Girma na katako, dogo As'hab. Karfafa kankare As'hab: Girma

Railway As'hab - a key tsarin kashi m line. A kan su ingancin kai tsaye dogara da kwanciyar hankali na kayayyakin more rayuwa. A Rasha, amfani da katako, da kuma karfafa kankare Tsarin. A game da su kafa da dama da muhimmanci matsayin cewa ayyana girma. Mene ne su bayani dalla-dalla?

Rarrabuwa da irin katako As'hab

Girma na As'hab yi na itace, a daidai da jihar matsayin, ya kamata danganta wa] annan tare da irin. Akwai dalilai da dama da rarrabuwa na da kashi na railway.

Daga cikin mafi kowa - da nada. Saboda haka, As'hab kasu kashi waɗanda aka tsara don:

- babban hanya 1, 2 ko Class 3 rd bayar cewa su zirga-zirga yawa fi 5 ton miliyan / km a kowace shekara, ko jiragen kasa aiki a gudun wucewa 100 km / h.

- babban hanyoyi 3 da 4 azuzuwan, damar (m aiki), marshalling, kuma receiving-- tashoshin.

- wani hanyoyi da suke danganawa aji 5, ciki har da tashar, da za a classified a matsayin low-yawa, kazalika da sauran, da cewa suna da halin shunting fitarwa-type motsi.

Ganin ta hanyoyi da dama tsaye a lokacin da a yi amfani da, bi da bi, ina, II kuma III iri As'hab. Game su shigar, don haka da cewa daidaita Manuniya.

zafi factor

Da ainihin adadin Railway As'hab yi na itace iya dogara a kan matakin da danshi abun ciki. Abin da ake nufi? Gaskiyar cewa Game da dabi'u ne ya dace domin zafi ba wucewa 22%. Idan wannan adadi fiye da kayyade darajar, girman da taye ya kamata a bi da zama dole alawus ga shrinkage. Its darajar ya dogara da irin na itace - softwood ko katako. A irin wannan bukata da ake samu dangane da giciye-sassan na kumshin reluwe dangantaka.

Tolerances Girma kumshin As'hab

As'hab size iya karkacewa daga dokokin buga a jihar matsayin, a cikin kewayon m dabi'u. Game da tsawon - shi ne 20 mm, kauri - 5 mm. Har ila yau, akwai tolerances, dangantaka zuwa da nisa daga cikin tafki, da tsawo daga cikin bangarorin, a nesa tsakanin kusoshi kuma su karkata daga tsaye axis na sleeper.

Daidaita masu girma dabam na katako As'hab

La'akari yanzu, a gaskiya, abin da zai iya zama da girman da katako, dogo As'hab (dogo), dangane da irin.

Dangane da jirgin hanya abubuwa na irin na, sa'an nan da dabi'u ya kamata:

- kauri - 180 mm (haƙuri 5 mm).

- tsawo daga cikin sawn bangarorin - 150 mm.

- da nisa daga saman Layer - 180-210 mm;

- nisa daga cikin ƙananan Layer - 250 mm (haƙuri 5 mm).

- tsawon - 2750 mm (jiyar da gyara fuska na 20 mm).

Game da sleeper irin II, ta girma dole ne hadu da wadannan sharudda:

- kauri - 160 mm (haƙuri 5 mm).

- tsawo daga cikin sawn bangarorin - 130 mm.

- da nisa daga saman Layer - 180-210 mm;

- nisa daga cikin ƙananan Layer - 230 mm (a haƙuri of 5 mm).

- tsawon - 2750 mm (jiyar da bambancin cikin 20 mm).

Bi da bi, da As'hab na irin III kamata hadu da wadannan sharudda:

- kauri - 150 mm (karkacewa a yarda da aka 5 mm).

- tsawo daga cikin sawn bangarorin - 105 mm.

- da nisa daga saman Layer - 140-190 mm;

- nisa daga cikin ƙananan Layer - 230 mm (a haƙuri of 5 mm).

- tsawon - 2750 mm (jiyar da gyara fuska na 20 mm).

Saboda haka, da muka duba bukatun ga girman katako, dogo As'hab cewa kafa jihar nagartacce. Amma a cikin tsarin da Railway hanya akwai wani muhimmin kashi na katako da aka yi amfani tare da As'hab - canja masa wuri sanduna. Bincika, bi da bi, da matsayin da ake kafa ta jihar dangane da su size.

Girma na canza dangantaka Sharudda

Kamar yadda girma na As'hab, daidai Figures domin katakan ake tsare da su da irin. Filaye don rarrabuwa na da kashi na reluwe waƙoƙi ne ma 'yan. Daga cikin key, kamar yadda shi ne idan akwai lokacin da kayyade girman da As'hab, - da nada.

