Gine-gine da sammacin: general bayanai. Names of Greek gine-gine da umarni

Gine-gine da sammacin ya zama tartsatsi a cikin tsufa. A gaskiya, wannan-perestroika-katako tsarin, suna goyon bayan da wasu ma'ana abubuwa. Gine-gine domin, wani bayyani wanda aka saita fito a cikin rubutun da Vitruvius har yanzu a na karni BC, an yi amfani da zamanin tsohuwar Girka a gina majami'u da kuma kafa wani recognizable siffar yau da gine-gine na wannan kasa.

Babban abubuwa

Vitruvius a cikin aikinsa Principles of yi umarni. Don lissafi da zane sigogi da aka dauka a matsayin tushen koyaushe ne ƙananan shafi diamita. Shi ne mai awo da size da duk cikakkun bayanai.

Gine-gine domin Ancient Girka da wani sa na misali abubuwa da suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin rabo na su magnitudes, da kuma kayan ado. Sun kunshi na shafi (shafi), entablature (entablature) da kuma pedestal. Da farko, bi da bi, kunshi uku abubuwa:

• Fust (shaft - ganga).

• babban birnin kasar (babban birnin kasar).

• tushe (Baza)

The sanda ginshikan - most ɓangare na da kauri rage-rage tare da tsawo, amma unevenly. Babban birnin kasar siffofin da babba part, shi ke kai tsaye zuwa cikin kaya na overlying gini abubuwa. database aiki ne bayyananne daga sunanta: shi ne kafuwar Fust.

Entablement, na sama na cikin tsari, da kuma yana da wani sau uku tsarin. Ya kunshi da architrave (architrave), frieze (frieze) da kuma leji (cornice). Architrave siffofin zoba tsakanin ginshikan, shi ne babban m ɓangare na entablature. Freese - tsakiyar kashi. Gine-gine da umarni tsufa halin da daban-daban kisa na wannan sashi: shi zai iya zama da santsi, ko image. Cornice lashe shafi, shi ne sau da yawa ado dentil (dentils), ko, kamar yadda aka kira su, wani tsari crackers - gaba rectangular protrusions.

Pedestal - kasa na shafi, karkashi, sau da yawa da tako tsarin. Column "tsiro" daga stylobate (stylobate) - da na sama mataki.

Gine-gine da umarni na Ancient Girka

Akwai biyar umarni, aka dauke a classic. Uku daga cikinsu kafa a Greek ƙasa. Wannan Doric, ionic da Corinthian gine-gine domin. A zamanin d Roma, akwai biyu mafi: Tuscan da Hadedde. Kowace daga cikinsu yana da kansa rarrabe fasali a cikin tsarin da kuma na ado abubuwa.

Names of Greek gine-gine da umarni ba wani ra'ayin abin da yanki na zamanin d jihar suka bayyana. Bayyana a nasu yanki, a cikin VI karni BC Ionic da Doric ginshikan iri da sauri yada a fadin kasar Girka. Corinthian domin ya ba Popular. Shi ya zama mafi in bukatar a zamanin d Roma.

Yawa da sauki

Doric gine-gine domin shi ne daban-daban domin rage yawan ado da cikakken bayani. A shafi da wani tushe, tun da shi ne tushen kai tsaye a kan stylobate. Tapered akwati m, wani wuri a kan daya bisa uku na tsawo da aka kadan thickening. shafi na surface an rufe ta da GROOVES - fluted. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, akwai kawai 20. The sarewa ba da wasu alfarma da ado kayayyaki: halitta su ne a play haske da kuma inuwa, gani kara tsawo na shafi. Akwai zaɓuɓɓuka saboda ginshikan da santsi kututturan.

Capital ya taso keya da akai a kan wanda square da aka kwance. Yana dogara da santsi architrave. Freese dauke triglyphs - mike tsiri da triangular tududa tsakanin su, harhada a threes. Tsakanin triglyphs sun jinkiri (hanyoyin) ko dai santsi, ko cike da ado. A karkashin eaves sau da yawa housed a yawan tushe-crackers.

Famous a duk faɗin duniya

Doric mafi saba da irin wannan Masterpieces na zamanin d gine a matsayin Parthenon da Haikalin Hephaestus. M m ginshikan ado da kuma gine-gine sadaukar da Poseidon a Cape Sounion, kuma Afee a tsibirin Aegina.

