Bayani nucleotides

Cikin jigidar halittar DNA da shiru genes

Dukan masu rai a duniya da aka yi sama da Kwayoyin. Animals, kifi, da tsuntsaye, da shuke-shuke, fungi, microbes, dukan mutane da kansu an hada da Kwayoyin. Waje da cell babu rayuwa. Kwayoyin na duk halittu masu kama a tsarin, da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, metabolism, duk da Kwayoyin ninka ta rarraba. Wannan shi ne fasali mai rikitarwa, kusan dukan hadaddun, inda 1 biyu ne dubban martani. Abin baƙin ciki, ba za mu iya sarrafa sirrin na mu mutum Kwayoyin. Ga su ji dadin rigakafi, wanda muna kawai fara a rinjãye su. Mutumin a cikin rayuwar shiryar da dalilin, da kuma Kwayoyin daga wanda shi ne su rayu da nasu dokoki, wanda ba ko da yaushe ne yayi daidai da mu sha'awa. Amma yana da matukar yiwu cewa a nan gaba za mu iya samun wani yare gama-gari tare da su da kuma yarda game da wani abu mai muhimmanci a gare mu, kuma ga su.

A tsakiyar core Kwayoyin zubar cikin wanda ake juya a cikin wani biyu Helix Watson-Crick musamman ta sifa da aiki na cikin jigidar halittar DNA. Duk da jigidar halittar DNA da aka raba kananan segments kira genes. Wannan shi ne ainihin naúrar na heritable halaye da cewa sanin mu bayyanar, jinsi, ilimi iya aiki, tsawon rayuwar da, a saman cewa, ba mu da fadi da kewayon genetically m munanan, ciki har da Oncology hali.

DNA din ya aka tam cushe a cikin furotin ambulan da kuma siffar conglomerates kira chromosomes. A somatic sel mutum, cewa shi ne, a cikin sel na jikinsa, shi ne wani diploid, ko biyu kafa chromosomes. Su 46 guda, ko 23 nau'i-nau'i. Kowane biyu ƙunshi cikakken m sa na bayanai. Lokacin da wani cell raba nau'i-nau'i daga chromosomes rabu, da kuma kowane cell sami wani cikakken sa na bayanai. Daga bisani da diploid yawan chromosomes aka mayar. The mutum jam sel dauke da 23 chromosomes, amma a hadi, a lokacin da maniyyi da kwai fis, wani biyu kafa chromosomes aka mayar. Kamar wancan akwai wata cakuda namiji da mace data, haddasa tayin na'am da ãyõyinMu, kuma iyaye mata da kuma kakanninsu.

A totality of duk genes dauke a cikin sa na chromosomes na jam sel, da ake kira mutum genome. The complete mutum genome ƙunshi game da 80 dubu genes. Cikin jigidar halittar DNA da aka gina, watakila ba kamar yadda wuya kamar yadda shi ne asali. An wakilta biyu dogon zaren. A filaments ake yi har na nucleotides. Nucleotides - a sinadaran fili ya kunshi uku abubuwa: a nitrogenous tushe, carbohydrate deoxyribose da phosphoric acid. Ba tare da faruwa a cikin cikakken bayani, muna iya cewa DNA na dukan kwayoyin duniya kafa kawai nau'I hudu na nucleotides. Yana hudu haruffa, hudu haruffa daga cikin haruffa na rayuwa: adenine (A), kuma taimain (T), Bibyun (G) da saitosin (C). Su suna da alaka da juna a cikin polymer sarkar na daruruwan dubbai na nanometers, fiye da 3 mita dogon. Wannan tsayin yarn su karbi bakuncin fiye da biliyan 3. Nucleotides a jerin cewa, da kuma duk na kwayoyin bayanai shigar wanda ke aiki. Wadannan biyu strands ake juna da hydrogen shaidu da aka spirally nannade a kusa da juna ta samar da wata m tsarin a cikinsa don haka da yawa asirin adana. The masana kimiyya fuskanci matsalar ya bayyana wannan asiri to karanta da mutum genome, watau, gane duk da kwayoyin halittu da kuma sanin darajar. The aiki ba makawa kuma da gaggawa, kuma da aiwatar da aikin "Human genome" ya fara a shekara ta 1990.

