Babban birãnensu na Rasha - jerin

Shekaru da dama, an sake sauya iyakokin Rasha sau da dama saboda dukan yaƙe-yaƙe, haɗuwa da sauran abubuwan tarihi. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka na Rasha a kowane lokaci shine kariya ta yankunansu. Musamman a arewa maso yamma, inda akwai barazanar barazana daga Lithuania da kuma Sweden, wanda sau da yawa suka fuskanci iyakokin jihar Rasha don ƙarfin. A wannan yanayin, a tsakiyar zamanai, an gina gine-ginen kare kariya, wanda ya haifar da kariya mai karfi a kan makiya a iyakokin jiharmu. Da yawa daga cikin manyan gine-gine na Rasha suna da kyau kiyaye su duk rana, yawancin ana kiyaye su a wani ɓangare, wasu an hallaka su ko kuma wasu dalilan da aka share daga fuskar duniya ta hanyar wuce lokaci. A cikin wannan labarin zamu tattauna game da misalai mafi girma na gine-gine na zamani wanda za a iya gani a yau.

Abubuwan da suka faru a baya

Yawancin tsare-tsaren kare kan yankin ƙasarmu an gina shi daidai a tsakiyar zamanin. Duk da haka, akwai garuruwan da suka gabata da kuma bayanan Rasha, wadanda suka aikata manyan ayyuka a cikin rayuwar kasar. Tabbas, ba su da wani aiki na tsaro, su ne ginshiƙai na gine-gine da al'adun al'adu, domin sun kasance cikin tarihin mutanen da suka fi ƙarfin hali na Rasha. Yawancin gine-gine da ke ƙasa suna sansanonin soja na Rasha, amma daga cikinsu akwai wuraren gina gidajen tarihi da sauran manyan kyawawan kayan tarihi na gine-ginen da suka gabata. Ƙasar kasarmu tana da girma ƙwarai, kuma tana da ƙididdigar magungunan tsaro. Yana da kyau a nuna muhimmancin muhimman wurare masu mahimmanci da shahararru na Rasha. Jerin yana kamar haka:

1. Staraya Ladoga karfi.

2. Ƙarfafawa na Nut.

3. Ivangorod karfi.

4. Ƙaurarrakin Koporsk.

5. The Pskov karfi.

6. Izborsk sansanin soja.

7. Ƙarƙwarar Porkhov.

8. Majami'ar Novgorod.

9. Da sansanin soja na Kronstadt.

10. Moscow Kremlin.

Ƙarin bayani game da kowane ɗayan su an rubuta a ƙasa.

Staraya Ladoga karfi

Jerin ya fara ne tare da shi, tun a cikin Old Ladoga, an kuma kira shi "tsohuwar babban birnin arewacin Rasha", a cikin karni na IX, 'yan kabilar Vajara suka gina mafakar ƙarfin farko a Rasha. Abu mai mahimmanci: shi ne dutsen farko na dutse a ƙasar Ancient Rus. Duk da haka, Swedes ya hallaka shi, kuma a cikin karni na 12. An sake gina shi, kuma a cikin karni na XVI. An sake gina. A cikin ƙarni na baya, ya fadi cikin lalacewa kuma ya rushe, har zuwa yau kawai wani ɓangare na ganuwar, hasumiyoyin biyu da coci sun kiyaye.

Oreshek, ko Shlisselburg, ko Noteburg

Yana da sunayen da yawa ga wannan sansanin soja na Rasha, wanda kuma yake a ƙasa na yankin Leningrad na yanzu. An kafa shi ne a shekara ta 1352, ragowar ginin gine-ginen farko na gine-ginen yana cikin tsakiyar wani ƙarfin zamani. A karni na 15th - 16th an sake gina shi kuma ya kasance misali na wani sansani na gargajiya wanda aka tsara don kare lafiyar. A cikin karni na XVII ya kasance a Sweden, har sai Peter ya rushe shi. Tun daga karni na XVIII, sansanin soja ya zama kurkuku, inda aka aiko da 'yan gidan sarauta, masoya, masu rarraba, Decembrists da sauransu. A lokacin da ake kewaye da Leningrad, 'yan Jamus ba su iya ɗauka ba. A halin yanzu, akwai gidajen kayan gargajiya da yawa suna nunawa ga fursunonin wadannan ganuwar.

Ikon Ivangorod

A cikin 1492, a kan tsibirin Narva a kan Dutsen Maiden, an kafa harsashin gine-ginen birnin Rasha kuma an ambaci shi ne don girmama babban shugaban kasar Rasha. An gina sansanin Ivangorod ne kawai makonni bakwai - gudunmawar da ba za a iya tsammani ba a wannan lokacin. Da farko shinge tare da hasumiyoyi hudu, An kammala kuma fadada a cikin XV - XVI ƙarni. Shi ne mai muhimmanci yana kokarin cibiyar na Rasha, wanda sarrafawa fitina a kan kogin da kuma damar zuwa Baltic Sea. Abinda aka tsara na aikin injiniya na soja yana da kyau sosai har ya zuwa yau, duk da lalacewa a lokacin yakin basasa.

