Asalin kamuwa da cuta: fassarar, jinsuna, ganewa

A cikin harshen mu, akwai fiye da nau'i 600 na kwayoyin halitta da aka sani, amma muna da damar da za mu kama kamuwa da cuta a cikin sufuri na jama'a. Mene ne tushen cututtuka? Ta yaya tsarin aikin kamuwa da cuta yake?

Tsarin kwayoyin halitta

Kamuwa da cuta tare da pathogens an kira kamuwa da cuta. Kalmar ta bayyana a 1546 godiya ga Girolamo Fracastoro. A halin yanzu, kimanin 1,400 microorganisms ne sanannun kimiyya, suna kewaye da mu a ko'ina, duk da haka, cututtuka ba su ci gaba a cikinmu kowane lokaci ba.

Me ya sa? Gaskiyar ita ce, dukkanin kwayoyin halitta sun kasu kashi kashi uku, masu basira da wadanda basu da kariya. Tsohon suna sau da yawa, kuma yana buƙatar samun "master" don ci gaban su. Za su iya rinjayar har ma da kwayar lafiya da ta dace.

Opportunistic pathogens (Escherichia coli, Candida naman gwari) ba ya haifar da wani m mutum wani halayen. Suna iya zama a cikin yanayin, zama wani ɓangare na microflora na jikinmu. Amma a karkashin wasu yanayi, misali tare da raunin rashin ƙarfi, sun zama pathogenic, wannan cutarwa ne.

Kalmar "marasa lafiya" yana nuna rashin hatsari cikin haɗuwa da wadannan kwayoyin halitta, ko da yake sun iya shiga jikin mutum kuma suna haifar da ci gaban kamuwa da cuta. Ƙididdiga tsakanin bathogenic pathogenic da non-pathogenic microflora a cikin kwayoyin halittu suna da haske sosai.

Tushen cututtuka

An cutar za a iya lalacewa ta hanyar shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin jiki na pathogenic fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta, protozoa, kwayoyin, prions. Madogarar magungunan magunguna shine yanayin da ke inganta ci gaban su. Wannan yanayi ne sau da yawa mutum ko dabba.

Samun shiga sharuɗɗɗan sharaɗi, ƙwayoyin microorganisms suna ƙaruwa, sannan su bar maɓallin, gano kansu a cikin yanayin waje. Akwai, pathogenic microorganisms, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba su haifa. Lambar su ta ƙare yana raguwa har sai cikakkiyar ɓacewa, kuma abubuwa daban-daban ba su da hanzari don hanzarta wannan tsari.

Don ci gaba da aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin kwayoyin halitta an samo su idan sun sami sabon "mashahuri" - mutum mai cutar ko dabba, wanda yasa rigakafinsa ya raunana. Za'a iya sake cigaba da sake zagayowar, yayin da kamuwa da cutar zai yada kwayar cutar zuwa kwayoyin lafiya.

Muhalli a matsayin mai aikawa

Yana da muhimmanci a fahimci cewa yanayin ba shine tushen kamuwa da cuta ba. Kullum yana aiki a matsayin mai tsaka-tsaki don canja wurin microorganisms. Rashin isasshen ƙasa, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da rashin isasshen zafin jiki na yanayin shine yanayi mara kyau don ci gaban su.

Air, abubuwa na yau da kullum, ruwa, ƙasa da farko suna nunawa ga kamuwa da cuta, sannan kuma sai su dauke da kwayoyin cutar zuwa jikin mai masauki. Idan microorganisms suna cikin waɗannan wurare na dogon lokaci, sun mutu. Ko da yake wasu suna da matukar damuwa kuma zasu iya jurewa ko da a cikin yanayi masu banƙyama har tsawon shekaru.

Strong juriya yana Anthrax. A cikin ƙasa, yana cigaba da shekaru da yawa, kuma a lokacin da Boiled, ya mutu ne kawai sa'a daya daga baya. Har ila yau, ya sha bamban ga masu cutar. Ƙwararrun magungunan kwalara El Tor yana iya kasancewa a cikin ƙasa, yashi, samfurori da samfurori, kuma tanadar tafki a digiri 17 ya ba da sandunansu don haifa.

Sources na kamuwa da cuta: nau'in

Ana rarraba cututtuka zuwa iri dabam-dabam, bisa ga irin kwayoyin da suka ninka kuma wanda za'a iya daukar su. Bisa ga waɗannan bayanai, anthroponoses, zooanthrotonoses da zoonoses an ware.

Zooanthronoses ko anthropozoonoses suna haifar da cututtuka inda tushen kamuwa da cuta ne mutum ko dabba. A cikin mutane, kamuwa da cuta yawancin lokaci yakan faru ne ta dabbobi, musamman ta wurin rodents. Sauran cutar Zoonotic sun hada da rabies, sap, tarin fuka, leptospirosis, anthrax, brucellosis, da trypanosomiasis.

Cutar cutar Anthroponotic ita ce lokacin da tushen kamuwa da cuta mutum ne, kuma za'a iya daukar shi zuwa wasu mutane kawai. Wannan ya hada da dawowar, da dabbare typhoid zazzabi, varicella, kabba da ciwon sanyi, mura, syphilis, whooping, cutar kwalara, kyanda da kuma polio.

