Allen Ginsberg: A Biography, aiki, sake dubawa

Allen Ginsberg ya shahararren a al'adun {asar Amirka, bayan yakin duniya na II. Shi ne daya daga cikin mafi daraja marubuta na doke da kuma sanannun mawãƙi na zamaninsa.

Allen Ginsberg: A Biography

An haife shi a 1926 a Newark (NJ) a cikin Yahudawa haure iyali. Ya girma a nan kusa Paterson. Uba Louis Ginsberg koyar da harshen Turanci da kuma mahaifiyarta Naomi wani malamin makaranta da himmar aiki na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis USA. Allen Ginsberg a cikin matasa ya shaida ta m matsaloli, a Vol. H. Yawan juyayi breakdowns a kan filaye na tsoron zalunci domin ta zamantakewa.

Fara bit na motsi

Allen Ginsberg da Lyusen Karr hadu a 1943 yayin da karatu a Jami'ar Columbia. Last rage farko-shekara dalibai tare da William Burroughs da kuma Jack Kerouac. Daga baya, abokai kafa kansu a matsayin key Figures na Beat motsi. San su da unconventional views da kuma m hali, Allen da kuma abokansa sun kuma gudanar da wani gwaji tare da kwayoyi.

Ginsberg da zarar ya yi amfani da kwaleji dakin mazaunin dalibai don adana sata dukiya saya daga idon sani. Fuskanci tare da la'anta, ya yanke shawarar nuna kamar hauka, sa'an nan ya ciyar a watanni da dama, a wani asibitin masu tabin hankali.

Bayan samun digiri, Allen ya zauna a cikin New York da kuma cika daban-daban jobs. A shekara ta 1954, duk da haka, ya koma San Francisco, inda bit-motsi da aka wakilta kasida Kenneth Rexroth kuma Lawrence Ferlinghetti.

Kuka da wayewa

Allen Ginsberg farko zo zuwa jama'a hankali a shekarar 1956, bayan buga littafin "kuka da kuma Sauran Poems." Wannan waka a cikin hadisin na Walt Whitman ne a kira na fushi da kuma yanke ƙauna directed da hallakaswa da kuma cin mutunci jama'a. Kevin O'Sullivan kira a Newsmakers aiki fushi, jima'i bayyane lyrics da kuma kara da cewa, a cikin ra'ayi na da yawa, shi ne mai neman sauyi aukuwa a American shayari. Sam Allen Ginsberg "kuka" aka bayyana a matsayin "Yahudawa-melvillianskoe Bard numfashi."

Fresh, gaskiya harshen waka stunned yawa gargajiya sukar. Dzheyms Diki, misali, ya bayyana "kuka" a matsayin "maras nauyi kamarsa Jihar tashin hankali" da kuma kammala da cewa "shi ne bai isa rubuta wakoki." Sauran sukar sun amsa mafi gaskiya ma. Richard Eberhart, kamar samfurin kira "karfi yi, erupting a wani tsauri ji ... Yana da wani kira a kan kome a cikin mechanistic wayewa da cewa ya kashe ruhu ... da m iko da makamashi zo daga fansa ikon soyayya." Pol Kerroll waka da ake kira "daya daga cikin turakun tsara." Kimantawa da tasiri na "Squall", Pol Tsveyg lura da cewa marubucin "kusan guda-handedly maye gurbin da traditionalist shayari na 1950s."

aiwatar

Bugu da kari ga gigice sukar, "kuka" stunned sashen da San Francisco da 'yan sanda. Saboda hoto jima'i harshen waka littafin ayyana batsa, da kuma m na mawãƙi Ferlinghetti aka kama. The m kara ja hankalin na kasar da kuma shahararren wallafe-wallafen Figures: Mark Shorer, Kennet Reksrot da Walter Van Tilberg Clark kare "kuka." Shorer shaida cewa "Ginsberg amfani diction da rhythms na talakawa magana. The waka da aka tilasta yin amfani da harshen vulgarity. " Clark kira "kuka" musamman gaskiya aikin na mawãƙi, wanda shi ma wani sosai m mutum. Shaidun karshe gamsu Alkalin Clayton Kakakin yanke shawarar cewa samfurin ne ba na batsa.

