Ancient crafts na Rasha. Abin da craft ci gaba a cikin Kievan Rus?

Ancient crafts na Rasha - daya daga cikin ginshiƙai a kan wanda ya ginu ne ainihin al'adun kasar mu. Its asalin suka yi a wani m jama'a, a lokacin da duk ayyukan sun gama, da kuma kayayyakin aiki - mafi sauki. Duk da haka, ko da a wancan lokacin kakanninmu sun peculiar ga bin kyakkyawa. Halitta a hade aiwatar da iyali abubuwa da aka yi wa ado da ado, sai ya ba da wani musamman form. Matsayin mai mulkin, duk a matsayin daya zai ce a yanzu, na ado abubuwa da sihiri Properties: tsararre, janyo hankalin sa'a. Eastern Slavs sun kama a cikin wannan girmamawa ga sauran kabilu. Bambanta haihuwa craft na Rasha da dabaru na musamman da kuma hanyoyin, asali karfafawar. By lokacin da Kievan jihar, kakanninmu masu Masters nau'o'in sana'o'i.

Maƙeri - gwani kuma masihirci

A kan abin da tsoho craft a Rasha dadin na musamman daraja, shi ne, ba wuya a gane yawa tãtsũniyõyin, Legends da karin maganar. Sau da yawa a cikin labarai samu wani maƙeri, an sanya gwarzo na mu'ujiza takobi, sau da yawa ya aka bai wa ikon sihiri, da kuma hikima.

Metal Processing a Rasha ya haƙĩƙa, daya daga cikin mafi nemi-bayan basira. Ta shi ne daya daga cikin na farko fito a matsayin mai zaman kanta sana'a. Smith girmamawa da kuma girmamawa, da kuma ƙarfe aka dauke oberezhnym abu iya da dama magani da kuma wani m hali ga shi kare maigidansa, ba kawai daga sharrin mutane, amma kuma daga mugunta sojojin.

A ci gaba da handicrafts a Kievan Rus kai ban mamaki Heights: kakanninmu aka sani zuwa kusan dukkanin zamani iri karafa. Mafi sau da yawa aka yi amfani da Forging, filigree, baki, da simintin da stamping.

m art

Special ambaci cancanci kayan ado shawara. Shi ne kuma a Rasha ya kai babba Heights. The fi so dabara ya riga an kira filigree (filigree), mobile, kazalika da hatsi da enamel (enamel). Halittar Masters Kievan Rus kuma daga baya wani lokacin staggering. Alal misali, enamel ya kasance kamar wata mosaic juna don haka a hankali rattaba kalma daga, cewa a cikin idanu imprinted haruffa za a iya gani cikin duhu almajiri da kuma wani mai haske fari. Ƙirƙiri kama hotuna daga guda na canza launin gilashi. Su pestle da kuma gauraye da ruwa kadan. A sakamakon taro mai cike da cikakken bayani game da su kayayyakin sa'an nan gasa sau da yawa. A sakamakon enamel Fused da karfe.

Ƙarfe yadin da aka saka da kuma fesa

Filigree tracery an ado na zinariya ko azurfa mafi kyau waya. A wannan dabara samar daban-daban ado, kayan ado kwalaye da kuma wasu sauran iyali abubuwa. Filigree ba su musamman lightness da airiness. Ba tare da ƙari, wadannan kayayyakin iya kiran sanya daga wani ƙarfe yadin da aka saka.

Hatsi shi ma wani ɓangare na ado na daban-daban kayayyakin. Ta duba kamar kankanin saukad yayyafa a kan surface ado. Fasaha sana'a sani ba iyakoki: Beads kauri ne sau da yawa ba fiye da 0.4 mm.

A tawada ne a azurfa gami da sulfur. A yi kayan ado a kan wani karfe workpiece tõno juna. Sa'an nan cika shi da baki da kuma duk aka aika zuwa gasa. A karkashin mataki na high zafin jiki gami da alaka, zane da aka cika da sulfur da azurfa cakuda. Bayan da master da kawai cire ba dole ba rabo daga cikin yan zanga-zanga. Don samun kayayyakin daban-daban bambanci daraja karfe mai sheki da kuma wani Matte surface juna.

Aiki tare da lãka

A karo na biyu bayan bayyanar karfe magani a Rasha ya kumar kasko. Da farko, jita-jita da kuma sauran kayayyakin kera da hannu. Duk da haka crafts a Rasha ci gaba cikin sauri, kuma a cikin 9-10 ƙarni. Slavs aka riga ta amfani da maginin tukwane dabaran. A sakamakon haka, kumar kasko yada a ko'ina cikin jihar. Tukwane daina zama a rarity. Kowace daga cikin wadannan kayayyakin Ya halitta, wani abu daban-daban daga cikin ayyukan da wasu yan sana'a. Mayu da aka gudanar, a cikin zamani na harshe, nasu style. Bambance-bambance iya dangantaka da fasaha dalilai: da yawan zafin jiki da kuma harbe-harben lokaci, da yumɓun abun da ke ciki, - ko kayan ado: launuka amfani, da halaye na siffar, daban-daban ƙarin Popular abubuwa.