Zoonoses sune cututtuka, wanda tsarin dabba ya zama yanayi mai kyau. A wasu yanayi, cutar za a iya watsawa ga mutane, amma daga mutum zuwa mutum - ba. Banda shine annoba da zafin jiki na zafin jiki wanda zai iya watsawa tsakanin mutane.

Sane na kamuwa da cuta

Mutumin da ya kamu da cuta ko dabba na iya haifar da mummunan cuta a cikin ɗayan, da dama yankuna, da kuma wasu kasashe da dama. Magunguna masu haɗari da yaduwar su suna nazarin magungunan annoba.

Idan akwai akalla ɗaya daga cikin kamuwa da cuta, likitoci sun gano dukkanin bayanai game da kamuwa da cuta. Akwai ganowar asalin kamuwa da cuta, ƙayyade irinta da hanyoyi na yadawa. Don yin wannan, mafi yawancin lokuta suna amfani da magunguna na annoba, wanda ya hada da tambayar mai haƙuri game da ayyukan kwanan nan, lambobi tare da mutane da dabbobi, ranar bayyanar bayyanar cututtuka.

Kammala bayani game da kamuwa da cutar yana da amfani sosai. Tare da taimakonsa yana yiwuwa a gano hanyar hanyar watsa kamuwa da cuta, wata mahimmanci mai tushe, da kuma ƙananan sikelin (ko lamarin ya zama guda ɗaya ko mai yawa).

Maganin farko na kamuwa da cuta ba sau da sauƙin ganewa, akwai mai yawa. Wannan yana da wuya a yi da cututtukan anthropo-zoonotic. A wannan yanayin, babban aiki na masu annobar cutar ita ce ganewa ga duk matakan da suka dace da kuma hanyoyin watsawa.

Hanyar watsawa

Akwai da dama watsa sunadaran. Magance-baki ne halayyar dukkanin cututtuka na hanji. Magunguna masu ciwo suna da yawa a cikin fure ko zubar, cikin jikin lafiya sun shiga cikin ruwa ko hanyar sadarwa-hanyar gida. Wannan yana faruwa a yayin da tushen kamuwa da cuta (mutumin da ba shi da lafiya) yana wanke hannuwan bayan bayan gida.

Rashin numfashi, ko yaduwan iska yana aiki a cikin cututtuka na cututtukan da ke da nasaba da ɓarna. Canja wurin microorganisms yakan faru lokacin da sneezing ko coughing kusa da abubuwa marasa lafiya.

Mawuyacin yana nufin watsa kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar jini. Wannan zai iya faruwa lokacin da mai ɗaukar motsa jiki, kamar ƙumshi, alamar, sauro mai sauƙi, ƙyama. Pathogens da aka samo a kan fata ko mucous suna canjawa wuri ta hanyar sadarwa. Riga cikin jiki ta hanyar raunuka a jiki ko a lokacin tabawa ga mai haƙuri.

Ana aikawa da jima'i yawancin cututtuka na al'ada, yawanci kai tsaye a lokacin ganawar jima'i. Tsarin da ke tsaye na watsawa yana wakiltar ƙwayar cutar tayin daga mahaifiyarsa a lokacin daukar ciki.

Musamman akan watsawar kamuwa da cuta

Ga kowane nau'i na microorganism, injinta yana da halayyar, ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta ko kwayoyin shigar da jikin mai masauki. A matsayinka na mai mulki, akwai abubuwa da dama irin wannan, kuma wasu abubuwa na muhalli na iya taimakawa wasu lokuta wajen watsa labaran.

A lokaci guda, hanyar da ta dace da microbe ba ta taimaka wajen canja wurin wasu ba. Alal misali, yawancin cututtuka na cututtuka na numfashi ba su da iko kafin ruwan 'ya'yan itace. Samun shiga cikin gastrointestinal tract, sun mutu kuma basu sa ci gaban cutar.

Wasu hanyoyi na samun kwayoyin cututtuka cikin jiki na iya, a akasin haka, ƙara hanzarta ci gaba da cutar. Sabili da haka, samun wakili na syphilis a cikin jini tare da taimakon magunguna na likitanci mai cutar ya haifar da rikitarwa. Haka kuma cutar ta ci gaba sosai.

Kammalawa

Kamuwa da cuta shine haɗuwa da tsarin tafiyar da ilimin halitta wanda ya tashi da ci gaba a cikin jiki yayin gabatar da microflora pathogenic a cikinta. Wani rashin lafiya zai iya bugun mutum da dabba. Hanyoyi masu yawa na watsawa sune hulɗa, jima'i, iska, fure-baki, hanyoyi tsaye.

Sakamakon kamuwa da cuta shine yanayi mai kyau don haifuwa da rarraba microbes. Mutane da dabbobi suna da yanayi masu dacewa. Yanayin, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana aiki a matsayin mai tsaka-tsaki.

Yawancin lokaci ba shi da ka'idodin rayuwa na pathogenic da pathogenic microorganisms. Tsawon zama a cikin yanayin yana taimakawa ga ƙarancin su. A wasu lokuta, kwayoyin halitta zasu iya ci gaba da ƙasa, ruwa, yashi daga wasu 'yan kwanaki zuwa shekarun da suka gabata.