Emma Goldman - siyasar, wani Anarchist: biography, littattafai, farfaganda na anarchism da Feminism

Emma Gold gane da undisputed shugaban na FBI Edgardom Guverom "mafi m mace a Amurka." Wane ne ta? Me ta ba da sunan barkwanci na Krasnaya Emma? Da kuma yadda shi ya shafi kisan kai da shugaban kasar Amurka? Duk wannan a more daki-daki a cikin labarin.

haihuwa

Emma Goldman aka haife shi a Rasha, mafi daidai daga Rasha Empire. An haife ta ne a Lithuania, a Kaunas, Yuni 27, 1869. Yau, birnin da aka sani a matsayin Kaunas. Iyayenta dauke tausayin bourgeois Yahudawa, su dauke da wani kananan niƙa, wanda aiki a matsayin tushen su zama. Lokacin da Emma ya shekaru 13 da haihuwa, da iyali koma St. Petersburg.

A cikin babban birnin kasar a lokacin juyin juya halin Musulunci tafasar rai: a hannun biyu kunar bakin wake da 'yan ta'adda suka kashe Tsar Alexander II. Jarrabawa da juyin juya halin Musulunci ideas sa'an nan dauke gaye abin wãsa tsakanin matasa. Shi ne a cikin wadannan shekaru, irin ra'ayoyi "harba" Emma.

A farko ƙaura zuwa Amurka

A 17, Emma ya yi hijira zuwa {asar Amirka. A Rochester (NY) ya fara aiki a wani yadi factory. A 1887 ta yi aure ma'aikacin da kuma samu dan kasa. Duk da haka, da m ruhu sanya kanta ji: ta koya game da hudu rataye anarchists musharaka a wani bore a Chicago, da kuma nan da nan ya yanke shawarar ya shiga cikin Anarchist motsi.

ra'ayin siyasa,

Har yanzu, mutane da yawa suna sha'awar daya tambaya: abin da aka yi wa'azi Emma Goldman - anarchism, anarcho-kwaminisanci, anarcho-individualism, anarcho-Feminism? shi ne amsa ba. Emma ya kasance daya daga wadanda suka yi imani da gaske a cikin gãnuwõyi akida na dimokuradiyya, dimokuradiyya. Wannan anarchism, a cikin view, bayyana 'yancin tunani da na sanin yakamata, magana. Its raunanar da m tsarin na wani Karkasa jihar, wanda aka yi nufi kawai ga bautar, zalunta wasu azuzuwan saboda wasu. Amma da rarrabe "Red Emma" shi ne cewa ta ba su kira su mutu don "mai haske ideas na nan gaba." A akasin wannan, ta kaunace rayuwa, ƙaunar da bangaskiya zuwa nan gaba canje-canje. Maƙiyanta ne waɗanda bã su rai ba da babban daraja.

Shin Emma aka mai neman sauyi?

Har yanzu, wasu publicists da kuma 'yan jarida tambaya:' Kõ akwai neman sauyi Emma? Shin gaskiya zuwa ta harba daga cikin 1917 a Rasha a kan wani tsohon datti jirgin ruwan? Idan ka bincika shi a hankali ra'ayin siyasa, a cikin wadannan batutuwa shi ne ba abin mamaki ba. Siyasar Emma ke bayan duk da saba image na wani sauyi. Babban abu a cikin shi - to nutsad da kansu a cikin ra'ayin wani haske nan gaba a cikin ra'ayin juyin juya halin. Ya dole ba da wani na maslahar su, babu ji, babu al'amari, babu haše-haše. Ko mafarkai da juyin juya halin Musulunci ya zama cikin jiki na sami juna biyu dalilai. Yana da na halitta abin da ya kamata ba domin wani lokacin shakka ko ba da ransa domin haske nan gaba akida.

Emma ma yana da wani mabanbanta ra'ayi. Ta mutunta, kuma a yi shirka da theorists na Rasha juyin juya halin: Mikhail Bakunin, Sergeya Nechaeva, Nikolaya Ogarova. Amma Emma bai yarda da su tuna da jimlar sha na neman sauyi ra'ayin. Na yi imani da cewa irin wannan tunani ne ba daban-daban daga tunanin babban bankers a Wall Street, wadda aka kuma cikakken nutsa cikin aikinsa a kan hakar ribar. Me rabu da kanka na jima'i, kerawa, farin ciki na rayuwar ga juyin juya halin? Ba gina haske nan gaba ne da shi? To, don me ya miƙa hadaya da su a yanzu?

