Lamiaceae iyali: Description

A wannan labarin, za mu so mu yi magana game da Labiatae iyali. A cewar 'yan bayanai, akwai game da ɗari biyu da iyalan - 3,500 jinsunan. Sun samu kusan a duk faɗin duniya. Kada girma ne kawai a Antarctica da Artik. Kaɗan daga gare su a cikin taiga zone, sun fi son na wurare masu zafi da dutsen yankunan. Lamiaceae iyali - a sosai peculiar Flora. Shuke-shuke da cewa nasa shi, sha'awar da farko kamar yadda kaya na magani raw kayan na halitta asali.

bayyanar shuke-shuke

Shuke-shuke da cewa kasance a cikin iyalin Labiatae, a fili da halayyar tsarin. Su ne sosai sauki sami wani flower, wanda akwai wani dogon tube da kuma biyu-lipped muƙamuƙanka, kamã da bude bakin dama tãlikai. Wannan siffa yana da kawai da iyali Labiatae. A Inflorescence wannan nau'in kusan ba ya faruwa a sauran shuke-shuke.

Kamar yadda 'ya'yan itatuwa, su ma suna da wani sabon abu siffar. A 'ya'yan itace na iyali Labiatae kunshi hudu daya-seeded, a cikin nau'i na kwayoyi, cloves.

Har ila yau halayyar ne wuri na dukan ganye daga sãɓãni. Mai tushe yawanci suna da tetrahedral form. Halaye na iyali Labiatae zai zama bai cika ba tare da ambatar Mai karfi dandano, wanda yake shi ne peculiar to ya fi girma yawan shuke-shuke. Mamaki dandano saboda gaban a sassa daban daban na shuka gland cewa asirce mai ester. Wannan shi ne saboda da gaban wadannan mai shuke-shuke na iyali Lamiaceae suna yadu amfani da medicaments, aromatic da kuma masana'antu albarkatun gona. Game da ya fi kowa daga gare su, magana a kan.

Iyali Labiatae: Wakilai

A wakilan wannan iyali na sosai bambancin. Mafi yawan su - shi ne Bishiyoyi da ganye. Duk da haka, a cikin subtropics da yammacin sahara ne sosai na kowa shrubs. Bright wakilin ne tartsatsi a cikin Rum Rosemary officinalis. Yana da wani Evergreen shrub da kananan mikakke ganye da kuma Violet furanni.

Labiatae iyali (photo ba a cikin labarin) kuma wakilta itatuwa, amma an same su ne kawai a yammacin sahara. Wasu daga cikin su isa wani tsawo na goma sha biyar mita. Amma kamar yadda mai mulkin, itace Labiatae ba girma fiye da mita biyar.

Lamiaceae herbaceous

Grass iyali Labiatae - shi kafa shuka, shi ba ya bukatar goyon baya. Duk da haka, akwai kuma masu rarrafe jinsunan (misali, Glechoma hederacea). Kuma a irin wannan shuke-shuke kamar yadda Ajuga reptans, ba kawai kafa harbe, amma kuma a cikin axils na ganye har yanzu girma arched spines, rutin a cikin ƙasa da kawunansu (kamar tendrils daga strawberry).

A tushen tsarin

Tsire-tsire riƙe su primary tushen cikin ransa. Wani lokaci akwai lokuta idan ta mutu, kuma ta maye gurbin adventitious Tushen cewa mika daga tushe ko a rarrafe harbe. Rhizomes ne na hali ga wani ya fi girma yawan Labiatae.

