Ancient Rus: crafts, su iri, ci gaban

Halakar da zamantakewa-tribal dangantakar da fitowan da kwararru kunkuntar sassa - cewa wadannan canje-canje ne halin a na takwas da na tara ƙarni Ancient Rus. Crafts ba Yunƙurin zuwa birane, raba da yawan jama'a daga aiki a kan ƙasa. Wannan shi ne saboda zuwan na farko kwararru - Masters a wasu iri craft, wanda aka mayar da hankali a tribal cibiyoyin - birane.

Cities - Craft Cibiyoyin

Mu yi kokarin gina birnin don haka da cewa ta ɓangaren da damar da biyu da cinikayya za a iya yi mafi alhẽri, kuma a lokaci guda nasarar kare da abokan gaba. Alal misali, a wani wuri inda biyu koguna, ko kusa da tudun. A cikin birane, zaunar da kuma jami'an kasar. Saboda haka, suna da kyau kare. A hankali, da ci gaban crafts, birnin fara wakiltar ba kawai soja kufaifan kuma ya juya a cikin kantuna.

A tsakiyar birnin ne Kremlin, wanda yake zaune Prince. Wannan bangare ne a kewaye da sansanin soja bango da kewaye maginin babbar katanga. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a kusa da digging zurfi wuriyar wanda aka cika da ruwa. Duk wadannan riƙi shirinsu da ake bukata don kare da abokan gaba. Waje, a kusa da Kremlin wani shiri na sana'a, da ake kira shiri. Ina kira wannan ɓangare na birnin Posad. A da yawa ƙauyuka, da kuma wannan bangare an kewaye da tsaron gida bango.

Rayuwa a Birnin yana a cikakken lilo, da sana'a haifar da kayayyakin, craft da cinikayya a Ancient Rasha rayayye ci gaba. By goma sha biyu karni akwai a kan sittin handicraft fasahohin. Masters qware a cikin yi da riguna, da kayayyakinsa, da kayan aikin da ake bukata da tsoho Rus. Crafts Ancient Rasha ci gaba cikin sauri, kuma da sauri. A ƙauyuka rayu kuma ya yi aiki talented kwararru na bangarori daban-daban: master maƙeri, kayan ado, kumar kasko, taimakon masana yin takalma, Teloli, masaƙa, dutse-masu saro, wakilan sauran sana'o'i. Hands daga wadannan sana'a don ƙirƙirar tattalin arziki dukiya da mulki na zamanin d Rasha jihar, ta high abu da kuma ruhaniya al'adu.

Ba tare da baƙin ƙarfe - ko'ina

Majagaba kwararru sun maƙera. Al'amarinsu ya zama daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci yankunan cewa an rarraba Crafts Ancient Rus 9-12 karni. Wannan aikin da aka ambata a cikin kasa epics da almara: epics, Legends da tatsuniyoyi, inda Smith ne ko da yaushe wani model ƙarfi, ƙarfin hali da alheri. A wannan lokacin, da baƙin ƙarfe samu ta hanyar dab da fadama tama. Mined a cikin kashe-kakar, bushe, sa'an nan kuma hawa a nazarinsa inda ta wajen musamman Tanderu narke. Kamar wancan samu karfe. Modern archaeologists a lokacin rami tsoho birane akai-akai samu slags wanda suke amma kumfa smelting aiwatar karafa, da kuma energetically ƙirƙira guda na baƙin ƙarfe taro. Found ragowar maƙeri shagunan kiyaye bangare da dutsen, kuma Tanderu kusa da a lokaci daya aiki sana'a.