Saboda haka, katakai da za a iya amfani da:

- a kan babban reluwe 1, 2 ko Class 3 rd halin zirga-zirga yawa wucewa 50 ton miliyan / km a kowace shekara, kazalika da gudun motsi na jiragen kasa a kan 100 km / h.

- a kan babban reluwe na zuwa 2, 3, da 4 azuzuwan, damar (m aiki), kazalika da kasawa da kuma samun-da cewa su ne ba a cikin tashoshin.

- a cikin hanyoyi da suke danganawa aji 5, ciki har da tashar classified a matsayin low-yawa damar da sauran bayanai a kan motsi na shunting-fitarwa irin.

Ya ce hanyoyi dace I, II kuma III iri canzawa dangantaka.

Kamar yadda a yanayin saukan dangantaka, shi yana da darajar zafi nuna alama. Saboda haka, daidaita girma na canza dangantaka, halin da zafi na fiye da 22%, ya kamata a yi la'akari a game da zama dole izni ga bushewa. Kamar yadda a cikin yanayin da matsayin fassara da girma na As'hab, a cikin wannan yanayin yana da darajar wanda shi ne itacen jinsuna amfani ga yi na katakan - katako ko softwood. A cikin farko idan da ake bukata sharudda kunshe ne a cikin Gost 6782.1-75, a karo na biyu - da baƙi amfani 6782.2.-75.

Mun koyi yadda kuma a lõkacin da muka duba katako As'hab, girman sanduna correlative zuwa ga irin.

Girma na canza dangantaka da irin

Idan ya zo da sanduna na irin na, su halaye dole a bi da wadannan dabi'u:

- -180 mm kauri (jiyar da daidaito a cikin 5 mm).

- da nisa daga saman Layer - 220 mm (fadada), 200 mm (m).

- nisa daga cikin ƙananan Layer - 260 mm.

- tsawo daga cikin sawn gefen - 150 mm.

- nisa daga cikin katako abubuwa nepropilennym - 300 mm.

Bars II irin da zai yi da wadannan halaye:

- -160 mm kauri (a cikin haƙuri na 5 mm).

- da nisa daga cikin manya Layer 220 mm (br), - 175 mm (al'ada).

- nisa daga cikin ƙananan Layer - 250 mm.

- tsawo daga cikin sawn gefen - 130 mm.

- nisa daga cikin katako abubuwa nepropilennym - 280 mm.

Tare da girmamawa ga irin III allon shigar wadannan nagartacce:

- kauri - 160 mm (a cikin haƙuri na 5 mm).

- da nisa daga saman Layer - 200 mm (m), 175 mm (al'ada).

- nisa daga cikin ƙananan Layer - 230 mm.

- tsawo daga cikin sawn gefen - 130 mm.

- nisa daga cikin katako abubuwa nepropilennym - 260 mm.

A tsawon katakan: tazara daga m dabi'u

Amma abin da su ne Manuniya na tsawon na mashaya? A bambanci ga matsayin hukumar da size na katako, dogo As'hab (dogo) lokacin da dukan dabi'u dogara ne a kan irin daidai kashi, bayar da shawarar quite m yarda da kafa nagartacce, a cikin hali na sanduna - da tsawon da sharudda ga kowa da kowa iri. Haka kuma, nagartacce kada ku sanya wani takamaiman nuna alama, da kuma tazara - daga 3 zuwa 5.5 mita tare da graduations na 0.25 m da sabawa halatta tsakanin 20 mm.

Bridge bim: bayani dalla-dalla standardization

Saboda haka, za mu dubi abin da matsayin hukumar da size na katako, dogo As'hab (dogo) da kuma supplementing shi a cikin tsari na Railway katako yadudduka. Amma akwai wani muhimmin bangaren Game da hanyoyi. Shi ne game da sanduna gada. Kamar yadda kayyade Railway As'hab-ƙuduri, aiki nuna alama ga bangaren a dogo webs ne ma gyarawa a jihar nagartacce. Za mu yi nazarin wannan karin ƙayyadaddu.

The abu na yi na gada bim - itace. Su size yayi dace da daya siga - da girman da giciye sashe, kazalika da inganci Manuniya na kin amincewa. Babban da ake bukata domin katakai - rectangular siffar. Relevant abubuwa na Railway Lines ne giciye-kashi:

- 220 x 240 mm.

- 220 zuwa 260 mm.

Bridge bim na da iri, duk da haka, dole ne wannan tsayin - 3250 mm. Amma cikin sharuddan standardization na tolerances Manuniya iya bambanta. Saboda haka, domin sanduna da giciye sashe na 220 x 240 mm m sabawa iya zama debe 2 mm (kauri) 15 mm (tsawon). Game da na biyu da irin dogo abubuwa sauran Manuniya. Saboda haka, daidaitawa da kauri zuwa 220 sanduna da giciye sashe na 260 mm ba su bayar, kazalika a tsawon, amma da nisa daga cikin jerin darajar a matsayin m a cikin wani misali 3 mm.