Crafts a Rasha tun tallafi na Kiristanci suka fara samar bisa ga Orthodox canons. Maginan tukwane, a Bugu da kari gargajiya toys da kayayyakinsa, ya fara nuna daban-daban abubuwa da ake bukata domin coci, da kuma tiles - ado tiles, wanda aka yi amfani da matsayin ado.

live abu

A zamanin d craft na Rasha ta wuya su yi tunanin ba tare da woodcarving. Yana kuma ya faru ga kakanninmu dogon da suka wuce. Ado da sassaƙa toys da kuma furniture, gida kayayyakinta da kuma gida. Wood yana dauke dumi, rai abu. Kamar yadda wani karfe, shi ne iya kare, ci gaba da fitar da matsala, don haka itace kayayyakin sun hadu a zamanin d jihar ko'ina. Ya taka leda a babbar rawar a cikin wannan, da kuma samuwar abu. Itace gina gidaje, samar distaff da kuma dogara sanda, toys da kuma cradles, sledges da arcs. A duk lokacin da a Rasha, ya aka bi da tare da girmamawa. Jagora kokarin fahimtar rai kewaye a cikin wani yanki na itace, da kuma samar da yau da kullum ko alfarma abu, bude shi kamar yadda zai yiwu, ba tare da ƙara da yawa daga kanka.

Mai gwani carvers dauke Novgorod. A cikin ƙasa na tsohon birnin wasu lokaci da suka wuce wani m abin tunawa daga katako gine da aka samu: azãba shafi, dating daga 11th karni. A dukan tsawon shi aka yi wa ado da sassaka, motifs wanda ba a maimaita.

manta dabaru

Kamar yadda shi ne sau da yawa haka al'amarin, tare da zuwan sabon kayan da fasahar rabu amfani da ilmi Fade cikin bango, wani lokacin gaba daya rasa, wani lokacin kasance kawai a cikin nau'i na rare abubuwa ba halaka su da lokaci. Mutane da yawa craft Kievan Rus matalauta a wannan hanya. Alal misali, a yau, 'yan mutane san cewa itace sassaƙa, tsaye a kan Kirista sabis, amfani ba kawai don ƙirƙirar ciki da waje ado na coci ciki. Masters sanya iconostasis kuma Kyoto - yana da kyawawan sanannun hujja. Rasa a Lokaci Art katako, gumaka. A kan halittar tsarki images amfani woodcarving yau sosai kadan ne da aka sani.

Stone Maƙeran zinariya

Crafts a Rasha an hade da wani iri-iri na kayan rarraba a yankin Gabas ta Slavs shiri. Banda waɗanda riga aka ambata, da master amfani da dutse. Products sanya daga gare shi ne ba na baya a cikin ladabi da kyau na katako halittun. Stone sassaƙa wa ado da gine-gine, sau da yawa gina na fari farar ƙasa, Slate ko marmara. Lokaci-lokaci ta hadu a kan karami batutuwa. A Rasha, kashi combs, kuma gumaka da aka rarraba. Masters yi aiki a kan halittar kananan images of tsarkaka. Waɗannan alamu za a iya sawa a kusa da wuyansa, rataye a kan madauri. Sau da yawa, sassaka a kan dutse tiles gaba da coci.

A matsayi na Masters

Ancient crafts a Rasha mai daraja daban. Sun kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin. By da girmamawa daukar kayan ado (goldsmithery), icon zanen kasuwanci da kuma 'yan wasu. Daga cikin "datti" mallakar, kamar kumar kasko.

A mafi yawan lokuta, da master yi aiki zuwa ga oda. Sana'a mallakar a lokaci guda zuwa daban-daban strata al'umma. A cikin biranen da za ka iya Sadu Singles Masters. Suka tsunduma a blacksmithing, kayan ado kasuwanci, embossed kuma iconography. Sarakuna, da boyars yadudduka, kadarori da kuma kadarori rayu dogara sana'a da kuma bayi. Daban-daban artists za a iya samu a cikin gidajen lama.

Halittar mace hannuwa

Yana da yake a cikin gidajen lama mafi ɓullo da wannan tsoho crafts na Rasha a matsayin dinki da kuma sakar. Suna yi ta mata. Samfurin Masters cewa lokaci da kuma a yau gigice tare da kyau. Yadudduka sanya daga hemp, flax ko ulu. A samar da tsari ya zama sauƙin al'amari bayan bayyanar a kwance loom. Haka ya faru a nuna na 12th kuma 13th ƙarni.