Nemo maƙeri abu: duk abin da na sojoji da tillers

Tare da ci gaba na karfe samar fara wani sabon zagaye na ci gaba cinikayya, wanda a baya bai san wanda ya rayu a abincinsa noma ƙasar. Crafts na zamanin d Rasha, musamman, blacksmithing, ya bayyana a m fuskantarwa. A kayayyakin sanya ta maƙera, duk da ake bukata. Suna bukatar sojojin da suka aka umurce makami - arrowheads, yaƙi da gatura, da takuba, da māsu, da takuba - da kuma m tufafi - sarkar mail da kwalkwali. makamai samarwa ya kai a zamanin d Rus musamman matakin da fasaha da cewa za a iya kira wani art. Musamman makamai da aka samu a cikin kaburbura da kuma makabarta da na Kiev, Chernigov da kuma sauran birane.

Aikata baƙin ƙarfe da aiwatarwa da ake bukata don manoman: tare da baƙin ƙarfe ba scythes, sickles, openers, plowshares sun baba misali aiki ƙasar. A wani tattalin arzikin da ake bukata needles, wukake, saws, kwa'di, keys, da sauran iyali abubuwa kerarre a ƙirƙira na talented sana'a. Found a binne Masters blacksmithing sun nuna cewa, ko da a cikin kabari, tare da maƙera tafi su kayayyakin aiki - guduma da anvils, chisels da tongs.

Masana tarihi sun kiyasta cewa fiye da 150 jinsunan karfe kayayyakin da aka sani a cikin goma sha ɗaya karni Ancient Rasha. Crafts Ancient Rasha ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban cinikayya tsakanin ƙauyuka.

Fasaha da samar da ƙawa

Jagora maƙera, kuma wani lokacin yin lafiya aikin, samar da kadan Masterpieces - ado. A hankali goldsmithery kasuwanci da aka kasaftawa a raba reshe. Saboda haka akwai wani ado craft a zamanin d Rasha. Rasha Masters haka da mallakar kayan aiki masana'antu kayan ado, wanda zai iya kawai mamaki yadda suka yi nasara. Sauko da mu sau wayo abubuwa - tagulla layu, rataye-rataye, buckles, 'yan kunne da kuma necklaces - ban mamaki subtlety Manufacturing. Kayan ado halitta a cikin art na granulation, saman su soldered juna wanda dogara ne a kan wani jam'i na karfe bukukuwa. Wani Hanyar yin kayan ado da aka filigree. Wannan dabara ne halin a cewa bakin ciki waya zane an halitta wadda ake soldered zuwa surface wani karfe, da sakamakon gibba da aka cika da enamel da launi daban-daban. Ƙware jewelers da kuma adadi simintin, kazalika da bukata musamman art mobile kayan a lokacin da located a kan wani baki bango juna na azurfa faranti. Don sun tsira lafiya inlaid da zinariya da azurfa a kan baƙin ƙarfe da tagulla. Irin wannan nagartaccen dabaru nuna wani babban matakin ci gaban kai crafts a zamanin d Rasha. Saboda haka, hannuwanku na zamanin d sana'a halitta high-darajar kayan ado, sanya a cikin dabara na cloisonné enamel. Yana da aka musaman iri na Rasha goldsmithery craft. Fasaha Rasha jewelers kasance sosai wuya m, kuma su ayyukan da aka rarraba a ko'ina cikin duniya, kuma a lokaci guda a ko'ina sosai mai daraja da kuma a babban bukatar.

Kuma da tubalin, da kuma jita-jita sculpted ko'ina

Tukwane na zamanin d Rasha mai zaman kanta reshe daga baya maƙeri. A maginin tukwane dabaran bayyana a cikin kakanninmu a cikin goma sha ɗaya karni. Wannan yarda da tsoho sana'a haifar da kyau kayayyakin. inji na'urar da aka sauki, ya koma tare da kafar drive, amma jita-jita cewa gudanar don ƙirƙirar maginan tukwane na lokacin, karin fasaha da halittar kuma da dama siffofin. Da farko, da samar da kasko ya mata aiki. Duk da haka, da wallafe-wallafen da rubutun na Kievan Rus 'akwai ambaci kawai na maginan tukwane-maza.