Tsohon Koporye

A karo na farko an ambaci shi a cikin asibitoci na 1240 a matsayin sansanin soja, da magunguna suka kafa. Sun koma baya saboda sojojin Alexander Nevsky, wanda ɗansa a 1297 Koporskaya sansanin ya kammala. A karni na XVI, an sake gina shi sosai. A cikin karni na XVII, kamar sauran ɗakunan birni a arewa maso yammacin Rasha, ya janye zuwa ga Swedes, kuma a cikin 1703 an kore shi. A wani lokaci ya kasance cibiyar kula da sojoji na Ingermanland (lardin farko na Rasha). Har zuwa yanzu, an samu gutsuttsen ganuwar da garuruwan ruwa 4, amma an kiyaye manyan wuraren da ke karkashin kasa. A Koporye akwai "Rusich" - dutse mai dadi, daya daga cikin mafi girma daga cikin wadanda suke da su.

Great Pskov

Shi ne babban birni na farko a kan iyakar yammacin yammacin Rasha. A cikin tarihin da aka ambata tun daga 903. Kuma tun daga shekara ta 1348 zuwa 1510 ya kasance cibiyar tsakiyar Pskov Veche Republic - wani karamin boyar. Tsakanin dukkanin ƙarfin garin Pskov shine Krom (Kremlin), wanda aka gina a 1337 a kan kogin da ke tsakanin ƙananan kogin biyu, ciki har da: Ikklisiyar Triniti, hukumomin gwamnati, ɗumbun ajiya, ajiya, kotu guda daya, tattara kullun da kuma ajiye makamai da kayan aiki. Wuri na biyu na fortifications - Dovmont garin - aka gina a cikin karni 14th - 15th. Ya cigaba da kudu maso gabashin Dovmotnova, an gina wani bangon, kuma a sakamakon abin da ake kira zastenie shine Torgovishche. A shekara ta 1374 - shekaru 75. Birnin ya kewaye wani birni - tsakiyar birni.

Tsaron birnin ya kasance da ƙira guda huɗu na dutsen gini. Gwargwadon tsawon ganuwar yana da nisa 9.5, tare da dukan tsawonsa akwai 40 hasumiyoyi. A lokutan siege da fadace-fadace a kan garun wannan sansani na Rasha ko da mata sun yi yaƙi. Dama garuruwan Ancient Rus na katako ne, an gina Pskov a cikin karni na 12 tare da ginshiƙan duwatsu, yawancin suna har yanzu.

Wajibi ne na Pskov-Caves na musamman a cikin tsarinsa, cibiyarsa tana tsakanin tsaunuka, kuma gefuna suna ɓoye daga ravines. Duk da cewa gidan sufi bai yi aikin soja ba, ya iya tsayayya da harin da aka samu na Swedes. Baya ga ƙasa tare da sababbin majami'u da gine-gine na gida, wannan gidan su ma yana da kogon coci - Uspenskaya. Ya bayyana a cikin 1473, sa'an nan kuma gidan sufi kansa aka tsarkake. A wannan lokacin masallaci ya bude don ziyartar.

Daya daga cikin na farko

A yankin Pskov ita ce Izborsk, wadda ita ce daya daga cikin biranen farko a Rasha da aka jera a cikin tarihin daga 862. A shekara ta 1330 aka kafa wani sansanin dutse, wanda aka ba da tarihin tarihinsa sau da dama kuma ya canza, kuma an raguwa gutshiki har yau, koda yake an lalace sosai da lokaci. Tsawon sansanin soja na tsawon mita 850. A cikin karni na XIV, daya daga cikin masu halartar wannan yakin ya sanya Izborsk "raƙuman ruwa," har sai da Babban Katangar Kasa, babu wanda zai iya daukar sansani. Yau a wadannan wurare wani bikin ne na sake gina tarihi na soja wanda ake kira "Iron City". Kusan daga ƙarƙashin ganuwar wannan sansanin soja na Rasha, sun bugi makullin, ruwa wanda aka ɗauka curative, kuma a cikin idon ruwa sun zama ɗakunan ruwa da ke gudana a cikin tafkin.

Ƙananan ƙwararru

Wani birni na yankin Pskov ne Porkhovskaya. Ƙananan ƙananan, yana da ƙuƙuka uku, Ikilisiya da kuma hasumiya. An kafa shi ne a shekara ta 1387, daga bisani an gama shi, kamar sauran garuruwan da suka kasance na zamanin Rasha. Porkhov kanta, bisa ga tarihin, aka kafa a lokacin mulkin Alexander Nevsky don rufe ruwa daga Pskov zuwa Novgorod. A} ar} ashin Catherine II, a cikin ganuwar sansanin, an dasa lambun lambu. A wurinsa yanzu akwai ƙananan wuri mai jin dadi inda tsire-tsire masu girma suke girma, kuma a cikin sansanin soja akwai gidan kayan gargajiya. Birnin Porkhov yana da ban sha'awa tare da sauran wurare na gine-gine, irin su gidaje masu ban sha'awa, masanan tarihi da gidajen ibada.