Emma ji cewa ba tare da farin ciki mutumin ya jũya a cikin biorobot a kiyashi dabba, wanda ya kai ga kashe domin m nan gaba a raga. Ta abokai ne waɗanda suka kawai kamar yadda ta ƙi yi hadaya saboda wani haske nan gaba. Duk wannan ya nuna daya halitta tambaya: ko Emma ya gaske neman sauyi? Ko shi ne kawai wani wakilin kungiyar na mutane wanda a nan gaba za su yi da sunan "rundunar jama'a"?

Fada Emma

Emma Goldman suka yi jihãdi ba ga m ra'ayin "gina haske nan gaba", da kuma ga wani sosai m da kuma al'ada abubuwa da cewa an dauke daga American Anarchist yunkuri bai isa a kula, sunã wãsã: for jima'i 'yanci, gyara daga cikin ma'aikata na aure, abandonment na conscription da sauransu.

Hukumomin Amurka ba su yi la'akari da gabatarwa da maras daukar ma'aikata "yan kuɗi": a cikin 1917 da aka yakin duniya na farko. Amurka masõya taimaka ba kawai abu da kuma goyon bayan sana'a, amma kuma aika zuwa gaban da rundunõninsa. Talakawa Amirkawa ba su son zuwa yaki ne, ra'ayin yi ƙaura da kuma zagon kasa ga roko samu m aikace-aikace. Saboda haka Emma ayyuka a wannan lokaci dauke da hadari. A 1917, ta kuma wasu anarchists aika zuwa Rasha, inda a wancan lokacin ya riga ya za'ayi da Great Oktoba juyin juya halin.

Shawagi daga Amurka a kan jirgin ruwa da kuma neman daga nesa a Statue of Liberty, Emma ya ce, "Kuma wannan kasa shi ne girman kai na 'yancin magana, m view, amma ina aka tura shi."

Isa a Rasha

A hanya zuwa kasar mu yi wahayi zuwa Emma. Ta dauke Soviet Rasha sun ci gaba kasa, wanda ya kamata ya nuna wa duniya wani misali. Wani zai zama idan irin wannan iko Rasha daular rushewarta a karkashin naushe na neman sauyi sojojin, da sauran mutanen kasar musamman ba tsayayya. Shin Emma san da gaskiya Jihar harkokin cikin Soviet Rasha, tafiya a kan jirgin ruwan? Unknown. A wannan lokaci, Lenin da Bolsheviks ya dade ya tsaya baya daga duk mai neman sauyi sojojin kwace mulki, aka aika zuwa kurkuku yawa anarchists da kuma zamantakewa yunkuri. An riga an fara "farauta" na 'yan'uwanmu jam'iyyar' yan Menshevik reshe.

Ganawa da Lenin

Emma Goldman gana da yawa yunkuri a cikin kasar. Na yi tafiya zuwa ziyarci har ma da Anarchist Nestor Makhno, amma ta musamman tuna gamuwa da V. I. Leninym. Yana gaba daya ya canza da hali daga Red Emma da Rasha juyin juya halin. Emma da Vladimir Ilyich bai son juna. Shugaban Rasha juyin juya halin da kuma ba tsammani game da shi, amma "America da ya fi hatsari mace," tunani na ta rare, amma tare da wani mummunan tinge. Emma ji cewa juyin juya halin da ya ba duniya wani misali na mulkin demokra] iyya, 'yancin magana, addini, da dai sauransu Duk da haka, Lenin kalmomin gaba daya ya canza wannan ra'ayi :. Lenin a taron ta ce, cewa duk da wannan ne kawai bourgeois son zuciya.Magana.

A gaskiya ma, cikin Bolshevik shugaban, ya ce bluntly cewa jini events a cikin kasar, ba kawai ba inganta halin da ake ciki na dukkan ma'aikatan ba, amma, a maimakon haka, kawai worsen. Tsoro da fargaba - Waɗannan su ne babban akida na wani sabon rai. Babu shakka, cewa Emma iya ba su goyi bayan wannan. Ta daga baya ya rubuta na Lenin da cewa "ya san yadda za a yi wasa a kan kasawan na mutum flattery, lambobin yabo da lambar yabo. Na zauna hakikance cewa, ya iya cimma bayan su da tsare-tsaren to rabu da su. " Shi ne mai jin cizon yatsa da kuma Lenin, da kuma akida na Rasha juyin juya halin.

fitarwa baya

A 1921, akwai wani paradoxical abu: Emma aiko da jirgin ruwa baya zuwa inda shi a baya aka tura - a Amurka. A dalilin ne guda: ta ki yi shiru.

