Democratic kasashen. Cikakken dimokuradiyya. Ranking kasashen cikin sharuddan dimokuradiyya

A cikin tarihin samuwar kowace jihohi akwai misalai na mutanen da suka yi yaƙi da 'yancin mutane, daidaito a gaban shari'a da al'adun gwamnati. An kafa tsarin mulkin demokuradiya a kasashe daban-daban a hanyarta. Yawancin masana kimiyya da masu bincike sunyi tunani a kan ma'anar dimokuradiyya.

Sun duba wannan lokaci daga ra'ayi na siyasar, da kuma ra'ayi na falsafa. Kuma sun iya ba da cikakken bayani game da ayyuka daban-daban. Duk da haka, ka'idar ba ta kasance da 'ya'ya ba. Yawancin lokaci, tsarin jihohi ya rinjayi ra'ayin. Mun gode da shi, yana yiwuwa a kafa da kuma kirkira tsarin tsarin tsarin mulkin demokuradiyya. Yau a cikin kimiyyar siyasa yana da wuyar gano ma'anar kalma guda ɗaya. Sabili da haka, kafin mu san abin da ƙasashen demokuradiyya suka kasance a kan taswirar duniya, za muyi hulɗa da sharudda.

Power ga mutane

Dimokuradiyya wani lokaci ne na zamanin Helenanci, wanda aka fassara a matsayin "ikon mutane". A cikin kimiyya na siyasa wannan ra'ayi yana nufin tsarin mulki, dalilin da ya sa aka amince da shawarar yanke shawara. A wannan yanayin, tasirin kowane mamba ya zama daidai.

Bisa mahimmanci, wannan hanya ta dace ne ga kungiyoyi masu yawa da kuma tsari. Amma mafi mahimmancin aikace-aikace har zuwa yau shi ne jihar. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa jihar yana da iko mai yawa, sabili da haka tsara shi kuma jimre shi yana da wahala.

Sabili da haka, kasashe na dimokiradiyya a cikin wannan batu ya kamata a nuna su da alamomi masu zuwa:

• Yin aiwatar da mutane ta hanyar zaɓen gaskiya da kuma dacewa na shugabancin su.
• Madaidaicin tushen ikon shi ne mutane.
• Gudanar da jagorancin jama'a shine don kare mutuncin masu bukatu da kuma kafa kyakkyawar kyau a kasar.

Kowane memba na cikin al'umma yana da 'yancinta, wanda ya wajaba don tabbatar da mulkin mutane. Dangantakar Dimokra] iyya akai-akai ana kiran shi da dukan nau'o'in dabi'un, wanda shine "jarrabawa" a cikin gwaje-gwajen siyasa:

• Daidaita, siyasa da zamantakewa.
• 'Yanci.
• Hakki;
• Hakkin ɗan adam.
• Dama don kai kanka, da dai sauransu.

Ba daidai ba

Wannan shi ne wurin da rashin kuskure ya fara. Manufar dimokuradiyya yana da wuya a cimma, saboda haka fassarar "dimokuradiyya" ya bambanta. Tun daga karni na 18, akwai alamun iri iri, mafi daidai, irin tsarin wannan tsarin mulki. Mafi shahararren shine mulkin demokra] iyya. Wannan samfurin yana ɗaukar yanke shawara na 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar hada kai ko kuma ta ƙara wa marasa rinjaye ga rinjaye.

Nan Kusa, za ka iya saka da wakilin dimokuradiyya. Wannan shi ne tabbatar da shawarar mutane ta hanyar wakilan zaɓaɓɓu ko wasu mutanen da ke da wasu matsayi. A wannan yanayin, waɗannan mutane suna da zabi, bisa ga ra'ayoyin waɗanda suka amince da su, sannan kuma suna da alhakin sakamakon kafin su.

Me kuke fadawa?

Dole ne mutum ya fahimci cewa irin wannan tsarin mulkin demokra] iyya na aiki don rage iyakar cin zarafi da cin zarafi. Wannan ya kasance da wuya a cimma, musamman a wa] annan} asashen da gwamnati ba ta amince da 'yancin jama'a da kuma sauran al'amuran ba, kuma ba su da kariya a tsarin siyasa.

Yanzu manufar "mulkin demokra] iyya" yana da sassan biyu na tsabar. A halin yanzu an gano dimokra] iyya da shugabanci nagari. Na gode wa irin wannan dimokuradiyya, tare da zaɓen gaskiya da budewa na lokaci-lokaci, akwai dokar doka, rarraba da ƙuntata ikon da tsarin mulki ya kafa.

