Hydrogen - me ke cewa stuff? Chemical da jiki Properties na hydrogen

Kowane sinadari na da wuri wuri a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin, wanda ya nuna halaye nuna da su, kuma magana game da lantarki tsarin. Duk da haka, akwai daya musamman na duk kwayoyin halitta, wadda daukan kawai biyu Kwayoyin. An located in biyu gaba daya m, a Properties nuna da kungiyoyin na abubuwa. Shin hydrogen. Wadannan siffofin sa shi musamman.

Hydrogen - shi ne ba kawai wani kashi, amma mai sauki abu, kazalika da wani ɓangare na da yawa hadaddun mahadi, biogenic da organogenic kashi. Saboda haka, muna la'akari da halaye da kaddarorin a daki-daki.

Hydrogen ne da sinadaran kashi

Hydrogen - wani kashi na farko rukuni na babban rukuni, kazalika da bakwai kungiyar na babban rukuni a farko kananan lokaci. Wannan lokaci kunshi kawai biyu atoms: Helium da kashi lamba. Mun bayyana babban fasali na wani hydrogen matsayi a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin.

1. Ordinal yawan hydrogen - 1, yawan electrons ne guda, bi da bi, protons da yawa. Atomic taro - 1,00795. Akwai uku isotope na kashi da taro lambobin 1, 2, 3. Duk da haka, da kaddarorin kowane bambanta ƙwarai, saboda da karuwa a taro da naúrar ma kawai sau daya ga hydrogen ne biyu.
2. Gaskiyar cewa m makamashi matakin ya ƙunshi daya kawai electron, shi zai iya samu nasarar zama duka oxidizing da rage Properties. Bugu da kari, bayan da recoil electron ya zauna free orbital, wanda aka samu da hannu a cikin samuwar sinadaran shaidu na bayarwa-Mai karɓar inji.
3. Hydrogen - shi ne mai karfi da rage wakili. Saboda haka, an dauke su da babban wuri na farko rukuni na babban rukuni, inda ya jagoranci mafi aiki karafa - alkaline.
4. Duk da haka, ta dauki tare da karfi da rage jamiái kamar, misali, karafa, da kuma dõmin ya kasance mai oxidant, yarda electron. Wadannan mahadi kira hydrides. A wannan hasashe ya kaiwa wani subgroup na halogens, wanda shi ne irin wannan.
5. Saboda da sosai kananan atomic taro na hydrogen da aka dauke su lightest kashi. Bugu da kari, da yawa ne ma kadan, don haka shi ne kuma nasa tarihin ga sauƙi.

Saboda haka, shi ne, bayyananne cewa wani hydrogen zarra - shi ne mai duka-duka na musamman, sabanin abin da wasu kashi. Saboda haka, da kaddarorin shi ne kuma na musamman, da kuma kafa sauki da hadaddun abubuwa suke da muhimmanci sosai. Bari ta la'akari da su kara.

sauki abu

Idan muka magana game da wannan kashi a matsayin kwayoyin, dole ne a ce cewa shi ne diatomic. Wannan shi ne, hydrogen (sauki abu), - a gas. Its empirical dabara aka rubuta a matsayin H _2, da kuma graphics - ta hanyar wani guda sigma-bond H-H. Ginshikai na kafa bond tsakanin kwayoyin halitta - maras iyakacin duniya covalent.

Ko da Henry Cabendish a 1766 ya iya bude abu. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa hydrogen - a gas, daya wanda yake iya busa a cikin iska. Daga baya, da kaddarorin da aka kyau karatu, shi ya bayyana cewa abu - da lightest daga cikin shahararrun.

Har yanzu baya Lavoisier ya ba da sunan (as wani kashi, da kuma wani abu dangane da shi) a Latin - hydrogenium, wanda ke nufin "haihuwa zuwa ruwa." A discoverer 1781 godu wannan kashi Henry Cabendish ya tabbatar da cewa ruwa - mai hade da hydrogen da oxygen, Ina nufin shi ne a dauki samfurin daga gare ta. Kuma cewa haske gas ne ma sosai flammable, aka riga aka sani a cikin XVI karni, wannan da aka nuna a cikin littafin tarihin Paracelsus.