Common irin mace needlework aka patterned sakar: Bran, kõre da mai walƙiya a kan zane, "siliki pyalichnoe kasuwanci" (Vshivkov tare da hoop) da sauransu. Masters ado da daban-daban alamu na coci kayayyakinsa da iyali abubuwa. Tsohon Rasha kõre da fatake sukan fitar dashi zuwa wasu kasashen. Akwai kuma dadin duniya sha'awa.

ta wucin gadi ƙi

flowering zamani a tarihin mafi sau da yawa ana maye gurbin tsawon shekaru da kuma wani lokacin ƙarni na lalace. Shi ne a cikin irin wannan jiha suka crafts na Rasha na 14th karni, a lokacin da mafi m mamayar da Mongol-Tatar khans. Mutane da yawa Masters sun mutu a lokacin da fadace-fadace a wani ƙoƙari na kare garuruwansu. A lokacin da wanzuwar a Rasha na Mongol-Tatar karkiya kusan gaba daya tsaya da ci gaban da kayan ado kasuwanci, daina samar da enamel, filigree da granulation. Ba kasa ya shafa da kuma sauran sana'o'i. Duk da haka, Tarurrukan amfani arts fara a gaba, da 15th karni.

sake yaxu

Tsakanin 15 da 17 karni wani lokaci da karfafa sabuwar Rasha jihar. Cibiyar da United mulkoki ya Moscow. Ancient crafts wanzu a Rasha domin ƙarni, ya fara samun lokacinta sake. San nemi kewaye da kanka da dadi abubuwa, alatu da kuma dukiyarsa. Don kotu na yarima, sa'an nan sarki, ya tattara sana'a tsunduma a dutse sassaƙa da woodwork, sakar da kõre da mai walƙiya, kayan ado kasuwanci.

Development sami da kayayyaki-kudi a tsakaninsu. A sakamakon crafts a Rasha a cikin 16th karni sun zama manyan tushen samun kudin shiga ga mazaunan birane da yawa. A hankali kafa na gida arts da sana'o'i. Cikin tsofaffin cikinsu an fito a 16-17 ƙarni cikin Triniti-Sergius sufi. Ga master tsunduma a woodcarving da kasũsuwa, ashe, da kuma daga baya ya haifar da wasan yara kifi.

duniya taurari

Bayan da 15th karni, rayayye suka fara samar da kusan duk craft a Rasha. Ga yara musamman saba a cikinsu Khokhloma zanen da Dymkovo toys. Wadannan irin zane-zane da kuma crafts, da kuma a yau ne Popular, ba kawai a cikin kasar amma kuma kasashen waje.

Khokhloma craft wadãtar a Rasha 17th karni. Wannan irin zanen amfani da su yi ado daban-daban na katako kayayyakinsa da furniture. Khokhloma ne da recognizable saboda gargajiya launuka: ja, baki da kuma kore a kan wani zinariya bango. Mun kasance Masters zanen da gãnawarsu ta asĩri. Alal misali, ga bango a kan itace ne ba ajiyar zinariya foda, da kuma cakuda da kuza, da azurfa. A samfurin da aka sa'an nan ya rufe tare da wani musamman fili da kuma gasa a cikin tanda sau da yawa. Kamar wancan ne aka cimma da ake so zinariya Brown. Khokhloma zanen ko da yaushe gaba daya maida hankali ne akan samfurin a kan wani itace basu da yawa.

Bright da kuma musamman

Wani shahararren art craft, yana da asali a fili a cikin wannan lokaci - shi Dymkovo wasan yara. Its sunan ta samu a wuri na asali. Kirov shiri Dymkovo ya shahara domin ta ja lãka. A duniya akwai wani samfurin kamar mai haske da kuma na gaisuwa wasan yara. Sha'awa, da samar da fasaha ne quite sauki, da kuma mutum-mutumi idan kana so, kana iya yin kanka.

Crafts na zamanin d Rasha ba su manta a yau. Za ka iya ma ce cewa su ne wani sabon mataki na ci gaba. Sabunta sha'awa cikin jama'a hadisai na tsufa: da imani, kayayyaki, da al'adu, da kuma zane-zane da kuma sana'o'i. Crafts rayayye karatu kamar yadda ya dace sana'a, a jami'o'i da kansa. Crafts a kai a yau, a babban bukatar, amma saboda master gladly juya ga gargajiya craft. The fasaha a wannan harka dasu da dama canje-canje: yin amfani da sabon qagaggun, Paints, da kwasfansu, da kayyade, a wasu lokuta - lantarki kayan. A daya hannun, a wasu lokuta, a Hanyar samar da cikkaken zauna canzawa.

Ya kamata a lura cewa binciken na tambaya na abin da irin sana'a ci gaba a Rasha, yana da muhimmanci ga fahimtar ainihin Rasha al'ada, yana taimaka wa jin ruhu. A Tarurrukan ban sha'awa a cikin wannan topic nuna dacewar irin wannan tafiyar matakai. Za mu iya cewa sana'a a Rasha (photos na kayayyakin a da dama ciko da Internet, kawai ya tabbatar da shi) ne har yanzu da rai da kuma ci gaba da bunkasa.