A gefe guda, yawancin masana kimiyya da masana kimiyya na siyasa sun yi imanin cewa ba zai iya yiwuwa a yanke hukunci akan siyasa ba, har ma da tasirin mutane a tsarin gwamnati, ba tare da bayyanar 'yancin zamantakewa ba, rashin daidaituwa a yanayin zamantakewa, da daidaitattun dama.

Barazana

Jam'iyyun demokradiyya suna fuskantar barazanar wata gwamnati mai mulki. Babban matsalar da irin wannan tsarin gwamnati ya kasance yana kasancewa rarrabuwar, ta'addanci, ci gaban rashin daidaito na zamantakewa ko hijirar. Duk da cewa a duniya akwai kungiyoyi masu yawa da suka kare 'yanci da' yanci na 'yan ƙasa, tarihin ba shi da wata lokuta a lokacin da rikice-rikicen siyasa ya rikice.

Yanayin halin yanzu

Kafin muyi la'akari da kasashe mafi dimokra] iyya a duniya, ya kamata mu dubi cikakken hoton halin da ake ciki yanzu. Duk da bambancin gwamnatocin dimokuradiyya, yanzu yawan adadin kasashe-dimokuradiyya ya fi girma a tarihi. Fiye da rabin jama'a na duniya zasu iya shiga zaben. Bugu da ƙari, ko da irin wannan tsarin mulki a matsayin mulkin mallaka zai iya zama a madadin mutanen.

An sani cewa waɗanda kasashen da aiki a karkashin a mulkin demokra] gwamnatin, ya ba da 'yancin kada kuri'a kusan kome da kome yawan balagaggun jama'a. Amma daga bisani sun fuskanci matsala irin wannan da ke sha'awar rayuwar siyasa ya fara faɗuwa sosai. Alal misali, a Amurka, 30-40% na yawan jama'a suna shiga cikin za ~ en.

Akwai dalilai da yawa don wannan. Don fahimtar siyasar ƙasarku, kuna buƙatar ɗauka ba kawai tare da hakuri ba, amma tare da motar mota. Wasu 'yan ƙasa sun yi imanin cewa' yan siyasa suna ba da karin lokaci zuwa ga siyasa da kuma bukatunsu. Sauran ba su ga bambanci tsakanin jam'iyyun adawa ba. A wata hanya ko kuma wani abu, yanayin halin yanzu yana haifar da wani sabuntawar sha'awa a tsarin mulkin demokra] iyya.

Nazarin

Yawancin masana kimiyya na siyasa sunyi aiki don tabbatar da cewa kowane bangare na duniya ya sami ma'anarta. Cibiyar nazarin Birtaniya ta kirga hanyar da za ta iya ƙayyade ƙimar ƙasashen duniya ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. Yanzu yana yiwuwa a rarraba kasashe 167. Kowannensu yana da nasacciyar fassarar mulkin demokra] iyya.

Yanzu yana da wuya a faɗi yadda za a iya la'akari da zaɓin jihohi akan wannan ka'ida. Akwai nau'o'i 5 na alamomi 12 a duka. A karo na farko an yi amfani da index a 2006. A wannan lokacin akwai gyare-gyaren da dama da suka danganci canje-canje a cikin yanayin siyasar duniya. Har ma bayan shekaru 10 ba a san wanda yake kan kwamishinan ba: yana iya zama ma'aikatan cibiyar nazarin, ko watakila masana kimiyya masu zaman kanta.

Tsarin

Don haka, domin ya bayyana matsayin a cikin sassa hudu, dole ne a auna matakin dimokuradiyya a cikin kasar. Har ila yau, wajibi ne a bincika binciken masana da kuma sakamakon sakamakon zaben jama'a. Kowace ƙasa tana da alamun alamomi 60, wanda ke ƙunshe cikin ƙananan sassa:

1. Tsarin zabe da pluralism.
2. Ayyukan gwamnati.
3. Kasancewa 'yan ƙasa a siyasar jihar.
4. Harkokin siyasa.
5. Ƙungiyoyin 'yanci.

Categories

A kan wannan ka'idar, ana iya raba ƙasashen da dama. Na farko shine cikakken dimokuradiyya. Yawancin mutane har yanzu sunyi imani cewa wannan tsarin mulki ba shi da manufa mai mahimmanci. Duk da haka, a wannan lokacin, wannan rukuni ya ƙunshi kasashe 26 - wannan kashi 12% ne na yawan yawan jama'a. Akwai ra'ayi cewa kusan rabin dukan ƙasashe za a iya danganta su da irin wannan, amma ra'ayin masana ya bambanta. 51 sun ce an rarraba su a cikin rukunin "rashin dimokuradiyya".

