu! Saboda haka cewa manyan dakunan karatu da m kudi har yanzu suna rare. Domin malamai, marubuta, 'yan siyasa da kuma waɗansu da yawa, su ne kawai irreplaceable. Wata irin wannan muhimmanci da suke riƙe da ilmi na duniya ne Amurka Library of Congress.

Tarihi da kuma raya

Yana da aka kafa ta shugaban kasar Amurka John Adams Afrilu 24, 1800, lokacin da ya koma cikin babban birnin kasar na Amurka daga Philadelphia zuwa Washington. Ya kuma haskaka 5 dala dubu domin sayan littattafai da bukatun Congress da halittar musamman dakin ajiye su. Library aka located a Capitol. Amfani da shi ne kawai zai iya zama shugaban kasa, da mataimakin shugaban kasar, kuma 'yan Majalisar Dattawa da kuma Amurka Congress. Shi ya sa shi samu da sunan, "da Library of Congress."

Musamman hankali ne ya biya zuwa gare shi da kuma na gaba shugaban kasa - Thomas Jefferson, wanda shi ne wani m bibliophile. Ya na da muhimmiyar rawar da library ne rayayye a bayansa da ta asusu. A lokacin yakin tsakanin Ingila da Amurka a cikin shekaru 1812-1814 Washington aka mugun lalace ta hanyar wuta, da Capitol aka kone a kasa. Dzheyms Medison, wanda a wancan lokacin shi ne shugaban kasa, da kuma kõma da library saya daga Jefferson game da shida da rabi da dubu littattafai daga na sirri archive. Amurka Library of Congress ya tsira wani wuta a 1851, a lokacin da shi batar da fiye da rabin tushe. A 50-ies na XIX karni shi aka bude samun ministoci, 'yan Kotun Koli, lura da masana kimiyya, marubuta,' yan jarida. An muhimmanci hukuncin da aka soma a shekara ta 1870 ta sa'an nan kai da library Ainsworth Rand Spofford cewa daya kwafin kowane daga cikin jama'a bazawa da aka buga a Amurka, za a iya sallama zuwa ga BC. A dace rarrabuwa tsarin da aka ɓullo da littattafai na gaba shugaban, Herbert Putnam. Personal library na 81 dubu littattafai da mujallu (mafi yawa a Rasha tarihi) Rasha m bibliophile Yudin, Gennady Vasilyevich a 1907, da aka saya da kuma canjawa wuri zuwa asusu. A wuri inda akwai shi ne mafi girma tarin littattafai a Rasha waje na Rasha - ne Library of Congress. The National Library ya samu matsayi na 30-ies karni na karshe.

Heritage na dukan 'yan adam

A farko BC asusun kunshi kawai 740 littattafai da uku maps. A tsawon shekaru, duk da gobara, ya girma samun gudanar, da kuma a yau da Amurka Congress library shi ne mafi girma a duniya. Yau, shi da yake riƙe fiye da miliyan 150, daga dukan nau'i na kayan. Idan muka auna tsawon na shelves, ka samu fiye da 1000 km. A Library of Congress buga bugu a 470 harsuna na duniya. Akwai fiye da milyan talatin da littattafai, da miliyan 60 rubuce-rubucen, fiye da miliyan jaridu a cikin past shekaru 300, game da miliyan biyar maps, da kuma fiye da miliyan daya gwamnatin Amurka wallafe, da library tarin hada da miliyoyin hotuna, fina-finan da kuma rikodin sauti. Kowace shekara, asusun ne a bayansa da ta 1-3 miliyan raka'a.

Haikalin Ilimi a cikin Littafin Lissafi

Don kwanan wata, damar yin amfani da Library of Congress ne samuwa ga wani sha'awar mutum a karkashin yana da shekaru 16 da shekaru. Gaskiya, ba duka bayanai ne da yardar kaina samuwa, wani ɓangare na asiri. Tare da dukiyar da za su iya aiki ne kawai a cikin karatu da dakuna, a total na 20 kujerun ga masu karatu - 1460. Game da 3500 ma'aikata aiki a can. A lokacin, aikin a kan digitization na library asusun ba rayayye kiyaye, duk da haka an sanya kawai da 10%. Kamar yadda na farko data, dukan girma na BC, a digital form a kusa da 20 terabytes.

bayyanar

Yanzu da Library of Congress (photo a haɗe) is located in uku gine-gine da cewa suna located a Capitol Hill, tsakanin su da suka suna da alaka karkashin kasa sassa da kuma taskõkin. A mafi tsufa da kuma babban gini, mai suna bayan Thomas Jefferson, da aka gina a cikin 1890s a matsayin mai haske wakilin gine "gilded Age." A 1939, domin babban gini akwai wani gini Dzhona Adamsa. Its bayãnin hukuncin fasalin - tagulla kofofin da hotuna a kan su alloli na daban-daban duniya mythologies. The uku gini bude kofofin ta ga jama'a a cikin 70-ies karni na karshe kuma shi ne tunawa da wani shugaban Amurka - James Madison. A wannan bangare na BC ne wasan kwaikwayo Mary Pickford, suka kai a kai ya nuna free fina-finai da kuma talabijin hotuna daga Library ta collections. Packard Campus - da haka ya kira cibiyar ajiya na gani da kuma audio kayan, ya bude a 2007 kuma shi ne na sabon gini, shi ne located in Culpeper, Virginia. Ginin da aka kerata daga tsohon bunker, kuma da sunan da ya zo daga sunan David Packard Woodley, shugaban Cibiyar Bil Adama, wanda aka tsara da harabar. Daya daga cikin muhimman sassa na hadaddun ne cinema, sanya a cikin Art Deco style.

Copyright Office

A Library of Congress ne musamman a cewa for 130 shekara, daukawa fitar da rajista na hakkin mallaka. Shi ne kawai kasa library a duniya sadaukar da ajiya na cewa yana da muhimmanci, saboda shi ya zo da samun kudin shiga da kuma taimaka wa ƙari na kudi a kudi na mafi ban sha'awa sabon sunayen sarauta. Copyright Office rijistar ba kawai da ayyukan American mawallafa, wadannan ayyuka za a iya amfana da jama'a na wasu ƙasashe. Rajistar cikakken wani irin aiki, kamar wallafe-wallafen, m, Theatrical ayyukansu, zane maps, promotional kayan, kwamfuta shirye-shirye da kuma wasanni, kuma yafi. Yi amfani da sabis na Ofishin iya zama a kan Internet, ciko daga wani aikace-aikace a lantarki nau'i da kuma yin da ake bukata adadin a cikin asusun.