Saboda haka, Allen Ginsberg, wanda sake dubawa na waka ingancin lokacin da fitina ne tartsatsi, shi ne marubucin da manifesto da Beat wallafe-wallafen motsi. Da mawallafa irin su kamar Jack Kerouac da Uilyam Berrouz da mawãƙi Gregory Corso, Maykl Makklyur, Geri Snayder da Ginsberg a baya taboo batutuwa da kuma wadanda ba wallafe-wallafen rubuce-rubuce a cikin harshen titi. Ideas da art bit-kwarara kasance manyan tasiri a kan sanannun al'adu a Amurka a cikin 1950-1960 ta.

da salla, kuma matattu

A shekarar 1961, Ginsberg buga "Kaddish da kuma Sauran Poems." The waka da aka kama a style da kuma tsari zuwa "kuka" da kuma, bisa al'ada Yahudawa jana'izar da salla, kuma ya gaya mana game da rayuwa mahaifiyarsa. Complex ji cewa mawãƙi da shi fentin ta fama da shafi tunanin mutum da rashin lafiya, suna da mayar da hankali na wannan aikin. An dauke da daya daga cikin mafi kyau halittun da Allen Thomas Merrill kira shi "Ginsberg a purest, kuma watakila mafi kyau bayyanuwar", da kuma Louis Simpson - "wani fitacciyar."

Wannan shi ne shi!

Allen Ginsberg, waɗanda ayyukansu aka dauke da ya rinjayi William Carlos Williams, ya tuno da ya makaranta faye hali a matsayin "m m hick daga New Jersey," amma bayan magana da shi, "ina nan suka gane cewa mawãƙi saurari sensitively" tsirara "kunnuwa." Sound, m sauti da kari, don haka abin da ya ce game da shi, kuma ya yi kokarin daidaita su poetic rhythms na real conversational suka ji maimakon a metronome ko da karin waƙa na tsaoho wallafe-wallafe.

Bisa ga mawãƙi, bayan kwatsam wahayi, ya amsa nan da nan. Allen Ginsberg kwaso daga zaman kansa litattafan a cikin nau'i na kananan, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa cikin 4 ko 5 Lines cewa dace da daidai wa wani magana-tunani cike da gidajen gona bisa numfashi daidai da yadda suka kamata a raba idan bukata furta su, sa'an nan ya sallame su Williams . Ya kusan nan da nan ya aiko shi da wani rubutu cewa, "Wannan shi ne shi! Za ka har yanzu suna da shi? "

Kerouac da sauransu

Wani manyan tasiri a kan Ginsberg da abokinsa Kerouac rubuta labari a cikin style of "maras wata-wata litattafan", wanda Allen ganin darajarsa da kuma daidaita da naka aikin. Kerouac rubuta wasu daga cikin littattafan, a bugun tafireta caji yi na farar takarda da bugu ci gaba a cikin "rafi na sani". Allen Ginsberg fara rubuta wakoki ba, kamar yadda ya ce, "aiki a kan su a cikin kananan niƙaƙƙun da kuma guda daga daban-daban lokaci, amma kiyaye da ra'ayin a kaina, da kuma rikodin shi a wuri, da kuma kammala su a can."

Williams da kuma marubuci Kerouac jaddada motsin zuciyarmu da kuma wani halitta hanya na magana kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da na gargajiya wallafe-wallafen Tsarin. Ginsberg ake magana a tarihi gabaceku wannan ra'ayin a cikin ayyukan da mawãƙi Walt Whitman, mawallafin Herman Melville da kuma marubuta Genri Devida Thoreau da Ralph Waldo Emerson.

mai sassaucin raayi siyasa

Babban taken rayuwa da kerawa na Ginsberg ya manufofin. Kennet Reksrot kira wannan al'amari na Allen ta "kusan cikakkiyar embodiment Whitman ta dogon populist zamantakewa neman sauyi hadisin a American shayari." A wasu waqe Ginsberg ambaci kungiyar kwadago gwagwarmaya na 1930s, da m m Figures, farauta domin Red McCarthy da kuma sauran turakun na hagu motsi. A Wichita vortex Sutra.Wani ya ke kokarin kawo karshen yaki a Vietnam da wani irin sihiri lokatai. A "Plutonovoy Ode" gwada irin wannan liyafar - sihiri numfashin da mawãƙi kawar da makamashi zarra daga m halaye. Sauran Poems kamar "kuka", ko da yake ba siyasa a cikin halin, duk da haka, bisa ga yawa sukar, dauke da wani karfi na zamantakewa zargi.

Ikon launuka

Ginsberg ta siyasa da ayyukan da aka karfi da nuna sassaucin raayi, sanar da poetic fifiko na mutum magana zuwa al'adance. A cikin tsakiyar 1960s, shi ne a hankali hade da counterculture da antiwar motsi. Ya halitta, kuma ya kare da dabarun na "flower ikon", a lokacin da antiwar zanga-zanga, bayar da shawarwari game tabbatacce dabi'u, kamar zaman lafiya da son zuwa dramatize su 'yan adawa ga mutuwa da kuma lalata sa da yaki a Vietnam.