Sashe na uku shi ne tsarin mulkin matasan, wanda shine alamomin mulkin demokra] iyya da kuma mulkin mallaka. A duniya akwai 39 iko tare da irin wannan. Sauran ƙasashe 52 da suka rage har yanzu suna riƙe da mulkin mallaka. A hanyar, zuwa kashi na hudu, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan duniya - fiye da mutane biliyan 2.5 za a iya danganta su.

Na farko na farko

An gudanar da rubutun karshe da aka yi a shekarar 2014. A cikin duka, kasashe 25 za a iya rarraba su a matsayin dimokra] iyya. Ƙananan sun hada da Iceland, New Zealand, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Canada, Netherlands, Switzerland da Australia.

Norway ta kasance jagoran shekaru da yawa. Wannan mulkin mallaka na kundin tsarin mulkin ya sami kashi 9.93. Wannan jihar a arewacin Turai tana cikin ɓangare na yankin Scandinavian. Yanzu Sarkin Norway shi ne Harald V. Ƙasar unitary ya dogara ne akan tsarin dimokuradiyya na majalisar.

Gida na Pippi Longstocking

Sanya na biyu ya dauki Sweden (9.73). Wannan jihar yana cikin unguwar da Norway. Har ila yau, an samo shi a Ƙasar Scandinavian. Ikon iko da Carl XVI Gustaf. An gina nau'in gwamnati a kan tsarin dimokuradiyya na majalisar wakilai a cikin alamomi tare da tsarin mulki na tsarin mulki.

Ƙananan jihar

Matsayi na uku tare da index of 9.58 yana shagaltar da Iceland. A kan taswira, wannan ƙasa za a iya samuwa kusa da Turai. Wannan tsibirin tsibirin ne. Shugaban ne Gwüdni Johannesson, wanda ya dauki ofishin a watan Yuni a wannan shekara. Shi dan takarar mai zaman kanta ne. Har ila yau sananne ga samun digiri na kimiyya farfesa ne na kimiyyar tarihi. Duk da cewa Iceland ba a gani ba ne a taswirar, wannan ƙasa ba kawai a cikin uku na kasashe dimokuradiyya ba, amma kuma sananne ne ga sauran bayanan. Misali, a matsayin mafi girma tsibirin volcanic asali.

A cikin hannayen lafiya

New Zealand ta dauki digiri na hudu (9.26). Wannan jihar yana cikin Polynesia, a kudu maso yammacin Pacific Ocean. Kamar yadda a Norway, mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulki da mulkin dimokuradiyya na mulki mamaye a nan. Ƙasar ta mulki ne ta sanannen Sarauniya Elizabeth II. Ta hanyar, ban da zama shugaban Birtaniya Commonwealth of Nations da kuma kai tsaye daga Birtaniya, ita kuma Sarauniyar jihohi 15, ciki har da Canada, Belize, Barbados, Grenada, da dai sauransu. A tsaye a New Zealand akwai Gwamna Janar Jerry Mateparai.

Gudanar da mata

Denmark kuma ya fadi a cikin dimokuradiyya kuma ya dauki na biyar wuri a cikin ranking (9.11). Wani jihar da ke Arewacin Turai. Wannan iko kuma ya mallaki mace - Margrethe II. Saboda haka Denmark shine tsarin mulkin mulki. Sarauniya ta taimaka wa majalisar da ba a san ta ba.

Tsarin tsarin siyasa

Switzerland na da kashi shida (9.09). Gwamnatin tarayya ce, wata ƙungiyar da ke aiki tare da majalissar majalisa da kuma ka'idojin dimokuradiyya. Switzerland ba sauki a tsarin siyasa. Shugaban Johann Schneider-Ammann ne shugaban kwamitin Federative, amma a gaskiya ba shi ne shugaban kasa ba. Ana sanya wannan rawar ga dukan wakilan majalisa. Kodayake a cikin yanayin yanke shawara na siyasa mai rikitarwa, muryarsa za ta kasance mai yanke shawara.

Ana la'akari da shugaban na farko a tsakanin masu daidaito kuma ba shi da ikon jagoranci membobin majalisar tarayya. Ana zabe ne kawai don shekara guda. Kuma wannan bai yi da mutane ba, amma ta mambobi ne na majalisa. Akwai bakwai daga cikinsu. Bugu da ƙari, gaskiyar cewa suna gudanar da jiha ɗaya, kowannensu na da sashenta. Alal misali, shugaba na yanzu yana da alhakin Tarayyar Harkokin Tattalin Arziƙi, Ilimi da Bincike.

Ƙasar kasa da kasa

Katin Kanada ya karɓa na bakwai (9.08). Wannan jihar yana cikin Arewacin Amirka. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, shugaban kasa shine Sarauniya na Birtaniya. Amma Gwamna David Johnston ya jagoranci kasar. Ƙasar Canada ta zama tarayya tare da mulkin mallaka na majalisar dokoki da dimokuradiyya na majalisar.

