Financial ma'aikata - shi ... Definition

Kudi a cikin daban-daban bayyananen, ya kasance kullum, kuma za su zama tushen huldar cinikaiya a micro da Macro matakan. Financial ma'aikata - shi ne wani aiki takara a monetary tsarin na kasar ko wani kudi ta duniya kasuwar.

A ra'ayi na kudi cibiyoyin

Kudi, kuma, su ne batu na kasuwanci, masu sayarwa da suka kasance da masu ba da bashi. Financial ma'aikata - tattalin arziki wakili (sau da yawa a shari'a mahaluži), aiki a kan kudi kasuwa karkashin wata lasisi da kuma dauke da fitar da sabis a bayar da rance, sayar da Securities da sauran ma'amaloli alaka da samuwar na tsabar kudi gudana.

The ayyuka na kudi da kamfanoni

A gaskiya ma, kudi da kamfanoni lũra ga redistribution na kudi. Su a halin yanzu dukiya ne adibas samu ga wasu albashin daga jama'a da doka abokai, waxanda suke nan a karkashin sunan rance "sayar" da sauran mahalarta na bashi dangantakar. Hakika, wannan shi ne wani m model na inji na aiki na kudi shamaki ba, amma manufa na shi ne har yanzu na kowa, canza kawai sikelin, tsari da kuma mahalarta. Saboda haka, bashi cibiyoyin da wadannan ayyuka:

• Da hannu a cikin samuwar kuma aiki na kudi kasuwa da kuma Securities.
• Redistribution na samun kudin shiga a cikin nau'i na tsabar kudi tanadi na yawan jama'ar, wato, su canji a cikin zuba jari kudi.
• Shawartar mahalarta huldar cinikaiya da kuma kudi management.
• Ƙimar da kuma hadarin minimization.

Modern kudi cibiyoyin, su daban da kuma ayyuka

Wasu daga cikin fitattun halaye na mahalarta monetary dangantakar, kazalika da siffofin na su ayyuka a yarda a rarraba su a cikin da dama kungiyoyin. A matakin na wani zamani jihar iya zama da wadannan siffofin kudi cibiyoyin:

1. Banks - shiga tsakani kungiyar, da yawa daga waxanda suke da sosai ruwa dukiya: tsabar kudi (tsabar kudi lantarki) da kuma Securities.
2. Non-banki bashi cibiyoyin - a kaikaice da hannu a cikin redistribution na tanadi. Su filin daga aiki ne wajen wani sosai na musamman kudi management na abokin ciniki kudaden shiga.
3. Zuba jari da kamfanoni - yi da wani kima na tattalin arziki kasada da kuma tantance mafi m yankunan da zuba jari.
4. Credit kungiya ta kashin - bayar da ajiyar banki da kuma rancen da ayyuka ga 'yan al'umma. Daban-daban daga cikin kasuwanci da kamfanonin da cewa kada ku yi nufin yin wani riba

Banks, su siffofin da iri

Banking kudi ma'aikata - wani tsakiya, wanda taimaka wa "sayar" da kudi ko da samfurin / sabis, bayar da shawarwari ayyuka a filin na kudi da zuba jari. Saboda haka, za mu iya rarrabe iri uku bankunan:

1. Bankin sirri kudi - shi ne mai sayar kafa bayar da tsabar kudi da rance ga yawan ko tattalin arziki aiki ga wani tsayayyen kudin. Interest a kan rance a biya wa abokan ciniki dokoki da babban labarin da bankunan 'kudaden shiga. Halin kaka na wadannan katin bashi kamfanonin ne amfani rates a kan adibas (zuba jari abokan ciniki). Yana ajiyar adibas samar da wata babban ɓangare na aiki babban birnin kasar na banki.
2. Bank kudi tallace-tallace. Service na da irin wannan ma'aikata ne lũra a sayar da m kaya a installments. A wannan tsari, da kuma ba da banki kanta ne da za'ayi sayar da kayayyaki da kuma wani ciniki kamfanin. A banki ne kawai a lura da batun sayan biyan bashin.
3. Bankin zuba jari - wani memba na kasa da duniya da kudi tsarin. Da abokan ciniki ne doka abokai da kuma ko gwamnatin jihar. Babban maƙasudin na zuba jari ma'aikata ne don jawo hankalin zuba jari a fannonin tattalin arziki, kazalika da shiga tsakani da resale kasuwanci a ma'amaloli da Securities.