A cikin shakka daga cikin muhimman aikin da aka deciphered da kwayoyin na fiye da 800 shuka da dabbobi iri, ciki har da causative jamiái na da yawa cutarwa kwayoyin: tarin fuka, typhus, ciki ulcers, da sauransu. Yana da muhimmanci sosai ga pharmacology. dukan rukunin na sabon kwayoyi don yaƙar hereditary cututtuka alaka alluran da aka ɓullo da a kan causative jamiái na wadannan cututtuka ne ake halittawa. Wadannan kwayoyi su ne mafi tasiri fiye da a baya ya wanzu, tun suna da wani selectivity na aikin da daidaitacce ga gene da kuma gina jiki hari. Iko tabbatacce lokacinta tsiwirwirinsu a filin daga kwayoyin magani kwayoyin cuta ganewar asali da kuma far, da kuma kayyade aikin injiniya muka shaida kwarai events, mafi muhimmanci daga abin da yake watakila da cloning. Cloning zai adana da kuma ninka da m binciken yanayi, da kuma a nan gaba na mutum.

M al'amurra bude har ta shayarwa. Halitta a kan tushen halittar jini , transgenic shuke-shuke suna yarda ka cika fuska ƙara yawan aiki na amfanin gona, gaba daya kashe asarar daga weeds da kwari, da kuma transgenic dabbobi buge mu kwatanci tare da yawan aiki, cuta juriya, da takin gargajiya.

Criminologists ma da a kawo musu kayan fasahar da ya tabbatar da cikakken aminci a al'amura na ganewa na sosai kananan yawa daga cikin kayan: .. A drop of yau, barbashi na gashi, dandruff, da dai sauransu Dubban mutane marasa laifi a duniya da aka kubutar, amma real laifi samu azabtar kan gene analysis. Akwai wani abin dogara inji domin sanin ubanci, na haihuwa, da aminci, don magance batutuwan da suka shafi gado na dukiya, tasowa daga yi na dokar.

Samu wani m da kuma musamman sakamakon cewa bukatar tsanani fassarar. Alal misali, sakamakon na gwada mutum genome da genome na mu kusa dangi, da biri ya nuna kusan cikakkiyar ainihi dubban sigogi. Kusan su ne kawai dan kadan fiye da bambance-bambance tsakanin mutane daga kabilun daban-daban. Da mutumin ya juyo daga zama yawa kusa da dabbobi fiye da shi yiwuwa a tunanin. Irin wannan babban mataki na dangantaka samun maka batir masu bincike da kuma bukatar su don m fuskanci da mafita. Akwai iya zama wasu sabawa sanya ga ka'idar juyin halitta daga rai al'amari.

Genetics, ciki har da shugaban na aikin "Human genome> F. Collins, wahayi zuwa gare ta nasara, tsara da dama grandiose tsinkaya domin nan gaba. Tun shekarar 2020 da kasuwar kamata gani a magani domin ciwon sukari, hauhawar jini, da ciwon daji da hankulansu rashin lafiya ci gaba ta hanyar kwayoyin aikin injiniya, wanda damar daidai aiki a kan lalace Kwayoyin. Gene far on jam-line Kwayoyin don kauce wa hereditary cututtuka. By 2040, shi zai yiwu a ajiye mutum adam genome, kuma ku ciyar cataloging genes da hannu a cikin tsufa tsari. Wannan zai kara da talakawan rayuwa Hasashen na wani mutum har zuwa 120 shekara, kuma a nan gaba ba da shi sosai so dauwama. A karshe, mutane za su iya sarrafa su kansu juyin halitta. Wadannan hasashe duk ze dama, amma zai dauki shekaru, watakila da yawa m, fiye da wadanda na wanda da masu bincike sun ce, duk da shi ya zama gaskiya, kuma za mu kasance sauransu.