Saboda haka, kwayoyin hydrogen - ne sosai na kowa a cikin yanayi kuma ta halitta abin da ke faruwa gaseous fili kunsha na biyu kwayoyin halitta wadda ke iya busa a cikin iska. Bugu da ƙari, cikin kwayoyin za a iya bazu zuwa cikin sunadaran, wanda shiga cikin nukiliya halayen, juya cikin wani helium tsakiya. Wadannan matakai ci gaba da faruwa a cikin Sun kuma a sarari, wanda su ne main kaya na fili.

Hydrogen - wani abu da yake iya bayyana kansu, kuma kamar yadda wani oxidizing wakili, da kuma matsayin rage wakili. Har ila yau, shi ne mai matukar amfani da yadu a ayyukan mutane.

jiki Properties

Jiki sigogi na hydrogen yana da wadannan:

1. Tafasar batu - (-252.76 ⁰ C).
2. Narkewa batu - (-259.2 ⁰ C).
3. A zazzabi kewayon nuna shi ne mai colorless ruwa, da ciwon babu wari.
4. A sosai high matsa lambar ganin zama snowlike lu'ulu'u na m hydrogen.
5. A wasu yanayi (high matsa lamba da kuma low zafin jiki) ne canzawa zuwa wani ƙarfe jihar.
6. Kusan insoluble a ruwa, don haka da cajin zai yiwu ta kawar da na ruwa a cikin shiri a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.
7. Karkashin talakawa yanayin hydrogen - a gas, wani odorless, colorless kuma m.
8. Flammable da kuma fashewar abubuwa.
9. Yana da kyau dissolves a karafa, kamar yadda yake iya yaxuwa ta hanyar da kauri.
10. Aƙalla 14.5 sau da gas ne m fiye da iska.

A crystal raga na wani sauki kwayoyin abubuwa, sadarwa mai rauni, don haka sauƙi hallaka.

sinadaran Properties

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, hydrogen iya nuna duka biyu raguwa da kuma oxidising Properties. Zai yiwu oxidizing ikon da kashi 1. -1. Saboda haka, an sau da yawa amfani a masana'antu domin daban-daban syntheses da kuma halayen.

Hadawan abu da iskar shaka Properties na hydrogen

1. The hulda da aiki karafa (alkaline da alkaline ƙasa) a karkashin al'ada yanayi kaiwa ga samuwar na gishiri-kamar mahadi kira hydrides. Ga misali: LiH, CaH _2, KH, MgH _2, da sauransu.
2. Mahadi da kasa aiki karafa a high yanayin zafi ko karfi haske (da photochemical qaddamarwa dauki) kuma samar hydrides.

Hydrogen rage Properties

1. Hulda a karkashin al'ada yanayi ne kawai tare da sunadarin flourine (as wani karfi oxidizing wakili). A sakamakon haka, a hydrogen fluoride ko hydrofluoric acid HF.
2. Hulda da kusan dukan wadanda ba karafa, amma a karkashin wani m stringent yanayi. Misalan mahadi: H ₂ S, NH _3, H ₂ Ya, PH _3, Sih ₄ da sauransu.
3. Recovers karafa daga oxides zuwa sauki abubuwa. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin masana'antu hanyoyin domin samar da karfe -called vodorodotermiey.

Ya kamata mu ma haskaka halayen da ake amfani da kwayoyin syntheses. Suna da ake kira hydrogenation - dehydrogenation da hydrogen jikewa, cewa shi ne, ta tsakiyan nonon mata daga kwayoyin. Bisa ga wadannan hanyoyin, a jam'i na rikirkida na hydrocarbons da sauran hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi.

Kasancewa a cikin yanayin

Hydrogen - shi ne ya fi kowa abu a kan wannan duniya tamu da kuma bayan. Bayan duk, kusan dukkan interstellar sarari kuma taurãri sanya daga wannan musamman fili. A sarari, shi zai iya zama a cikin nau'i na:

• jini.
• gas.
• ions.
• atoms.
• kwayoyin.

Akwai da dama iri daban-daban yawa girgije, kunsha daidai da wannan abu.

Magana concretely na yaduwa a cikin duniya a ɓawon burodi, da hydrogen ne a karo na biyu wuri a kan yawan sunadaran oxygen a bãyan kamar 17%. The free nau'i ne rare, kawai a qananan yawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bushe iska. Mafi na kowa fili na wannan kashi - ruwa. Yana da yake a tsarinta da aka same shi a duniya.