Doric - mafi sauki cikin sharuddan kayan ado gine-gine domin. Species bayyana a Ionia, sa'an nan a Koranti, babban adadin daban-daban kayan ado da m daki-daki.

Femininity, aiwatuwa a dutse

Dorian mai tsanani da aka adawa da softness da taushi, ko da wasu daga cikin ionic domin. Ginshikan da irin wannan tashi sama da zagaye tushe cewa ya dubi reminiscent na 'yan suya a kan juna zobba. A al'amudin ne fiye Doric embodiment. Daga wannan shafi alama mafi siririn. Sarewa zurfi (akwai 24), da kuma a babban birnin kasar ado da ago (curls).

Ionic entablature ne quite kunkuntar da kuma kunshi uku a kwance sassa: bayyana architrave, frieze, wanda yana da wani triglyphs, kuma a bit protruding cornice da dentil gaba. A tsakiyar ɓangare na entablature sau da yawa ado da reliefs.

Ta ƙirƙirar irin wannan shafi, da tsoho gine-ginen kwatanta ta mace tare da siriri kugu, wavy gashi, ago kuma sunã gudãna folds na tufafi - fluted.

asalin

Vitruvius, a cikin rubutun, rubuta cewa ionic gine-gine da umarni tashi a lokacin da gina coci Afisas. Da bukatar wani sabon tsari tashi daga wani marmarin samun wani style cewa embodies da ruhun Greek kabĩlõli, dõmin zauna yankin, da kuma bambanci da shi tare da Dorian. A embodiment na yi cikinsa kawo ƙaunataccen 'ya'yan: ionic domin sani ba kasa da ta m takwaransa, da kuma daya daga cikin classic.

Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa samuwar wani sabon nau'in shafi ya kasance sauka a hankali, da kuma haikalin Afisa zama kawai tsantsa daga dukkan baya, saukarwa. Duk da haka dai, ionic domin da gaske embodies da sophistication da kuma ladabi. Ba abin mamaki ba da aka yi amfani a cikin shiri na Haikalin Athena Nike da Atamis, da karshen yiwuwa ya lashe title na daya daga cikin bakwai abubuwan al'ajabi na duniya.

kane

Corinthian domin, kamar yadda muka rigaya muka gani, da musamman rarraba samu a zamanin d Roma. A Girka da aka dauke shi da wani offshoot na ionic. Lalle ne, waɗannan umarni da yawa kamance. High sanda da 24 fluted tsaye a kan wani zagaye tushe. Babban bambancin - shi ne kananan iyakoki, kunsha na goma sha shida ago tare da acanthus ganye, shirya a jeri biyu.

Entablement kama daidai kashi a cikin tsarin ionic: ya qunshi wani raba architrave, frieze, cikakken taimako da kuma cornice da hakora. Ba kamar gine-gine ta amfani da irin wannan ginshikan ne cewa ba su goyi bayan wani gable rufin, kuma lebur.

Idan muka ci gaba da zama misãli daga namiji da mata, da uku domin Greek wajen yana da siffofi da halayyar wata yarinya, wani coquetry da kuma soyayya ga nagartaccen kayan ado. A farkon samfurori da samu Corinthian ginshikan suna dauke su cikin Haikali na Apollo a Bassae.

karba

Greek gine-gine da umarni na ci gaba da zama a zamanin d Roma. Suna amfani da maye, haifar da bayyanar garuruwa na daular. A a layi daya, akwai sun bayyana sabon siffofin: Tuscan da Hadedde gine-gine da umarni. Kuma da sunan sassa, da kuma sauran gine-gine na dabaru kiyaye su.

Hadedde domin - "magabatansu" na ionic da Corinthian. Tuscan muhimmi siffofin da cewa yin shi a bayyane kinship tare da Dorian: Ainihin shafi ba tare da manya, m architrave da frieze zagaye unadorned babban birnin kasar.

Bayan fall na Roman Empire, sha'awa cikin irin gine-gine da siffofin hankali ya kwanta da aka farfado kawai a cikin XV karni, lokacin da aka gano rubutun Vetruviya. Da gine-gine a cikin gargajiya style, wanda ya dauki siffar daga baya, kuma dole dauke da shafi ko kama abubuwa. Ya kamata a lura da cewa a yau da gine-gine da umarni, wanda sun kai mana ta hanyar da kauri daga cikin karni, sau da yawa amfani a cikin halitta, ya kuma ado na sabon Masterpieces.