Yawa ƙasa da na kowa shuke-shuke da tushen suckers, kamar zhivuchka Geneva. A jihar bakin teku jinsin girma a Scotland kasa, da Tushen wani lokacin daukar nau'i na tubers, wanda da yan unguwa ci.

tsarin ganye

Wakilai daga cikin iyali yawanci duka, wani lokacin m-kaifi ganye. Amma wani lokacin akwai tsirara iri, irin su ornamental Sage. A wannan yanayin da shuka da aka rufe a lokacin farin ciki Layer hairs (Stachys Crete, Crimean Zheleznitsa).

furanni Labiatae

Kamar yadda muka gani a baya, musamman tsarin da kuma da furanni. Lamiaceae iyali shi ne halin da cewa karshen da, kamar yadda mai mulkin, suna bisexual. Suna located a cikin leaf axils. Kawai 'yan jinsin an same Kadaitaccen furanni. Mafi sau da yawa suna tattara a Inflorescence na guda biyu cewa, samar da abin da ake kira da zangarniya. Wasu jinsunan ko da spines da aka tsara don kare shuka daga ana cinye ta dabbobi. Wadannan jinsuna da ake samu a cikin yankunan duwatsu na Asiya ta tsakiya (bulldog jemage).

Matsayin mai mulkin, tare da wani kwano da kuma whisk Labiatae kunshi biyar leaflets, Fused cikin wani bututu. Kullum, da kofin zo a da yawa siffofin: kararrawa-dimbin yawa, tubular, voronchatoy, mai siffar zobe. Its gyare-gyare suna hade da wani ƙoƙari na daidaita da yaduwar 'ya'yan itacen. Calyx iya canza launi, zama sosai mai haske, don jawo hankalin hankalin tsuntsaye da dabbobi iya girma ta kara windage, don yada da tsaba iska.

Lamiaceae iyali - shuke-shuke da cewa suna da a kowane floret hudu stamens a haɗe zuwa corolla tube. Wasu wurare masu zafi jinsunan stamens Fused tare. Kasa su wuri yana da fibrous zobe wanda aka yi nufi ga kare Nectar.

Anthers Labiatae iya zama da yawa daban-daban siffofi. A duk ya dogara da mataki na adaptability na shuke-pollination. Wani lokaci akwai real hadaddun "sunadaran", kamar Zheleznitsa da skullcap.

Ko da yake mafi kowa ga Labiatae furanni ne bisexual, da yawa wakilan da stamens da mace tare da tare da su. Da yawa kasa yiwu ka sadu da namiji furanni. Wani misali na irin wannan inji shi ne wani ganye daga cikin iyali Labiatae amplexicaul matattu-nettle (ciyawa).

'ya'yan

Lamiaceae iyali, membobin wanda suna dauke da mu, shi ne daban-daban a cewa duk da shuke-shuke suna da halayyar tsarin da tayin. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi kunshi hudu lobes, kowanne daga abin da ya ƙunshi daya zuriya. The sosai siffar da tayin iya zama sosai daban-daban. Whisk a 'ya'yan itace da kullum da dama a kashe, amma kofin lalle zã zauna kuma ta kumbura. A balagagge iri endosperm fakowa ba.

A matsanancin harsashi na hannun jari shi ne sau da yawa Bumpy siffar cewa taimaka wa yaduwar tsaba.

girma wuri

Wakilai daga irin wannan Flora, a matsayin iyali Labiatae (Lamiaceae), rarraba a ko'ina cikin duniya. Musamman mai yawa daga gare su, a cikin kasashen da Rum Flora (daga Canary Islands da kuma Yammacin Himalayas). Amma a cikin gandun daji irin shuke-shuke suna kusan ba ya nan. Aljanna ga Labiatae - wurare masu zafi da dutsen yankunan. Musamman mai yawa daga gare su, a cikin ta Kudu da kuma Amurka ta tsakiya. A Australia akwai kawai wadan ga nahiyar, kawai game da mutum ɗari da jinsunan. Ko poorer ya New Zealand, inda akwai daya kawai irin Mint da kuma daya jinsunan skullcap, kazalika da daya wakilin HALITTAR Tetrahondra. Amma quite mai yawa Labiatae a Hawaii, suna wakilta biyu wadan danginsu.