Su yi amfani da lãka domin su kayayyakin, wanda aka musamman bi da da soaking ruwa da kuma aiki da mikewa. A mafi girma bukatar daga duk kumar kasko amfani da tukwane da wasu kwantena, wanda aka sanya daban-daban a cikin size da kuma amfani da dalilai daban-daban, da suka za a iya zuba ruwa ko kantin sayar da kayayyakin, berries. A tukwane da aka sanya a cikin tanda, kuma dafa abinci. Irin wannan jita-jita tsira ga wannan rana.

Abin da aka sani na Old Masters?

Kwatanta craft na zamanin d Rus 9-12 karni, a takaice lura cewa Rasha Slavic pre-Kirista lokaci sun iya yi embossing, samar da tukwane, ƙware ma'adanin na lafiya kõre da mai walƙiya, sanannen domin su zanen enamels. Don sun tsira da aikin Kiev artists. Wannan musamman sassaƙa alamu a kan kasũsuwa, ashe, blackening, engraving a karfe. Sun shahara a duk faɗin duniya da haihuwa Rasha Masters glassmaking da fale-falen.

Daban-daban craft ƙware da Ancient Rus, amma mafi kere, da su suka itace aiki. Na wannan abu to gina iyali gine-gine, gidaje, da ƙofofi, da gadoji, birãnensu, kuma katangu. Katako jiragen kasance, duk da tattalin arziki kayayyakinsa sannan suka yi wa ado da woodcarvings. Ba asiri da cewa babban abin tunawa personifying Arts and Crafts a zamanin d Rus, a matryoshka - colorfully fentin katako yar tsana da fanko ciki. Daga shi ƙara wa juna kamar kyau, da kuma kowane dan kadan karami fiye da na baya daya.

art zane-zane

Ado da kuma amfani da art crafts na zamanin d Rasha sun shahara da nisa fiye da kan iyakoki. Daga a tarihi mai nisa kakanninmu ganin darajarsa a duk faɗin duniya domin ta art m zanen. A iri-iri na patterned motifs a Rasha ado jagoranci zuwa fitowan da daban-daban da makarantu da kuma tsarin jama'a art. Ga kowane daga cikinsu halin da nasu launi da line.

Gzhel

Bright blue cobalt zanen a kan wani farin baya ain kira Gzhel, wanda ya faru a cikin sunan gari kusa da Moscow, inda wannan Trend aka haife. A karo na farko shi ne aka ambata a cikin shatan na Ivan Kalita. Na farko, da maigida ya yi da jita-jita da kuma kayan wasa, daga baya, tare da ci gaba da samar, cikin kewayon ya kumbura da yawa. Musamman rare murhu tiles. Gzhel tukwane zama mai farin jini a duk faɗin duniya. Sauran zane-zane na kakanninmu kuma samu lakabi da su daga wuraren da na halitta da kuma rarraba.

Haske launuka a kan wani duhu baya

Zhostovo zanen - Arts and Crafts a zamanin d Rasha, wadda ta zo a cikin karni na sha takwas daga wani kauye kusa da birnin Moscow tare da wannan sunan. Shin wani mai zanen a kan karfe farantansa. Yana da sauki koyi ga haske m furanni, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, da tsuntsaye, located a kan wani duhu baya. Sãmar da alamu an sa'an nan ya rufe tare da wani musamman varnish, saboda haka suna da wani m bayyanar. Wannan zanen dabara ne quite hadaddun, da image aka halitta a dama, saukarwa.

Very gaisuwa launuka faranta wa ido, don haka da farantansa ne Popular a Rasha da kuma har yanzu suna da wani ado kashi a da yawa gidaje da ofisoshin.