Yana iya a lura da cewa a yarjejeniyar da abokin ciniki iya sanya tare da sauran sassan da allon - 220 zuwa 280 da kuma 240 x 300 mm da ciwon tsawon 4.2 m.

Kamar yadda shi ne hali da matsayin hukumar da girman da katako sleeper (dogo), da tsawon Manuniya gada allon shigar ga kayayyakin a cikin wani zafi matakin. A wannan yanayin - 20%. Idan gada bim zai samun karin danshi, shi wajibi ne a yi la'akari da girman da bukatun da zama dole alawus ga shrinkage - daidai da Gost 6782.1-75.

Kankare As'hab: rarrabuwa

An madadin zuwa katako As'hab iya zama na karfafa kankare. Wadannan kayayyakin da ake amfani a kan babban hanyoyi. Fada cikin category na pre-jaddada. Ana amfani ga kwanciya reluwe irin P75, P65, da kuma P50. Akwai dalilai da yawa domin rarrabuwa na kankare As'hab:

- by irin bond tare da reluwe.

- ga jinsin agara.

- by wani electrically insulating halaye.

- matakin masana'antu quality.

A wannan yanayin da muke damu da farko rarrabẽwa - da tsarin inda reluwe gyarawa zuwa kankare As'hab. Samfurin girma da kuma sauran muhimman halaye an ayyana daidai a kan tushen daga cikin halaye na wani dace inji. Saboda haka, dangane da irin abin da aka makala ga reluwe As'hab ne:

- irin GW1 yi nufi ga raba fastening amfani sukurori ta kayyade da rufi a kan sleeper.

- R2 type, aka yi nufi ga rabuwa bond da kusoshi via da aka makala ga taye ba kawai shafi amma kuma da dogo.

- Nd3 irin nufi ga rabuwa bond da kusoshi da kai tsaye da aka makala wani dogo sleeper.

Kankare As'hab: girma da kuma sauran sigogi

A mafi muhimmanci rarrabẽwa, kayyade da ake buƙata sigogi kankare As'hab - da aiki da shi a daya daga cikin sama iri.

Saboda haka, idan shi ne a taye, classified a matsayin SH1, shi dole ne wadannan halaye:

- da ake bukata nesa tsakanin abutment gefuna - 2016 mm.

- nesa tsakanin Game da gefuna da karshen samfurin - 406 mm.

- articles a karkashin-dogo sashe tsawo - 193 mm.

- Product tsawo a tsakiyar sashe - 145 mm.

Sleeper irin GK2 da zai yi da wadannan halaye:

- da nesa raba da abutment gefuna - 2016 mm.

- nesa tsakanin Game da gefuna da karshen samfurin - 406 mm.

- articles a karkashin-dogo sashe tsawo - 193 mm.

- Product tsawo a tsakiyar sashe - 145 mm.

As'hab, classified a matsayin R3, dole ne hadu da wadannan sharudda:

- da nesa raba da abutment gefuna - 1966 mm.

- nesa tsakanin Game da gefuna da karshen samfurin - 359 mm.

- karkashin-dogo sashe tsawo - 193 mm.

- tsawo a tsakiyar sashe - 145 mm.

Waɗannan su ne babban halaye na wanda, a daidai da jihar matsayin, dole ne sun karfafa kankare sleeper. Its girma cikin sharuddan tsawon da nisa sau da yawa gyarawa - daidai da 300 da kuma 2700 mm. Munanan cewa ne m tãre da waɗanda ke rubuce domin itace kayayyakin, kankare abubuwa na jihar nagartacce ba a bayar. Girman Railway As'hab na dace da irin bai nufa correlative bambancin da zafi da kuma sauran muhalli dalilai.

Dangantaka katako, da kuma karfafa kankare: commonalities da key bambance-bambance

Abin da sauran manyan bambance-bambance za a iya lura tsakanin kankare da katako abubuwa? Da farko, abin da yake da bambanci, saboda haka cewa As'hab - girma. Nauyi - kuma muhimmanci dissimilarity rarrabẽwa ga Game da kayayyakin. A adadi ga katako As'hab - game 80-85 kg na kankare - game da 270 kg. Bigiren biyu ba muhimmanci daban-daban. As'hab, katako, girma daga abin da muka bincika a farko wuri? tarihi gabãta karfafa kankare, amma har yanzu bai rasa ta munasaba. Bugu da ƙari, sunã da wani yawan muhimmanci abũbuwan amfãni - a low cost, sauƙi na sufuri, sauyawa, kuma harkokin sufuri, obalodi kwanciyar hankali.