Tsire-tsire na iyali fi son girma a bude dutsen ko filayen kwari yankunan. Domin su dace drier kasa. Daga gare su, sosai kadan makiyaya da gandun daji da tsire-tsire. A wurare masu zafi da ruwan sama gandun daji suna iya tsira kawai 'yan wakilainsu, kamar yadda Labiatae ba jure wuce kima danshi. Game da wadannan ruwa jinsunan, ba su wanzu a yanayi. Akwai kawai 'yan danginsu, wasu jinsunan da girma a kan bankunan na tafkunan da Marshes. An misali ne a perennial ganye daga cikin iyali Labiatae - Mint da kuma skullcap da lycopus.

shuka pollination da kwari

Relationship Labiatae kwaro pollinating, ne hadaddun da ne sakamakon wani dogon tsarin juyin halitta. Wadanda shuke-shuke da wannan iyali, waxanda suke da mafi saukin shirya furanni, pollinated da kwari da kuma Hymenoptera, a matsayin Nectar daga gare su don samun ba wuya.

A Labiatae, tare da karin hadaddun tsarin da flower, da Nectar ba haka ba ne kawai samun. An located a kasa na dogon tube. Pollination na wadannan jinsunan tsunduma malam da Hymenoptera, da wuya babban kwari, hoverflies.

Musamman na'urar a cikin wani nau'i na liba, wanda damar isa Nectar kwaro yana Sage. Kwari bukatar sanã'anta don samun shi, me ya sa suka zo. A subtropical da kuma wurare masu zafi yankuna na America shuke-shuke suna dusted da kadan hummingbird. A cikin wannan hanya kamar yadda Hummingbird, aiki malam Brajnikov iyali. Su Tsayar a kusa da furanni da kuma a lokaci guda tsotse Nectar baki, shugaban taba da stamens.

Wasu shuke-shuke da Labiatae iyali da tsarin a flower, wani kwari, a zaune a kan shi, pollen clings zuwa cikinsa, sa'an nan kuma ya kashe shi. Very rare jinsuna iya kai-pollinate.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa Labiatae suna da nasu hanyoyin da za a jawo hankalin hankalin kwari, misali, a cikin nau'i na mutum mai haske sassa na flower.

karbuwa daga shuke-shuke da yada

Game da kiwo, mafi yawan aka rarraba ta hanyar iska. A kan aiwatar da ya shafi daya-seeded 'ya'yan rabo, wanda ya karu saboda windage hairs ko reshe-dimbin yawa outgrowths. A Afirka, wani sosai na kowa irin Tinneh. Saboda haka, dauke da makamai da 'ya'yan itatuwa hoholkoobraznymi garkuwoyi ya taimake yada da tsaba.

Wasu jinsunan na dogon lokaci riƙe da mai tushe bushe, da tsaba da kansu su ne hankali scatters a cikin iska. A wasu, a akasin haka, su da sauri kashe karya kusa da ƙasa, da kuma iskõki kawo matakan, da sieving tare da 'ya'yan itace. Wannan sakamako yi-filin halayyar ga wasu jinsunan Sage, catnip, zopnika. A daina ga 'ya'yan za su kasance a cikin kofin, musamman a kan tsawon nisa suka outsource. Yana da wannan dalili da cewa da yawa Labiatae da m kayayyakin aiki, don ci gaba da tsaba.

Wasu jinsunan, a akasin haka, ana shirya a irin wannan hanyar da cewa 'ya'yan da dama, tare da kofin, kuma saboda shi yana da babban ze tashi, wanda damar da shi don yada a tsawon nisa.

Daga cikin Labiatae akwai da yawa shuke-shuke da yada ta hanyar halittu masu rai. A lokaci guda su ne babu kasa ban sha'awa adaptations cewa taimake su a cikin wannan. Wasu daga cikin su suna cinye ta da tsuntsaye da dabbobi, yayin da wasu jingina matakai domin su gashi kuma tufafi na mutane. Kowane jinsi ya samu ta hanyar rarraba.

A yammacin sahara, wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa suna rufe fleshy harsashi (a cikin nau'i na berries) cewa janyo hankalin tsuntsaye da dabbobi, yayin da wasu suna lubricated da wani m abu, wanda damar su zuwa tsaya ga Jawo ko gashinsa.