Jihar ta kunshi larduna 10. Mafi shahararren shine Quebec. A nan ne yawancin yawan mutanen Faransa suna zaune. Sauran larduna sun fi yawancin Ingilishi.

Matsalar

Tare da index of 9.03 na takwas wuri ya dauka ta Finland. Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasar sun fi yawa bisa ga kima na jihar a matsayin mafi kwanciyar hankali. A shekarar 2010, jihar ta zama mafi kyau a duniya. An located a arewacin Turai. Yana da majalisar dokoki ta kasa-kasa bisa tsarin mulkin dimokuradiyya. Tun shekarar 2012, shugaban kasa shi ne Sauli Niinisto.

An zabe shugaban kasa ta kuri'un da aka zaba domin tsawon shekaru shida. Babban iko shi ne nasa. Har ila yau, wani ~ angare na iko na majalisar ya kasance a hannun shugaban} asar, amma rabin} ungiyar ta shugabanci, watau Eduscunte.

Jihar ƙasar

Australia ta sha kashi 9 a jerin sunayen dimokiradiyya a duniya (9.01). Wannan ikon yana kusa da New Zealand kuma yana zaune a cikin nahiyar. Shugaban kasar shine Sarauniyar Birtaniya ta Commonwealth of Nations. Gwamna Janar Peter Cosgrove ne. Australia - a majalisar daular mulkinsu, wanda ya wanzu a matsayin duk masun mulki na Great Britain. Ayyukan gwamnati na da dangantaka da Elizabeth II da kuma majalisar koli.

Australia da aka gane a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi raya ƙasashe na duniya. Yana da tattalin arziki mai cin gashin kanta, babban GDP na kowane mutum. Ya kasance na biyu a cikin ƙididdigar ci gaban ɗan adam kuma zai iya kasancewa na farko a cikin ƙasashen dimokuradiyya.

Top-10

Kammala kasashe goma da ke da cikakken dimokuradiyya na Netherlands (8.92). Wannan shi ne tsarin mulkin mallaka. A wannan lokacin, shugaban mulkin Willem-Alexander. A cikin Netherlands, akwai majalisacciyar majalisa, wadda ta dogara ne akan mulkin demokra] iyya. An dauki Amsterdam babban birnin jihar. A nan ne sarki yayi rantsuwa da biyayya ga mulkin. Amma akwai kuma ainihin babban birnin Hague, inda aka zama wurin zama na gwamnati.

Sauran shugabannin

A cikin jihohi 26 da babban dimokuradiyya na gaba sun hada da Birtaniya, Spain, Ireland, Amurka, Japan, Koriya ta Kudu, Uruguay, Jamus, da dai sauransu. Amma yana da daraja a ambaci wurare mafi kyau a cikin ƙimar, waɗannan ƙasashe waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka. A kan 167th wuri ne Koriya ta Arewa da index of 1.08. Dan kadan sama da shi a cikin martaba ne Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Equatorial Guinea, Syria, Iran, Turkmenistan, da Congo.

Rasha na da kashi 117 da kashi 3.92. Kafin Kamaru ne, bayan - Angola. Belarus har ma da ƙasa da Rasha, a wurin 139th (3.16). Dukkanin ƙasashe an lasafta su a matsayin "tsarin mulkin mallaka". Ukraine ta kasance a cikin 79th wuri a cikin tsarin mulki miƙa mulki tare da index of 5.94.

Babu ci gaba

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kasashen dimokuradiyya na Turai sun rasa matsayinsu. Wannan shi ne ainihin gaskiya game da yankin gabas. Tare da Rasha, sauran kasashen CIS sun fadi a cikin wannan sanarwa. Wasu sun amince da matsayinsu kadan, wasu - a mataki na 5-7.

Tun 2013, duniya ta dakatar. Wannan tsarin ba zai rushewa ba, amma ba a kiyaye cigaba. Wannan yanayin yana nufin cikakken hoto na duniya. A cikin wasu misalai, rikici har yanzu yana iya gani. Yawancin jihohi sun rasa tsarin demokra] iyya. Wannan lamarin ya shafi matsalar tattalin arziki.

Gwamnati masu mulkin mallaka, a akasin wannan, sun zama mafi iko. Saboda haka, mulkin demokra] iyya, wanda ya ci gaba a duniya tun 1974, yanzu yana da halin da ya ragu. Bugu da ƙari, gaskiyar cewa amincewa da cibiyoyin siyasa sun fara karuwa, musamman a Turai. Har ila yau, tsarin mulkin demokra] iyya ba ya kawo sakamakon da ake bukata ga yawan jama'a.