Kalmar ita ce mai faɗakarwa. Swap kalmomi

Daga zamanin d ¯ a mutane sun kasance da sha'awar duk abin da ke sihiri, wanda ba a iya kwatanta shi ba. Abubuwan da aka yi dasu akan abin da ke cikin madubi, janyo hankalin alama, wadda ake nunawa cikin yanayi. Tare da zuwan rubuce-rubuce, sabuwar hanya ta samo asali ga ƙananan abubuwa da ƙananan binciken-alamar ƙididdigar lambobi, haruffa da alamu. Da farko, an ba wannan mahimmanci ma'ana. Wasu mutane sun yi ƙoƙarin ba wa 'ya'yansu sunayen cewa an karanta su daga bangarorin biyu: Alla, Anna, Lol, Nathan - an yi imani cewa wannan yana kawo farin ciki. Ancient Slavic runes rubuta a cikin da'irar ko a cikin nau'i na wani biyar-nuna star, su za a iya karanta tare da wani harafi da shi ya ba su wani musamman, sihiri muhimmanci. Haɗuwa, lambobi, alamomi, kalmomi da za a iya karantawa a wurare daban-daban, mutane sun yarda su kira alamomi.

Alamar maganganu

Palindrome (daga Girkanci - "Gyarawa baya") - waɗannan kalmomi, matani ne ko wasu kalmomin da suke daidai (ko tare da wasu haɓakacciyar haɓaka) karanta ta haruffa daga bangarorin biyu. Magana-flip-flops quite sau da yawa faruwa a Rasha. Mafi yawancin lokuta waɗannan sunaye ne da ke ɗauke da nauyin kaddamarwa mai mahimmanci: pop, Cossack, radar, dump, stamping, revolver, da dai sauransu. Ana ganin wannan hoto a wasu harsuna - Sinanci, Udmurt, Tatar, Mutanen Espanya, Jamusanci, Faransanci. Daga rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce na alamomi suna ƙirƙirar: waƙoƙi, waƙoƙi, har ma litattafai.

Mataki da kuma kyanƙasa

Rubutun kai tsaye na ƙaddaraccen abu ne wanda aka karanta bisa ga tsarin karatun al'ada don rubutaccen rubutu. A duk nau'i na Latin da Cyrilic haruffa, jagorancin hagu zuwa dama an kira madaidaiciya, kuma baya, daga dama zuwa hagu, an kira baya, ko mai tafiya. A cikin karni na XVII da Rasha, kalmomi da kalmomi-flip-flops da ake kira "rachis ayoyi" kuma sun kasance mafi yawan masu kyauta. Daga bisani, a cikin harshe na harshen Rashanci, an fara kiran wanda ake kira karkatacciyar hanya (bisa ga V. Khlebnikov), duk da haka, lokacin da aka bincika sosai, waɗannan kalmomi na rubutu sun bambanta. Synonyms ga kalmar "palindrome" kuma ma'anar "amphirism" (V. Rybinsky) da kuma "kai-rhyme" (S. Kirsanov). Kowane mutum ya san alamar-aphorism na Valery Bryusov: "Ni ne baka na yankin".

Mono-cylinder da Multi-line palindrome

An rubuta alamomi a rubuce ko a cikin wata aya, wato, an rushe su cikin layi. Kalmomin jumla-kala ko ayoyi ko ladabi ba, ba za a iya danganta su ga abin da ya faru ba: "Muse, rauni tare da kwarewar kwarewa, za ku yi addu'a domin tunani."

Wani lokaci ana amfani da kalmar palindrome a cikin taken aikin wallafe-wallafen. Alal misali, littafin da ake kira A. Voznesensky ya kira "Axiom of Self-Search", da kuma labarin V. Nabirkova - "Jahannama kamar Da a da". Idan ƙuƙwalwa ya rushe a cikin layi, to kuwa irin wannan waka yana iya zama nau'i na ƙananan matsala, wato, tsarin da aka karanta a baya da waje ba cikin layi ba, amma daga karshen zuwa farkon.