A 1924 ta buga ta littafin "My rashin nasara a Rasha." Ta nuna yadda wannan mace da aka tsarkake, wanda magana kawai da gaskiya, aka ba siyasa tsunduma. Ba wanda zai iya la'anta cin hanci da rashawa, kare wani ta amfane shi. Lalle ne, na farko da aka gabatarwa da anarchism a Amurka. Bayan da aka tura zuwa Rasha ta ba yaƙi da "decadent yamma." A akasin wannan, ganin wani ko da muni halin da ake ciki na mutane a Rasha bayan da juyin juya halin, sai ta fara kare da mulkin demokra] ka'idodinta West, don ta kuma aika da baya.

Bayyanar da littafin "My rashin nasara a Rasha" rabu daga ta da abokai da yawa, leftist. Emma bai damu ba. Babban abu, ta yi zatona - gaya mutane da gaskiya, sa'an nan, abin da kuke yi imani. Don yaudari kansu da sauransu saboda yanzu-yanzu, abubuwan daka zaba ya ba ta style.

Kashewar McKinley

Emma ta Sahaban dauke ta kai tsaye ba da hannu a cikin kisan na shugaban kasar Amurka. Duk da haka, da yawa daga inconsistencies a cikin labarin.

25th shugaban kasar Amurka William McKinley ya mutu a kan Satumba 14, 1901. The official version ne kamar haka: shugaban kasa ya ba jimre da sakamakon da kisan gilla. 5 ga watan Satumba, 1901, "bayan sauraron rashin tsoro da jawabai Emma Goldman," himma Anarchist Leon Frank Leon Czolgosz harbe sau biyu a cikin kasar ta Pan-American Nunin a Buffalo.

m daidaituwa

Kisan kai da shugaban kasar Amurka a 1901 ba haka ba ne mai sauki.

Da fari dai, m aiki kariya. Na farko, da ma'aikatan ya bayyana cewa, shi ba ya lura da wani m mutane. Sa'an nan karanta canje-canje: Leon Czolgosz tsaya ga gagarumin ci gaban da baki sabis, wanda jũna a gare su m. To, don me ba su lura da bindiga a hannun wani Anarchist tare da shi? Af, wannan ne sabis neutralized Leon Czolgosz busa zuwa da kansa dunkulallen hannu bayan na biyu harbi.

Na biyu, da m nan gaba events. Shugaban bai mutu nan da nan. Bugu da kari, abokai da dangi da'awar cewa ya rayu, shi ne a kan gyara. Satumba 13, 1901 labaru da ƙarfi trumpeted cewa McKinley fara ci abinci mai tauri, ai, zai warke nan da nan, kuma a kan Satumba 14, da shugaban kasar ya mutu kwatsam.

Bayan mutuwar sa, ya zama shugaban riko Teodor Ruzvelt, wanda shi ne mataki na bai rabu da jinya shugaban kasa. A kadan daga baya, zai zama mutum na farko da ke jihar.

Last siyasa aiki Emma

Saboda haka wanda ya ke da wannan Emma Goldman? Biography of wannan mace ba zuriyarsa don gane da abin da shi ne - mai rai misali na haqurin ra'ayin, hukuntanka. Dukan mutane a tsawon shekaru su canza hali ga wasu abubuwa, kalamai, la'akari da shi a yanzu-yanzu wani rauni, boyish, da sauransu. Emma ba ga wani lokacin daina yi imani da su akida ko da taka rawar gani a Rasha juyin juya halin. Ya karshe shekaru ta kuma kishin da kanta ga gwagwarmayar siyasa: a 1936, tafiya zuwa Spain don tallafa wa Spanish anarchists a cikin yakin basasa a gefe na Republican gwamnati.

More rai, ba za ta koma zuwa ga mahaifarsa ta biyu. Mayu 14, 1940 Emma mutu na kwakwalwa haemorrhage. Ta yunkura don ya binne tare da harbi a kusa da anarchists a Chicago, saboda wanda ya fara ta gwagwarmayar wani manufa al'umma.