Duk da haka, ko da a yau cikin jigidar halittar DNA da yake riƙe da yawa fiye da fake da asirai. Computer bincike na dabba genome yarda da mu domin sanin da rabo daga sassan na DNA din cewa yi daban-daban ayyuka. A nan, jinsi sun sami abin mamaki bane. Sai ya juya daga cewa a da yawa jinsunan, kawai karamin sashi daga cikin jimlar jerin genome encodes sunadaran. Tun da mutum kawai game da 2% na genome encode mai gina jiki 48% na genome suna da hannu kawai a can farko na coding kuma baya kira na sunadaran dakatar da fiye da 50% na genome aka hada da wadanda ba coding maimaita jerin DNA hada da, haka ma, wani babban da yawan da wani ɓaɓɓake daga relic ƙwayoyin cuta. Idan mun gwada wadannan bayanan da kwayoyin dabbobi tsaye a matakai daban-daban na juyin tsani, masu bincike suna fuskantar duk da haka wani paradox. Sai ya juya daga cewa dabbobi a ƙananan mataki na ci gaba da rabo daga wadanda ba coding DNA ne kadan. A kashi sharuddan, shi ne kamar haka. Saboda haka kwayoyin cuta, kusan duk DNA yana aiki, shi ne 90% kuma kawai 10% kamar yadda suka mara amfani. A yisti, 68% na DNA ne coding, 32% na wadanda ba coding. Nematodes da wannan rabo ne 24% kuma 76% bi da bi. Da kwayoyin zama mafi hadaddun, da rabo daga cikin coding yankuna na DNA rage-rage, yayin da rabo daga m bayanai don mu qara. A nan, kamar yadda shi alama a duban farko, wanda zai sa ran kishiyar sakamakon. F.Krik, dauke "karin" DNA yi "datti", da halin kaka ci gaba da biyan bashin da sauran kashi kammala. Gida da bude kofa ikon wani masanin kimiyya shekaru da yawa hana girma cancanci wata babbar wani ɓangare na wani musamman kwayoyin. Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da dama daga masana kimiyya ba su san da wani dalĩli, mun yanke shawarar rufe da ra'ayin "takarce DNA" mafi kusa yiwu bayani na sirri da ba-coding DNA ya sa wani m tattaunawa a kafofin watsa labarai na jinsi. daruruwan articles a kan batun, da shawarar da yawa ban sha'awa aukuwa aka rubuta. Yana da aka nuna a m rawar da ba-coding DNA, forming wani m taro da ake bukata domin gudanar da wasu kwayuka matakai, da samuwar yanke Lines da kuma manne a madadin splicing. A DI Mattick, misali, ya yi imanin cewa ba coding DNA duk - har yanzu encodes da ake kira karin ribonucleic acid, RNA.

Mun kusanci matsalar da shiru na DNA tare da sauran hannunka. An nuna cewa, cikin jigidar halittar DNA da aka rubuta da kuma adana, ba kawai da kwayoyin bayanai, amma kuma da haka ya kira m bayanai. M bayanai da ake dangantawa da abubuwan da matsayi mai real barazana ga wanzuwar jiki. irin wannan bayani hakar fasahar yana da halaye, wanda za a tattauna a kasa.

Domin binciken da aka zaba talakawa Brewer ta yisti kungiyar Saccharomyces. Yisti ne mai ban mamaki model abu eukaryotic Kwayoyin ga wani iri-iri na gudanar da bincike a fannoni Biochemistry, immunology, itatuwa aure. Yisti Genetics babbar adadin aiki, duka biyu msar tambayar da aiyuka bincike ci gaba sosai cikin sauri, shi ya za'ayi. A karshe, a shekara ta 1996, shi ne gaba daya jerin genome yisti Saccharomyces cerevisiae, wanda shi ne dalilin da nasara a kwayoyin systematics na yeasts. Wannan yarda da wani kai tsaye kwatanta da jerin nucleotides a cikin genome. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa yisti da aka zaba a matsayin abu binciken na mu.

Wannan irin yisti da aka gabatar ta al'ada eukaryotic, Ina nufin ciwon core cell diamita na 3 - 7 mm. Fungi iya jure sosai low yanayin zafi da kuma ko da a daskarewa ba ya mutu, amma kawai daskare, mirgina duk your tafiyar matakai na rayuwa. To da suka ji dumi yanayi, amma a zazzabi sama 47 digiri su rayuwa tafiyar matakai an dakatar, kuma a zazzabi na 80 - 100 digiri da suka mutu.

Saboda haka, da m yanayi na mold zafin jiki ne kusa da 80 digiri. Influencing irin wannan yanayin zafi a kan sel da naman gwari Saccharomyces cerevisiae, an samu canza nucleotide a cikin jerin shiru loci na DNA din. More m tasiri ya kunsa canje-canje a cikin coding yankin na DNA da kuma barazana ga viability na karamin jiki.