Har ila yau, hydrogen ne wani ɓangare na wani rai gabar. Bugu da ƙari, 63% na jikin mutum a wata sulusi da murabba'i na kwayoyin halitta. Hydrogen - da rabi ne organogenic haka ya haifar da kwayoyin sunadarai, fats, carbohydrates da kuma nucleic acid, kazalika da yawa wasu m mahadi.

liyafar

Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na samun da gas a karkashin mu. Wadannan sun hada da dama da masana'antu da kuma awon kira bambance-bambancen karatu.

Commercial matakai don samar da hydrogen :

1. Steam methane hira.
2. Gasification na ci - tsari ya shafi dumama carbon zuwa 1000 ⁰ C, game da shi, kafa hydrogen da carbon-m.
3. Electrolysis. Wannan hanya za a iya amfani ne kawai ga mai ruwa-ruwa mafita daga daban-daban salts a matsayin narke ba ya haifar da da baki ruwa a cathode.

Laboratory hanyoyin domin samar da hydrogen:

1. A hydrolysis na karfe hydrides.
2. A mataki na tsarma acid a kan aiki karafa da sakandare aiki.
3. Hulda da Alkali da alkaline duniya karafa da ruwa.

To tattara hydrogen samar, shi wajibi ne don ci gaba da tube juye. Bayan duk, da gas ba za a iya tattara a matsayin, misali, carbon dioxide. Shin hydrogen, shi ne yawa wuta fiye iska. Da sauri vuya, da kuma a cikin manyan yawa a lokacin da gauraye da iska fashe. Saboda haka, ya kamata a tube kunna. Bayan ta kammala shi ya kamata a rufe da roba marufi.

Don duba tsarki na tattara hydrogen kamata mu kawo su a wuyansa na wani lit wasan. Idan auduga maras ban sha'awa da kuma m - don haka da gas ne da tsabta, tare da kadan iska impurities. Idan wani m bushe-bushe - datti, tare da babban rabo daga kasashen waje aka gyara.

Yankunan da amfani

A lokacin konewa na hydrogen saki ne don haka mai girma adadin kuzari (zafi) cewa gas da man fetur ne mafi m. Bugu da kari, ba-da gur. Yau, duk da haka, ta yin amfani da aka iyakance a cikin wannan yanki. Wannan shi ne saboda rashin lafiya-shawarci ba gaba daya warware matsalolin da na kira na tsarki hydrogen, wanda zai zama dace da amfani kamar yadda man fetur a reactors injuna da kuma šaukuwa na'urori, kazalika da dumama boilers gidaje.

Lalle ne, hanyoyin da shiri na gas ne wajen tsada, don haka kafin ya zama dole don samar da musamman kira Hanyar. Daya cewa zai ba da damar samun samfurin a kan wani babban sikelin kuma da kadan kokarin.

Akwai da dama key yankunan a cikin abin da gas da ake amfani a karkashin shawara da mu.

1. Chemical kira. Bisa ga samu hydrogenation sabulu, margarine, roba. Lokacin da hydrogen hallara hada methanol da kuma ammonia, da kuma sauran mahadi.
2. A cikin masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci - a matsayin ƙari E949.
3. A jirgin sama masana'antu (roka, da jirgin sama).
4. Wutar lantarki.
5. Meteorology.
6. Fuel tsabtace bayyanar.

Babu shakka, hydrogen ne kamar yadda muhimmanci kamar yadda rarraba a yanayi. Har yanzu taka muhimmiyar rawa da suka kafa daban-daban mahadi.

mahadi hydrogen

Wannan hadadden abu dauke da hydrogen atoms. da dama na asali iri irin wannan abubuwa za a iya gano.