Palekh

Daga cikin gundumar cibiyar a Ivanovo yankin zo Palekh dada. Wannan irin sana'a ne a lacquer juna a kan samfurin. Kasaftawa a kan baki bango m almara, m, addini batutuwa ƙawata caskets, ƙirãza da kuma sauran abubuwa. An yi imani da cewa Palekh lacquer dada bayyana a cikin karni na sha biyar, a lokacin da garuruwa girma da cinikayya daban-daban Ancient Rus. Crafts aka haife shi a hanyoyi daban-daban. Alal misali, irin wannan shugabanci na haihuwa crafts, kamar Palekh miniatures, halitta tsoho Rasha icon painters. A Palekh gwani artists zauna, wanda ya karbi gayyata daga duk Rasha yankunan don aikace-aikace na zane-zane a haikalin da majami'u. Sai waɗanda suka fara fenti da kwalaye da dukan dama da kuma tarihi batutuwa. All images ana amfani da haske tempera Paints a saman wani baki bango.

A fasaha na da irin wannan sana'a ne quite rikitarwa, sosai lokaci-cinyewa aiwatar da samar takaitaccen siffofi da Multi-mataki. Koyi da Master yana daukan lokaci mai tsawo, amma sakamakon ne yawanci a duhu akwatin an canza kama zuwa wani musamman kyau na abu.

Khokhloma

Wani irin hannunka-zanen a kan itace - shi ne Khokhloma, abin da ya bayyana fiye da shekara ɗari uku da suka wuce. Kayayyakinsa da iyali abubuwa, fentin mai haske-mulufi furanni jawo hankalin da hankali ga bambancinsa. Alamu, nadawa a kyau da kawa, faranta wa ido da kuma a cikin kwanakin nan namu. A samar da Kokhloma kayayyakin asiri, wanda shi ne cewa akwai sau da yawa varnished, sa'an nan zafin a cikin wani gini. A sakamakon harbe-harben da shafi yellowing, da kuma kayayyakin halitta daga itace, gilded ze m kayayyakinsa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a sakamakon tableware irin wannan aiki ya zama m. Its cover damar yin amfani da Khokhloma kofuna, da tasoshi, da cokula a kan manufar - don adana abinci ga wani abinci.

m kwafi

Lubok - wani irin mutãne art, wakiltar crafts na zamanin d Rasha. Zama kafa halittarsu ne Buga a kan takarda ta amfani da wani katako, farantin. Irin waɗannan jama'a hotuna da aka rarraba a gaskiya cinikayya matsayin farko a matsayin na goma sha bakwai karni da kuma har farkon karni na ashirin da suka fi rare da kowa irin Rasha lafiya art. Mahalli nuna lubok ne sosai bambancin: da addini da kuma moralistic jigogi, jama'a epics da tatsuniyoyi, tarihi da kuma likita bayani, wanda ake da yaushe tare da wani karamin rubutu, wanda zai iya zama umarni ko m, kuma ya gaya game da al'adu da kuma hadisai na lokacinsa da muhimmi hikima daga cikin mutane.

Crafts na zamanin d Rasha, da 18th karni: Rasha samovar

A fasaha na mu Rasha sana'a, za mu iya zama girman kai na. Yau, su aiki za a iya gani ba kawai a gidajen tarihi, amma kuma a namu gidajensu. Wasu iri crafts a zamanin d Rasha sun musamman m. Alal misali, cikin kasar mu da kuma wannan rana samu Tula samovar. A cikin karni na sha takwas akwai fiye da ɗari biyu daban-daban na wadannan kayayyakin. A lokacin mu a birnin Tula, akwai ko da wani gidan kayan gargajiya na samovars.

Wa kasance na farko da iyayengijinsu, wanda shi ne sanannen domin Ancient Rus? Crafts, da rashin alheri, ba ku kiyaye sunayen su halittawa. Amma mu ce abubuwa sun sauko mana daga a tarihi mai nisa. Daga cikin su akwai na musamman da kuma rare abubuwa, iyali kayayyakinsa, amma a kowane samfurin ji da fasaha da kuma kwarewa daga zamanin d sana'a.