Babban siffofin halittu masu rai

Abin da siffofin rarrabe dabbobi daga sauran halittu? The tambaya alama mai sauki isa, amma amsar bukatar wani fahimtar wasu daga cikin mafi m halaye na kwayoyin, ciki har da kwayar heterotrophy, motsi da sauran hadaddun Concepts amfani da ilmin halitta. Abin da ake da ãyõyin halittu masu rai suna da ha, a kalla ga masu rinjaye na dabbobi, daga katantanwa da zebra zuwa mongooses da tẽku anemones?

kwayar

Idan kana kokarin rarrabe gaskiya daga dabbobi, misali, paramecium ko amoeba, shi ne ba da wuya sosai: dabbobi, da definition, suna kwayar halittu, ko da yake yawan Kwayoyin dabam ƙwarai da jinsunan. Alal misali, zagaye tsutsa, wanda aka yi amfani da ko'ina a gwaje-gwajen a cikin ilmin halitta kunshi daidai 1031 Kwayoyin, ba more kuma babu kasa, yayin da mutum yake a zahiri shi ya hada sel tiriliyan. Duk da haka, yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa da dabbobi - ba kawai kwayar kwayoyin, sun kuma hada da shuke-shuke, fungi kuma ko da wasu iri algae.

Eukaryotic sifar tantanin halitta

Ãyõyin halittu masu rai sun hada da wani eukaryotic sifar tantanin halitta. Zai yiwu mafi muhimmanci tsaga a cikin tarihin rayuwar Duniya ne abin da ya faru tsakanin biyu da suka m views. Prokaryotic kwayoyin ba su da wani membrane-a daure tsakiya da kuma sauran wasu gabbansa da suke na musamman guda-celled. Wadannan sun hada da, misali, duk da kwayoyin.

A eukaryotic Kwayoyin, da bambanci, akwai kyau-tsare tsakiya da kuma ciki da wasu gabbansa (kamar mitochondria) m harhada tare samar da wata kwayar kwayoyin. Ko da yake dukan dabbobi ne euakariotami ba duk eukaryotes ne dabbobi: a cikin wannan musamman bambancin iyali ma ya hada da shuke-shuke, fungi da kankanin teku proto-dabbobi, da aka sani da protists.

musamman kyallen takarda

Wata sifa ta talikan ne babban iri-iri yadudduka. Daya daga cikin manyan rassa na dabbobi - wannan shi ne yadda za su ne na musamman Kwayoyin. Kamar yadda wadannan kwayoyin ze talakawa kara Kwayoyin ne ainihin ba haka sauki. Akwai hudu m Categories nazarin halittu: jijiya, connective, tsoka da kuma epithelial kyallen takarda (wanda gina da gabobin da jini).

More m kwayoyin nuna mafi takamaiman bambantawa matakan. Alal misali, daban-daban gabobin jikin mutum kunshi hanta Kwayoyin, pancreas, da kuma da dama daga wasu nau'in. Ban ne Sponges cewa suna zahiri yarda, amma suna da kadan, ko kuma ba bambanta Kwayoyin.

syngenesis

Wata sifa ta talikan ne cewa mafi yawan dabbobi tafiyar da jima'i haifuwa, hada da kwayoyin bayanai da kuma samar da zuriya ɗauke da DNA daga iyaye biyu. Amma a nan shi ne ba tare da ware. Wasu dabbobi, ciki har da wasu jinsunan sharks ne iya haifa kansu asexually.

A abũbuwan amfãni daga jima'i haifuwa ne babbar daga wani juyin ra'ayi. A ikon gwada daban-daban haduwa da kwayoyin damar dabbobi zuwa daidaita da sauri zuwa ga sabon al'amarin. Again, jima'i haifuwa ba a iyakance ga dabbobi: wannan tsarin ana amfani da wani iri-iri na shuke-shuke, fungi har ma da wasu sosai alamar rahama kwayoyin.

blastula

Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi wuya ga gane alamun talikai. Lokacin da namiji maniyyi ya gana da mace kwai, sakamakon ne guda cell kira wani zygote. Bayan da zygote shigarsu da dama akai-akai na division, shi samun da sunan - morula. Kawai real dabbobi isa na gaba mataki - samuwar da blastula, wani m fanni na 'yan Kwayoyin. Kawai a cikin wannan hali, ba za su iya bambance a cikin daban-daban na nama.

Movement (Animals)

A farko biyar halayen halittu masu rai da taimakon m hotuna nuna wuya sosai. Su gaske ne quite hadaddun, idan muka bayyana su, misali, yaro. Ba za a iya ce da wadannan siffofin. Kifi iyo, da tsuntsaye tashi, Wolves gudu, katantanwa da macizai ja jiki - dukan dabbobi ne iya motsa a wani mataki na rayuwa sake zagayowar. Daya daga cikin karatu dabiu na abubuwa masu rai na duniya don sa 3 ne motsi. Idan akwai motsi, don haka jiki da rai.