1. Halides. A general dabara - HHal. Na musamman muhimmancin cikinsu shi ne hydrogen chloride. Wannan gas, wanda dissolves a ruwa ta samar da hydrochloric acid bayani. Wannan acid da aka yi amfani da ko'ina a kusan dukkan sinadaran syntheses. Bugu da ƙari, duka biyu kwayoyin da inorganic. Hydrogen chloride - fili da ciwon da empirical dabara HCI kuma yana daya daga cikin mafi girma cikin sharuddan samar a kowace shekara a wannan kasa. Akwai kuma hydrogen halide hada da hydrogen iodide, hydrogen fluoride da hydrogen bromide. Su duk samar da m acid.
2. Volatile hydrogen nonmetal mahadi. Kusan dukkan su quite mai guba gas. Alal misali, hydrogen sulfide, methane, silane, phosphine, da sauransu. Yana da matukar flammable.
3. Hydrides - mahadi da karafa. Duba salts na aji.
4. Hydroxides: kwasfanta, acid, da kuma amphoteric mahadi. Abun da ke ciki ake bukata sun hada da hydrogen atoms, ɗaya ko fiye. Misali: NaOH, K ₂ [AL (OH) _4], H ₂ SO ₄ da sauransu.
5. Hydrogen hydroxide. Wannan fili shi ne mafi alhẽri a san yadda ruwa. Wani sunan hydrogen oxide. Its empirical dabara ne - H ₂ O.
6. Hydrogen peroxide. Wannan karfi oxidizer, wanda dabara yana da siffar H ₂ Ya _2.
7. Wurare da dama a gudanar da mahadi: hydrocarbons, sunadarai, fats, lipids, vitamins, hormones, da kuma sauran muhimmanci mai.

A fili yake cewa bambancin da sadarwa muna la'akari da rabi ne manya-manyan. Wannan sake tabbatar da darajar da yanayi da mutum, kazalika ga duk halittu masu rai.

Oxide hydrogen - shi ne mafi kyau da sauran ƙarfi

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, da plebeian sunan abu - ruwa. Ya kunshi biyu hydrogen kwayoyin zarra da daya oxygen juna iyakacin duniya covalent shaidu. The ruwa kwayoyin ne a dipole, wanda ya bayyana da yawa daga cikin kaddarorin nuna da shi. A musamman da cewa shi ne a duniya da sauran ƙarfi.

Shi ne a cikin ruwa yanayi faruwa kusan duk sunadarai matakai. Inner roba halayen da kuma makamashi metabolism a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ne ma da za'ayi tare da hydrogen oxide.

Ruwa yana dauke su mafi muhimmanci abu a duniya. An sani cewa ba tare da shi ba zai iya rayuwa guda kwayoyin halittar. A duniya, shi zai iya zama a jihohi uku na tari:

• ruwa.
• Gas (tururi).
• m (kankara).

Dangane da hydrogen isotope a cikin DNA, akwai nau'i uku na ruwa.

1. Easy ko protium. Isotope tare da wani taro yawan 1. The dabara - H ₂ O. Wannan shi ne saba form cewa yana amfani da duk kwayoyin.
2. Deuterium ko nauyi, shi dabara - D ₂ O. ƙunshi isotope ² H.
3. Superheavy ko tritium. Da dabara ne kamar yadda T ₃ Ya isotope - ³ N.

Very muhimmanci reserves na sabo ruwa a duniya protium. Tuni, a} asashen da dama akwai wani rashin shi. Suka ci gaba da hanyoyi domin lura da gishiri da ruwa don samar da ruwan ruwa.

Hydrogen peroxide - ne a duniya wajen

Wannan fili, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, da wani kyakkyawan oxidant. Duk da haka, tare da karfi da wakilan za su iya aiki da kuma matsayin rage wakili ma. Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi yana da karfi bactericidal sakamako.

Wani sunan ga wannan fili - peroxide. A wannan tsari shi ne a yi amfani da magani. 3% bayani daga crystalline mahadi karkashin shawara - wannan likita magani wanda ake amfani da magani daga kananan raunuka tare da wani ra'ayi zuwa ga decontamination. Duk da haka, an tabbatar da cewa a lokaci guda yana warkar da raunuka ƙaruwa.

Har ila yau, hydrogen peroxide da ake amfani a roka man fetur a masana'antu domin disinfection da bleaching, kamar yadda wani foaming wakili a samu daidai kayan (kumfa, misali). Bugu da kari, da peroxide taimaka wajen tsabtace aquariums, discolor gashi kuma karrama hakora. Duk da haka, da diyya kyallen takarda, don haka da masana da wannan manufa ba da shawarar.