The rabuwa da bankunan kan samarwa bambance-bambancen da ɗan sabani, tun mafi lamuntawa cibiyoyin rufe duk aka sani yankunan: kudi da zuba jari da kudi management.

Non-banki bashi kungiyoyi

Non-banki bashi cibiyoyin - suna kasuwanci da kamfanonin wanda za a gwada wa mutum wani lasisi na yin wasu banki ayyukan. Ka'idar aiki an rage wa mazauna gudanar, tun irin Tsarin da yawa kasa iko fiye da banki kudi cibiyoyin. Misalin wannan rukuni na kamfanonin hada da:

• Kamfanonin inshora. Ka'idar aiki an rage wa bayarwa bashin amfani da abokan ciniki, ya rufe unforeseen halin kaka, da jerin wanda aka sadãki a cikin kwangila. Don sayan wadannan debentures abokan ciniki biya inshora premium. Bambanci tsakanin Saide na inshora premiums da kuma biya ta da insurer refunds (idan irin wannan zai faru), kazalika da administrative kudi na kamfanin da ke sa a riba UK.
• Fensho kudi a kan wani lokaci da tattara kudade daga abokan ciniki, da samar da tara aiki babban birnin kasar. Bayan kai da ja da baya da shekaru na tara tanadi ga abokin ciniki dogara wata-wata alawus. A wannan yanayin, wanda ake kara yayi sirri ajiya lissafi, wanda kawai ya nuna adadin da gudunmawar, amma ba ya bayar da hakkin ya yi amfani da su a cike. The adadin diyya da aka lasafta bisa ga al'ada dabara, kuma yana da lokaci da iyaka. Fansho iya aiki kamar yadda biyu a kudi gwamnati da kungiyoyi a Rasha, da kuma mai zaman kansa kasuwanci kamfanin.
• Pawnshops suna aiki a cikin filin daga na sirri kudi da kuma samar da kananan mabukaci rance. A aro aka bayar a kan beli kawai kayan ado da kuma muhimmanci abu abubuwa, wanda a cikin hali na ba-biya bashin za a kãmã su, kuma sayar a gwanjo. Kafin ƙarewar na lokaci na aro da pawnshop na da hakkin ya jefa da alkawarin dukiya, da kungiyar da aka zamar masa dole ya tabbatar da kare lafiya da abubuwa. Income a cikin wannan yanayin ne ba kawai da kudaden shiga daga sayar da kayan ado, amma kuma a kan sha'awa a kan fice rance, cewa an, abokin ciniki dole koma ba kawai da rance adadin amma kuma ga wani ajali kashi.

Zuba Jari cibiyoyin

Zuba jari kudi ma'aikata - wani ma'aikata da cewa ya ƙware a jawo zuba jari daga weights (zuba jari). zuba jari abu ne Securities (hannun jari, shaidu, promissory bayanin kula). da kudin zai iya bambanta dangane da halin yanzu kasuwar halin da ake ciki. Irin wannan rukuni na kungiyoyin:

• Dillalai da dillalai - shamaki a ma'amaloli saye da kuma sayar da Securities, dauke da fitar su aiki a kan tushen da wani lasisi.
• Zuba jari da kamfanoni - samar da wata al'umma wanda mambobi amince da su kamfanin ta zuba jari management. Irin wannan jam'iyya saboda da zuba jari mukamai na mutum zuba jari ba mu damar rage hadarin da sifili.
• Zuba Jari asusun - wani tsakiya tsakanin mai ba da bashi da kuma borrower, shi ya bambanta daga al'ada dillalai cewa al'amurran da suka shafi da kansa shaidu, tara a wuraren batun sayar da kamfanonin da sauran kamfanoni. Revenue daga sayar da Securities kudi channeled domin sayan shaidu na wasu kungiyoyi. Bambanci tsakanin sayarwa da kuma sayan Central Bank da kuma na samun kudin shiga asusu, da kuma kafa wani riba a karshen kudi shekara a cikin nau'i na dividends rarraba a tsakanin membobinta.
• Stock Exchange - a kasuwar jari, wanda, a gaskiya, sun kuma samar da da kuma samar da yanayi na ma'amaloli da hannun jari da kuma promissory bayanin kula.