• Nuhu da bangaskiya - dama a Sihiyona
  Amma Yesu a kan ball ne Villon. (Dmitry Avaliani.)

Akwai alamomi da yawa, wanda kowace layi shine flip-flop:

• Jahannama ce ƙishirwa!
  Jahannama - zazzabi, ƙiyayya!
  Gidan wuta yana motsawa wani lokaci. (Vladimir Gershuni.)

Irin wannan waƙar shine flip-flop a cikin mafi tsananin ji na lokacin.

Axis na layi

Wasu masu bincike sun kayyade batutuwa cikin sharudda matsala. A saboda wannan dalili, an gabatar da manufar "axis palindrome" ko "maɓallin karkatacciyar hanya" a cikin aikin nazarin. Wannan wata layi ce wadda ta wuce ta haruffa ko a tsakanin su kuma ya raba rubutu-ƙulli cikin sassa biyu domin haruffa ɗaya sashi sunyi kama da wani ɓangare na shi. Alal misali, kalmar "Atacacata", wadda V Bryusov ya kirkiro, yana da harafin "z". A cikin layin Velimir Khlebnikov, "Setuy, dutse", ma'anar invert ya wuce ta harafin "d". Masu bincike sunyi imanin cewa gabatarwar kallon kallon "axis" ya tabbatar da cewa alamomi suna aiki ne na musamman na zane-zane da na gani.

Cikakken maganganun da ba daidai ba

An karanta ainihin ƙaddarar a cikin duka sassan biyu daidai. Wadannan sun haɗa da alal misali "Cossack" ko kuma kalmar Ladygin Nicholas "Math da kuma nan da can." Matsayin mafi girma na daidaito ya ɗauka cewa a cikin karatun baya ba kawai cikakken alamar haruffa an kiyaye shi ba, amma har da wurare na sarari tsakanin kalmomi. Kyakkyawan salon salon gina jiki yana ba da wasu 'yanci. Sabili da haka, akwai yiwuwar ɓangaren sararin samaniya, haruffan haruffa da haruffan haruffa da kuma rashin bambanci akan harafin "e" da "e".

A cikin alamomin da aka rubuta a cikin salon, ba a tabbatar da kuskuren nassi, jigon hanzari da layi guda ɗaya. Alamun laushi da ƙunci (b, b), haruffa "J", "S" za'a iya maye gurbin "I", "Sh". Rubuta haruffa yana yiwuwa. Har ila yau, akwai alamar motsa jiki, wanda kawai aka lasafta shi cikin asusun. Ba su rarrabe tsakanin "O" da "E" ba bayan da suke da dadi, "O" da "A" a karkashin danniya da kuma ba tare da. Wannan ita ce aphorism na Viktor Petrovich Grigoryev: "Shi kansa ya zo ya jagoranci doki na talakawa." Akwai alkalumeric palindromes inda lambar "0" daidai da harafin "O", "3" = "Z", da "4" = "Ч".

Lexical coefficient (LC)

Kalmar "mai kwakwalwa mai amfani" wanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin alamomin AD Erlich ya gabatar. Yana nuna alama ce game da bidi'a da kuma bambancin da ke cikin ilimi. Hanya na Ehrlich shine rabo daga yawan adadin haruffa a cikin rubutun kalmomi zuwa yawan kalmomi a ciki. Lokacin da aka ƙidaya, kalmomi guda ɗaya ba a la'akari da su: abubuwan da ake kira "in", da "c", ƙungiyoyi "da", "a" da sauransu. Saboda haka, bisa ga halaye masu kyau, mai rikon kwarya na V. Rybinskiy (LK-5,6) "Hanyoyin Sakamakon ta hanyar da ba'a sani ba" ya fi yadda Pauls Nagorsky (LK-3,4) yayi amfani da ita "Matsa da Zuciya da Matsayin Mutuwa," Mat, Sutarsu da barci sunyi ... "

Ƙananan alamu

A cikin ma'ana, mai kararrawa zai iya samun nau'i ba tare da wata kalma ba. Alal misali, akwai alamomi-lambobi, waɗanda aka karanta daga ƙarshen kamar yadda dā. A cikin ilmin lissafi, akwai wani aiki "juya da ninka", ainihin abin da shine cewa ta ƙara lambar adadi na ainihi tare da kwafin da ya juya baya zaka iya samun alamar ƙarfe: 56 + 65 = 121; 521 + 125 = 646. Wadannan lambobi suna da sihiri na musamman, wanda wasu mathematicians ke neman warwarewa.