Hotunan Veliky Novgorod

Ɗaya daga cikin birane mafi girma da kuma mafi girma a Rasha a karni na 11 zuwa 15 shine Novgorod. Daga 1136 zuwa 1478 shi ne tsakiyar tsakiyar Novgorod Jamhuriya, bayan da ya shiga tsarin mulkin Moscow. Located a kan bankunan na Volkhov River kusa Lake Ilmen. A tsakiyar birnin daga 1333 akwai katako na katako (Kremlin), wanda daga baya ya kone. A ƙarshen karni na XV an sake sake ginawa a cikin wani dutse. A wannan lokacin, dukkanin ɗakunan gine-ginen Kremlin na alama ne na UNESCO. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi ɗakunan dakuna goma sha biyu (zagaye da square), kuma tsawon ganuwar ya fi kilomita daya da rabi. Da yawa daga cikin garuruwan, rashin alheri, ba su tsira har yau ba.

Tarihin sabuwar tarihin Rasha

Ƙarƙashin kronstadt yana cikin tarihin tarihin kasar nan fiye da birni da aka ambata a sama. Masu garu garin Kronstadt, located a tsibirin Kotlin, a kan periphery wanda akwai da yawa mata kagarai hadaddun, shi ne mafi girma USAID a Turai da kuma shi ne ma mai UNESCO tunawa. Duk da haka, yawancin galibi a yau suna cikin wata kasa da aka manta. Fadan "Grand Duke Constantine", "Kronslot", "Constantine" da kuma "Sarkin sarakuna Alexander I" a yanzu sun fi dacewa kuma suka ziyarci su. A Kronstadt ma quite mai yawa da haihuwa da kuma ban sha'awa gine-gine: Palace, Gostiny Dvor, da hadaddun na Admiralty, Tolbukhin hasumiya mai fitila, Kronstadt Sojan Ruwa Cathedral da yawa wasu.

Mafi mahimmanci

A wasu lokuttan tarihin kasarmu, ɗakin gine-gine suna taka muhimmiyar rawa, idan ba a taka rawa ba. A yau, zamu iya cewa wannan aikin na Moscow Kremlin yayi. Wannan sansanin soja na Rasha yana kan bankin Moskva a kan Borovitsky Hill. A cikin 1156 an gina katako na farko na katako a kan wannan wuri, wanda aka maye gurbinsu da dutse a karni na 14 (sun yi amfani da dutsen dutse na gida). An yi imani cewa wannan shine dalilin da ya sa aka kira Moscow da dutse mai tsabta. Duk da haka, wannan abu, kodayake ya ci gaba da kai hare-haren abokan gaba, ya ragu.

A lokacin mulkin Ivan III Vasilievich, aka sake gyara Kremlin. An gina gine-gine, majami'u da wasu gine-gine ta wurin gayyatar masanan Italiyanci. A karni na 16, an ci gaba da gina gine-ginen gine-ginen: Ƙungiyar Katolika na Hawan Hawan Hawan Hawan Yesu, da Cathedral na Chudova Monastery da sauransu. Layi daya ga wannan, gina sabon ganuwar da hasumiyai na Moscow Kremlin, wani sansanin soja da yankin da aka ƙara. A lokacin Bitrus mai girma, lokacin da Moscow ya daina kasancewa gidan sarauta, kuma babban wuta na 1701 ya kwashe ɗakunan gine-gine masu yawa, an hana shi gina gine-gine a cikin Kremlin. Sa'an nan kuma gina Arsenal fara.

Daga bisani, Kremlin ba an kammala shi ba kuma an sake gina shi, kuma wata ƙungiya ta ɗawainiya guda ɗaya ta bayyana a 1797. A 1812, Napoleon ya shiga Moscow da Kremlin, da kuma lokacin da ya bar ganuwar ta hanyar ɓoye sirri, ya umarta ya buge dukan gine-ginen. Abin farin ciki, yawancin gine-gine sun tsira, amma har yanzu lalacewar ta kasance muhimmi. Domin shekaru 20, an dawo da abubuwa da dama, sake gina su kuma sun haddasa fashewar fashewa.

Daga bisani, Kremlin na Moscow ya kasance mai saurin sauya sauye-sauyen canji, mafi yawan dukkanin gine-ginen da aka tsara ya sha wahala a yayin da Bolsheviks ke zuwa iko. An hade shi a cikin Tarihin Duniya ta Duniya na shekara ta 1990, tun daga 1991 kuma ya zama gidan shugaban kasar Rasha. Daga yanzu an sake dawo da shi lokaci-lokaci. Fiye da kilomita 2 - tsawon ganuwar Kremlin, tare da su akwai 20 hasumiyoyi. Cathedrals da majami'u: Mala'ikan, Blagoveshchensky, Uspensky, Verkhospassky da sauransu. A cikin ƙasa akwai Big Kremlin Palace, da Tsarina ta Golden bẽne, Arsenal, gidan makamai da kuma sauran gine-gine. Gudun hudu, lambun lambun da fage, da kuma ginshiƙai guda biyu - Tsar Cannon da Tsar Bell, da kuma wasu gine-gine masu yawa a kan wannan yanki na tarihi, fasaha, jama'a da kuma siyasa na ƙasashenmu.