Amma karbuwa ga yaduwar wasu iri janar buga. Alal misali, wasu jinsunan nettle da zhivuchka ne abubuwa da zama a matsayin abinci ga jama'ar tururuwa, shi ne tare da su taimako da kuma 'ya'yan baza. The Brazilian shuka hyptis shirya a irin wannan hanyar da cewa janar ko da yaushe sanaki wani mallaka na tururuwa a interstices.

Labiatae suna zabar su wurin zamanka Coast kõguna da Marshes, sun iyo na 'ya'yan itace, kuma haka batun ruwa hanya, wani lokaci tare da taimakon dabbobi.

aikace-aikace

Grass, shrub, inabi, shrub cikin iyali Labiatae - duk wadannan siffofin daban-daban na wannan iyali. Mafi yawa daga cikinsu da ether-man al'adu, sabili da haka na musamman sha'awa ga mutum. Irin shuke-shuke sun hada da: Basil, Sage, Shandra, Dubrovnik, Rosemary da lavender.

Lavender - jakin na iyali Labiatae. Akwai fiye da ashirin da biyar na da jinsin. A ƙasashe da dama shi ne horar da musamman domin a musamman muhimmanci man. Kuma wasu irin ban sha'awa tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa a matsayin ado da magani zuma shuka.

Basil kuma tana nufin shrub da subshrub shuke-shuke. A subtropics da yammacin sahara, akwai game da 150 na da jinsin, wasu daga cikinsu ba muhimmanci da muhimmanci man. Bugu da kari, Basil ne yadu amfani da kayan yaji da yawa a cikin abincin da duniya.

Shahararren Sage ma yana da yawa iri, wasu daga waxanda suke zuma shuka da kuma tushen aromatic mai. A Rasha, shi ne na kowa a cikin steppe zone.

Perilla - wani wakilin shekara-shekara Labiatae. Wannan sigar musamman oilseeds. An girma a Asiya da kuma Japan, China da kuma Korea ta Arewa, kuma ko da Far East. A tsaba ne edible da kuma masana'antu mai. Bugu da ƙari, wasu jinsunan da ornamental aikace-aikace, kuma suna da kyau kwarai zuma shuka.

Magani Tsire-tsire na iyali Labiatae

Lamiaceae dogon aka popularly mai daraja domin ta magani Properties. Kuma yanzu ana yin amfani da su warkad da abubuwa. A cikin yankin da kyau da aka sani iri ne: Mint, motherwort, Sage, lycopus, betony , da dai sauransu ...

Sage - shi ne ba kawai mai amfanin gona, amma kuma wani magani shuka na iyali Labiatae. Its rayayye amfani das hi don bayi da kuma rinses baka rami da makogwaro.

Basil ne mai kyau tare da asarar ci, maƙarƙashiya da flatulence. Wani lokaci yana da ake amfani da matsayin kurkura maƙogwaro da magani domin ciwon makogwaro, domin poultices for raunuka fester.

Oregano - kuma Labiatae ganye iyali, da ake amfani da magani daga ciki da kuma na hanji cututtuka da kuma mashako. Ya kamata a lura da cewa shi ne mai na oregano ne wani ɓangare na da yawa man shafawa domin shafa da suke da kyau ga rheumatism. Har ila yau shuka amfani da yaji, misali, a cikin Italiyanci abinci sananne ga shirya pizzas. A muhimmanci man fetur na wannan shuka ne m. A India magani oregano da ake amfani ba kawai domin lura da ciki cututtuka, amma kuma m cuta.

Saba mana daga yara ruhun nana shayi ne wani ɓangare na da yawa collections cewa taimaka a lura da hanta, gall mafitsara, hanjinsu da ciki. Kullum da shi za a iya samu a da yawa collections. Bugu da kari, a cikin gida na ta shayi brewed a matsayin mai sauki kamar yadda samun abin sha mai m, m, kuma yana da magani mai kantad da hankali sakamako.