bashi kungiya ta kashin

Credit hadin suna daga cikin wadanda ba banki bashi kungiyoyin, amma saboda gaskiyar cewa irin wannan wani shiri ba bi riba, shi za a iya dangana ga mai raba kungiyar. Ka'idar aiki dogara ne a kan kungiyar tarayyar kudi juna memba-jihohi.

A iri-iri na bashi kungiya ta kashin ne juna asusu, wanda za a iya kafa ta a rukuni na mutane da kuma abokai a kan daya kowa alama, kamar yankin. Credit kungiya ta kashin, kazalika da bankunan, rance a amfani da dauki adibas a cikin nau'i na adibas. Iyakar abin da bambanci shi ne cewa wadannan ayyuka suna samuwa ne kawai don mambobi ne na m, da kuma yawan bashin ba ne kasaftawa tsakanin mahalarta a gwargwado ga gudunmawar.

MFIs bukatar haifar da

The Great mawuyacin, wanda ya faru a cikin 30s na karshe karni, auka daga cikin Turai yankin kasuwar a sakamakon yakin duniya na biyu, da gazawar da mafi yawan kasashen a kan zinariya misali, da yawa yankin da kuma duniya crises a cikin post-yaki lokaci ne abubuwan da ake bukata ga halittar guda Karkasa tsarin na kudin tsari na babbar hanyar dangantakar.

Saboda haka, a shekarar 1944, a sakamakon tattaunawar, wadda aka samu halartar 29 ƙasashe, aka yanke shawarar kirkiro wani sabon monetary tsarin - lamuni na duniya IMF (MFIs). The International Bank for Ma'anar kalmar sake gini da Development (IBRD) da aka kafa a matsayin zartarwa jiki.

Major cibiyoyin kudin duniya

Hakika, ga aiki na duniya monetary da kuma kudi dangantakar da MFIs da bankin duniya bai isa ba. A tasiri na kasa da kasa da huldar cinikaiya da aka bayar da wadannan cibiyoyin:

• The International Development Association (IDA), fice a rance ga kasashe masu tasowa a kan m sharuddan.
• International Finance Corporation - kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na goyon bayan kasashen.
• International Investment Garanti Agency - shirya da ya kwarara daga zuba jari a kasashe masu tasowa.
• Bank for International ƙauyuka - shirya kudi ta duniya da kuma kasashen waje musayar ma'amaloli tsakanin bankunan tsakiya na kasashe daban-daban.

Tare da duniya na kasa da kasa kudi cibiyoyin da kuma yankin ne:

• A Turai Ma'anar kalmar sake gini da kuma bankin raya - ya janyo hankalin masu zuba jari a Turai, Yankin Tattalin Arziki, kazalika da daukawa fitar da ayyukan asusun.
• Turai kudi al'umma - banki ayyuka a cikin Turai yankin.
• Turai bankin zuba jari.
• Asian bankin raya - samar da taushi da rance ga kasashen Asiya.
• Bankin raya Afrika.
• Inter-American Development Bank.
• The League na Arab States - samar da tasiri tattalin arziki da dangantaka da kasashen Larabawa.

summary

Kazalika da bukatar halitta wadata a kasuwannin, kasancewar monetary da kuma kasashen waje musayar tattalin arziki da dangantakar bada Yunƙurin zuwa fitowan da kudi cibiyoyin, siffofin wanda bambanta dangane da ƙayyadaddu na aiki. Wasu daga cikin su yi aiki na musamman a cikin filin na masu zaman kansu na rance, yayin da wasu samar da ayyuka ga doka abokai da kuma gwamnati hukumomin. A wannan yanayin, jihar kudi cibiyoyin, gwamnatin hisabiba, aiki a kusa dangane da kasuwanci na rance kasuwanci.