Saboda haka, a cikin shiru loci DNA na fungi rubuta bayanai game da m yanayi barazanar rayukansu. Haka kuma, wadannan su ne da yanayin da ya kawo shi tsanani lalacewa, amma ya ya iya tsira da irin wannan alheri da kwarewa domin kansu. Da zarar a wadannan yanayi, da naman gwari ne riga m game da m sakamakon da daukar duk matakan kauce wa gare su. Haka abu ya faru da ɗan adam Kwayoyin. The jiki kuma ya hada da Kwayoyin cewa suna da wani mataki na 'yanci da mulkin kai. Sun kuma rikodin m bayanai da aka ma kokarin amfani da shi a matsayin barazana da salon salula rayuwa yanayi. M bayanai a Kwayoyin an rubuta kamar yadda a cikin kwakwalwa, shi yana rubuce a cikin majiyai. Kowane abin mamaki, zama da shi na gani images hade tare da mutane, gine-gine, ƙasa, inda wadannan sun faru, kusan ya kai ga bala'i, events, sansana dandano, ciki majiyai, kamar zafi, sauti da kuma ba shakka shi ne aka rubuta a cikin DNA din. Mutumin na tsira, bayanai da aka rubuta da kuma Kwayoyin yi imani da cewa zai zama a cikin irin wannan halin da ake ciki shi ne wannan bayanai zai taimake shi to tsira sake. DNA din ya kasance fairly barga mahadi da za a iya adana su bayanai illa ma sha Allahu. Saboda haka, m events rubuta a cikin tsari, zai iya zama sosai, sosai haihuwa.

Domin tsabta, mun yi kokarin ba da wani misali. Haka ya faru a cikin m Farisa. Farisa da aka kafa a cikin VI karni BC. e. Da shi shi ne mafi girma da daular daga Misira zuwa Indus River. A 332 BC. e. Aleksandr Makedonsky ci sojojin sarki Dariyus, da yaƙi arziki birni Persipol. Domin da matsananciyar juriya, ya ba da gari for 3 days rundunõninsa su washe su. A 'yan ƙasa zauna a tsoro. The m fada, a cikin dakin, frantically addu'a matasa mace da kuma na roƙi Ubangiji domin ceto. Around tsaya gumaka da kuma kona kyandirori. Iko duka karya kofa da duk maƙarƙashiya kuma cikin dakin bursts cikin wani jarumi. A takaice yaki da wata mace rurrushe, kwance a some a kasa. Ta fyade, ji Greek magana, gidan sata da kuma tafi. Damage yi wa mace na tsira, da kuma cikin wasu abubuwa, sa'a ko rashin alheri, ya zama ciki. Duk da majiyai na cewa mummunan rana: icons, kyandirori, Greek magana, zafi, da ruri da aka rubuta a cikin DNA din. Mace a amince tsĩrar da ta mika duk bayanai ga yaro. Tafiya a cikin jerin dama dozin ƙarnõni na wannan bayani, a karshen, shi juya a kira su da wani saurayi a cikin genes a cikin lokaci, da kuma, Oddly isa, a Rasha.

A cikin wani hali, wannan bayani za a iya bukata. Babu shakka, shi zai zama a bukatar a halin da ake ciki kama da abin da aka samu. A lokacin da jiki nisa gudanar ya tsira kuma, kasancewa a cikin irin wannan halin da ake ciki, shi zai zama mechanically haifa duk majiyai da kuma ayyuka da cewa, an rubuta su a DNA. Idan shi a cikin coci, inda akwai gumaka da kyandirori suna kone, shi zai fara zuwa mirgine a kusa da kan bene da ihu barazana. A wannan hali za mu ce da aljanu ya koma tare da shi. Idan ya ba zato ba tsammani magana a Greek, mu ce a rayuwar da ta gabata yana rayuwa a cikin Girka. A gaskiya ma, saurayin taba zama a ba a kasar Girka, kuma ba a Farisa, amma ba shi da aljannu. Ya rubuta a cikin DNA din ya m bayanai da cewa ya hana shi zuwa rayuwa cikin lumana da kuma cewa da taimako daga psychoanalysis, Freud W za a iya samu nasarar cire.

Abin da za mu ce a ƙarshe a kan wannan batun? M bayanai kai tsaye barazana rayuwa na jiki Kwayoyin kansu aka rubuta a cikin shiru loci na cikin jigidar halittar DNA. A cikin mutane, wannan bayanai daukan up kusan dukan girma daga cikin jigidar halittar DNA, saboda babbar lokaci na wanzuwar irin wannan yanayi ne mai babbar adadin. A yanayi sun sau da yawa irin wannan, don haka muke gani a shiru loci a babban adadin maimaitawar. A tsawon lokaci, da haihuwa records iya sharewa a matsayin bayanai a rubuce cikin shiru loci muhimmanci matasa, fiye da a coding genes. Saboda haka, sake tabbatar da cewa a cikin yanayi babu wani wuri zuwa dama, da kuma kowane sabon abu a cikin shi yana da manufa. Kuma mu, da mutane, bukatar fahimta cewa ba ko da yaushe mu na hali da aka shibtarsu da dalilin da, sabili da haka, shi ne, ba ko da yaushe dace da yanayi.

Ielikov SL