Dubrovnik talakawa amfani da wani magani domin na ciki da cututtuka na gallbladder da hanjinsu. Bugu da kari, ya na da ikon ta da hankali da ci da kuma taimaka tare da mashako.

Marjoram ne saba mana a matsayin condiment. Yana inganta ci, stimulating da samuwar bile kuma na ciki da ruwan 'ya'yan itace. Its tincture yana antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic da tonic sakamako. Marjoram amfani ga gastritis da na kullum cholecystitis, flatulence da kuma ciwon kai zagayowar cuta, rashin barci, aman.

Galeopsis kyau ga coughs da kuma daban-daban na huhu cututtuka. Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi ya krovoochistitelnoe Properties amfani da cututtuka na gall mafitsara da kuma hanta.

Koda shayi - ƙwarai diuretic, wanda aka yadu amfani da cututtuka na urinary fili.

Savory yana da amfani effects a kan ciki, taimaka don saki da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, saboda haka aka yi amfani da su ta da hankali da ci. Brewed a matsayin mai shayi, shi da ake amfani da wani runny hanci da tari.

Thyme da ake amfani a magani a matsayin expectorant.

A cikin labarin, za mu yi magana ne kawai game da wasu magani shuke-shuke na iyali Lamiaceae. A gaskiya, da yawa daga cikinsu, ba shi yiwuwa ya gaya game da duk. Amma cewa suna zahiri taimaka tare da dukan cututtuka, da shawara dogon-tsaye yi na aikace-aikace a kasashe daban-daban na duniya.

Labiatae kewaye da mu

Ina so a lura da cewa shuke-shuke na iyali Lamiaceae girma ba kawai a cikin daji. Za ka so ka yi mamaki, amma daga cikin amfanin gona da a kan mu gadaje isa wannan kungiya, kamar guda salvia, kuna faranta mana da su mai haske furanni kafin zuwa na sanyi weather.

Bugu da kari, wasu furanni girma a kan windowsill mu Apartments, kuma ya kasance a cikin Labiatae: Coleus, Swedish aiwi, itace matauni. sun sun dade da aka ƙaunar da matan aure da su sauki da kuma Tsayayyar launi. Ba su bukatar kula na musamman, amma shi ne ko da yaushe faranta wa da kyau. A lokacin rani, da tsire-tsire girma sosai a kan baranda, amma a cikin hunturu Apartment. Sun fi son haske, don haka suna bukatar da za a sa a kan kudu strontium.

Amma ga watering, shi kada ta kasance ma m. Kuma in winter, wajen rare. Kamar yadda muka ce a baya, Labiatae ba jure haddi danshi, wannan kuma ya shafi iyali wakilan.

Kwanan nan, wani sosai gaye ya zama shuka kamar Rosemary. An ba kawai amfani da wani condiment, amma kuma ya girma a cikin gida. Duk da haka, da shuka ba ya son high yanayin zafi da kuma bushe iska tsakiyar dumama (iya ma rasa ganye da kuma fara bushe up). Shi yana da kyau ado bayyanar, zama musamman mai ban sha'awa a lokacin flowering, a lokacin da dukan da aka rufe da kananan blue ko blue furanni. A lokacin rani, da wasu matan aure da ake dasa ko gidan shuke-shuke a bude ƙasa, inda suka ji kyawawan. Amma kafin zuwan na sanyi weather Rosemary bukatar koma gida a sake, domin ba zai tsira sanyi. Wannan al'ada ne mai kyau ga gida amfani, ba kawai saboda ornamental jinsunan. A shuka fitarda mai dadi kamshi, tsarkakewa iska, saboda yana da bactericidal Properties.

maimakon wani epilogue

Daga cikin shuke-shuke cewa kewaye da mu a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum, da yawa daga waɗanda cewa kasance a cikin iyalin Labiatae. Kamar yadda muka gani, ba su da kawai ado mu gida da kuma flower gadaje, amma kuma yadu a yi amfani da maganin da kuma perfumery. Amma kasancewar da yawa daga cikinsu ba mu ma yi tunanin, da yawa kasa san cewa sun kasance a wannan sararin iyali.