"Masarufi" suna lura da kwayoyin halittu a cikin kwayoyin nucleic acid: yawan adadin maganin da ke cikin jikin mutum ya kai miliyan 1. Akwai ayyuka a cikin waƙa da za a iya buga ba tare da ƙare ba. Misalan irin wannan wasan kwaikwayon shine "Wayar Duniya" da Mochelles, "The Tablet Tune for Two" na Amadeus Mozart. Da farko an buga wannan yanki a cikin tsari, sannan bayanan an juya, amma kiɗa bai canza daga wannan ba, kuma inda saman ke, kuma inda kasan baya a cikin rikodin kiɗa na wannan abun ciki ba za'a iya ƙayyade ba. Palindrome kuskure yana jawo hankalin mutane daga bangarori daban-daban na ilmi, kuma abubuwan da aka gano a cikin wannan filin suna da mamaki kuma basu da tabbas.

Palindromes a tarihin

Palindromes sun bayyana a daɗewa. An rubuta mafi yawan 'yan canjin rayuwa a cikin Latin kuma an rubuta su zuwa karni na 4. N. E. Wannan jumla Sator Arepo tenet opera rotas, wanda a cikin fassarar yana nufin: "Mai shuka mai suna Arepoy tare da wahala yana riƙe da ƙafafun." Yana da ban sha'awa cewa an rubuta wannan jumla a cikin siffar siffar:

• SATOR
  AREPO
  TENET
  OPERA
  ROTA S.

An karanta kullun tsohuwar a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban: a tsaye da tsaye, dama da hagu. Tsohon mutanen sun ba da wuri tare da kayan sihiri. An yi imani da cewa kalmomin sihiri suna iya karewa daga cututtuka da cututtuka, da kuma daga ruhohin ruhohi. A cikin d ¯ a Romawa, an yanke wa shinge tare da wannan ma'anar enigmatic a kan ganuwar masarauta da temples. A tsakiyar zamanai, an nuna alamar ta a kan ganuwar majami'u Kirista.

A cikin zamanin da na Sin, akwai wasu samfurori na gyaran maganin baƙar fata. Mutane da yawa masu bincike sun lura cewa an ba da sadaukarwa ta hannun makirci da yin addu'a, sannan kuma ana amfani da shi azaman hadisin. Misali, kalmar "NEDEDI VORA COW AND GIRL" da aka yi nuni ne don tabbatar da adalci. Tambayoyi na mutane wasu lokuta ma suna da ma'anar "Aki Lion" kuma iyayen suna da kyau. " A mafi tsufa Rasha palindrome amfani da Clowns don jawo hankalin masu sauraro a lokacin wasanni: "A cikin goshi, wawa!"

Rumunonin Rasha

Akwai ra'ayi cewa yana da wuya a ƙirƙirar alamomi a cikin Rashanci. Kamar, babu mai ban sha'awa da ya faru. Duk da haka, idan ka nema, to, a cikin harshenka za a sami kalmomi-masu juyayi, da kuma wasu lokutan kalmomi. Mutane da yawa sun san sunaye, sunayen, kalmomi daga matani ko jawabi, misali: Anna, Titus, Nathan, Alla, Aza, Toth, Anikin, Anizina, Kutuk, Vodokhodov, Nilin, Nizin, Volov, Kuvuk, Volokoeniv, Anene, Anina, Gogh , Yuyu, Nitin, Nivin, Ayyukan, Anisin, Anil'yolina, Anililina da sauransu. Har ila yau, akwai abubuwa masu sauƙi da haɗin gwiwar: a nan, ko, samun kudin shiga, kotok (cat), tsuntsaye, hut, damuwa, jayayya, ambaliya, Cossack, tavern, kok, ido, kawai, har yanzu da dai sauransu. Saboda haka, a cikin Rasha akwai alamomi. Misalan kalmomi da kalmomi:

• Argentina ne ke sha'awar Argentina.
• Misha yana kusa da madara.
• Ya mutu, zaman lafiya ya tabbata a gare shi.
• Ina hawa zuwa gidan wanka.
• Zan sami itacen oak.
• Muzzle na Cossack bayan al'amuran.
• "Ku tafi!" - The kwano na Maxim kwari zuwa miya. "Bari miya ya tashi!"

Palindromes ga yara

Kalmomi da kalmomi, karanta a duka wurare, suna tabbatar da sha'awar yara. Za su yarda da sihiri da cewa alamun suna ɓoye a kansu. Misalan yara:

• A gidan shine akwati.
• Ya ci hay.
• Lyosha ya sami kwaro a kan shiryayye.
• Kutsi yana ja da ducks.
• Ku ci datti kadan!

Za ku iya yin wasa tare da mutane a cikin wasan "Ku haura tare da alamunku." Yana da kyau sosai. Yi ƙoƙari ka ɗauki kalmar "Az" kuma ƙara harafin "A" zuwa gare shi. Yana juyo mai sauƙi mai sauƙi "Aza". Sa'an nan kuma ƙara haruffan "don" zuwa "Aza-za". Idan yawan lokutan da za a maimaita "don", to lallai malamin zai zama iyaka "Aza-for, -for, -...- for". Zaka iya tada aikin. Alal misali, zaku iya kula da kalmar "Boa". Idan ka karanta kishiyar, sai ya juya "a cikin Jahannama." A nan kuma ana haife shi ne mai laushi: "Boa a cikin Jahannama". Irin waɗannan motsa jiki na horar da ƙwaƙwalwa, ta ƙarfafa yankuna masu kwakwalwa, waɗanda suke da alhakin gane haruffa da kuma yin kalmomi daga gare su. Yara suna ci gaba da yin tunani maras kyau, wanda yake da amfani ga su a rayuwa. Masu musayar kalmomi ga yara suna gabatarwa ne ga damar da harshen yaren ya kasance a cikin wasa mai kyau.

Gwaje-gwajen zamani

Mawallafin marubucin ya bayyana a karni na 17, a lokacin bayyanar shayari na syllabic. A cikin Rasha har zuwa karni na ashirin, mafi shahararrun su ne maganganun maganganu na Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich: "Zan tafi tare da takobin takobi," "Zan yi la'akari da asuba." A cikin karni na ashirin, gwaje-gwaje daban-daban a fannin fahimta ya haifar da fitowar siffofi mai ban sha'awa. Rasha marubuta V. Bryusov da V. Khlebnikov kokarin gabatar da wani ado fara a cikin palindromes. A tsakiyar karni na karshe A. Voznesensky yayi kokari ya haɗuwa da fasaha mai laushi tare da gani.

Modern palindromistami ne D. Avaliani V. Gershuni, B. Goldstein, A. Bubnov, G. Lukomnikov. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, mawallafin sunyi kokarin haɗawa da kalmomin kalma da zaumi (watsar da abubuwa na harshe) a cikin alamomi, wanda ya ba da rubutun a cikin abin da ya faru (S. Biryukov, S. Shigei).

A cikin harsuna daban-daban, ana yin nazari a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. Ana kirkiro jinsin halitta, gwaje-gwajen da suke da banbanci a tsari da abun ciki suna gudanar. Amfani mafi tsawo a maganganun yau da kullum shine kalmar palindrome saippuakauppias, wanda a Finnish yana nufin "mai sayarwa". A cikin labarunmu na ƙasar yana iya yiwuwar ƙirƙirar gine-gine na fata - wannan aikin zai zama da amfani ga yara da kuma manya. Dare, kuma za ku yi nasara!