Wannan juyin} ir} yale mutane ne sauki don saya sabon muhalli maharibai, kori ganima da kuma kauce wa yara. Wasu dabbobi, kamar Sponges da murjãni, kusan m a cikin balagaggu mataki, amma su larvae ne iya matsawa da suka dauki tushen a cikin seabed. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin key fasali cewa bambanta dabbobi daga shuke-shuke da kuma fungi. Ya zauna rigima ra'ayi na wasu ƙalilan da mulki, ciki har da carnivorous Venus Flytrap da sauri-girma bamboo itatuwa.

metabolism

Daga cikin yara karatu dabiu na halittu masu rai na duniya (za a kira "abinci" a aji 3, wannan siffa) shi ne ya kamata a lura da metabolism da kuma makamashi. All kwayoyin bukatar kwayoyin carbon domin goyon bayan ainihin matakai na rayuwa, ciki har da girma, ci gaba da kuma haifuwa. A ikon dandana abinci, da yake magana da harshen kimiyya, kira heterotrophy. Akwai hanyoyi biyu don samun carbon: daga yanayi (a cikin nau'i na carbon dioxide gas da yardar kaina samuwa a cikin yanayi), ko da sauran cin arziki carbon kwayoyin.

Rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da cewa samun da carbon daga yanayi kamar shuke-shuke suna kira autotrophs, da kuma rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da suke da carbon ta taunawa wasu kwayoyin, kamar dabbobi, suna kira heterotrophs. Duk da haka, dabbobi ba ne kawai heterotrophs a duniya. All fungi, da yawa kwayoyin da ko da wasu daga cikin shuke-shuke akalla partially heterotrophic. A amfani da external kafofin samar da makamashi a cikin nau'i na abinci, haske, da sauransu, shi ne wani muhimmin alama na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Sun ci gaba da juyayi tsarin

Wannan shi ne wani daga cikin alamun da talikan. Kwayoyin, musamman, dabbobi sun ci gaba da juyayi tsarin. A kan matakin haziqanci, shuke-shuke da fungi zuwa alkali ne wuya. Dukkan kwayoyin a duniya kawai don dabbobi masu shayarwa suna haka ɓullo da cewa suna da fiye ko žasa m hankula na gani, ji, da dandano da tabawa (ba a ma maganar da echolocation na jemagu da dabbobin ruwa, ko da ikon wasu kifi da sharks a ji da halin maganaɗisu vibrations a cikin ruwa).

Hakika, wadannan ji ya kunsa da wanzuwar akalla rudimentary juyayi tsarin, kamar kwari da tẽku, da taurari, da kuma daga cikin mafi m dabbobi. Da cikakkiyar sifa da kwakwalwarmu - wannan shi ne mai yiwuwa daya daga cikin key fasali cewa da gaske bambanta dabbobi daga sauran yanayi.

Girmansu da ci

Daga cikin karatu a aji 3 ãyõyin talikai na duniya akwai irin wannan abu a matsayin ci gaba. Wannan dukiya, wanda ke nufin wani karuwa a size da kuma nauyi, yayin da rike overall tsarin shaidan, kuma tare da wani hadadden tsari a matsayin ci gaba.

A guda sinadaran abun da ke ciki

Halittu masu rai an hada da guda sinadaran abubuwa, wanda sun hada da abubuwa na matattun yanayi. Bambanci ne na gwargwado ga wani rabo unequal. Dukan abubuwa masu rai a duniya 98 bisa dari kunshi abubuwa kamar carbon, oxygen, nitrogen da hydrogen.

irritability

An muhimmanci alama na wanda shi ne muhimmi a duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, shi ne ikon amsa ruri. Wannan yanayin da aka bayyana, ta hanyar halittun amsa kiran waje kafofin na daukan hotuna.

discreteness

A na kowa alama na rai al'amari ne da discontinuity. Wannan yana nufin cewa kowane nazarin halittu tsarin hada raba hadin abubuwa wanda tare dokoki guda tsarin da aikin kungiyar.

A duniyarmu, akwai rai game da shekaru biliyan hudu da. Halittu masu rai cewa rayuwa a wannan duniya tamu, masu wuce yarda da bambancin: daga single-celled da ganuwa zuwa ido tsirara cikin kankanin kwayoyin zuwa giant itatuwa, har zuwa 90 mita, da kuma m dabbobi da nauyi zuwa 150 tons. Duk da dukan da nazarin halittu bambancin, akwai murna da ãyõyi taimaka bambanta su daga jikin matattun yanayi.