A amfani da launuka, karrarawa, murmushi da kuma mantras (alfarma songs) don wani lokaci ya zama sananne daga cikin masu zanga-zanga. A 1967, Ginsberg ya da Oganeza na "Gathering daga cikin kabilan samuwar dan'adam" - wani taron cewa ya za'ayi a kan model na Hindu addini festival. Ya na farko counter-al'adu festival, wanda ya zama wani wahayi zuwa dubban sauransu. A shekarar 1969, a lokacin da wasu daga cikin antiwar gwagwarmaya halshen wani "exorcism na Pentagon," Ginsberg rubuta a Mantra a gare shi. Shi ne kuma wani mai shaida ne domin kāriyar a shari'a, "Chicago Bakwai", a cikin abin da anti-yaki gwagwarmaya da aka tuhuma da "hadin kai ga tsallaka jihar Lines ga shirya da tarzoma."

masu zanga-zanga

Wani lokaci siyasa aiki Ginsberg sa a dauki daga jami'an tsaro. An kama shi a anti-yaki zanga-zanga a New York a 1967 da kuma tarwatsa tare da hawaye gas a Democratic National Convention a Chicago a 1968. A shekarar 1972, yana kurkuku domin musharaka cikin zanga-zangar da nan shugaban kasar Richarda Niksona a Republican National Convention a Miami. A shekarar 1978, shi da madugun abõkinsa Peter Orlovsky aka kama domin tarewa da reluwe waƙoƙi ta dakatar da jirgin kasa da radioactive zuwa daga shuka "Rocky lebur" samar da makamai-sa plutonium a Colorado.

sarki May

Ginsberg ta siyasa ya ba shi da matsala a wasu ƙasashe. A shekarar 1965, ya ziyarci kasar Cuba a matsayin wakilin ga Evergreen Review. Bayan ya koka game da magani daga gays a cikin University of Havana, gwamnatin juya zuwa Ginsberg tare da bukatar ya bar kasar. Da cewa wannan shekarar, da mawãƙi tafiya zuwa Czechoslovakia, inda aka zabe shi dan "Sarkin May" da dubban Czech 'yan ƙasa. Kashegari, da Czech gwamnatin tambaye shi ya bar domin ya kasance "na barkatai da auku." Ginsberg da kansa ya bayyana fitar da cewa da Czech asirin 'yan sanda da aka rikita batun tare da general yabo, "da bearded American screwy aljanna mawãƙi".

abõkin

Wata matsala, wanda aka nuna a Ginsberg ta shayari, shi ne girmamawa a ruhaniya da kuma sufi. Sha'awarsa a wadannan al'amurra ƙara rura wutar da jerin wahayi, wanda ya ziyarci a karanta shayari na William Blake. Allen Ginsberg tuna "matukar zurfi sepulchral murya a cikin dakin," ya nan da nan, ba tare da tunani, ya dauki muryar Blake. Ya kara da cewa "kamar yadda wani takamaiman sauti wani abu ba za'a iya mantawaba, saboda duba, kamar dai Allah ya yi wani mutum murya da duk iyaka taushi da kuma patriarchal da mutum kaya mai rai halitta, jũya zuwa dansa." Irin wannan wahayi tada sha'awa cikin Sufi, wanda ya jagoranci mawãƙi to ta wucin gadi gwaji da daban-daban kwayoyi. Yana daga baya aka dauki Allen Ginsberg, "kuka" da ya rubuta a ƙarƙashin rinjayar peyote, "Kaddish" - godiya ga amphetamines da kuma "Wales - ziyarci" - tare da taimakon LSD.

Bayan tafiya zuwa India a shekarar 1962, a lokacin da ya gana da tunani da kuma yoga, Ginsberg canza hali to kwayoyi. Ya hakikance cewa, yin zuzzurfan tunani, da kuma yoga shi ne mafi alhẽri daukaka sani na da yanayin, amma ya yi ĩmãni hallucinogens amfani ga rubutu shayari. Psychedelics, ya ce, suna da wani bambanci na Yoga, kuma hanyar sani da bincike.

Juyawa zuwa addinin Buddha

Ginsberg nazarin Eastern addinai fara bayan bude su mantras, rhythmic Chants amfani a ruhaniya ayyuka. Su amfani da kari, numfashi da asali sauti da jũna a gare shi a irin shayari. A wasu waqe ya na kunshe a cikin rubutu na da Mantra, sunã mãsu jũyãwa da aikin cikin wata irin addu'a. Poetry karatu, ya sau da yawa fara da wata maimaitawa mantras, don ƙirƙirar da dama yanayi. Sha'awarsa a Eastern addinai ƙarshe haifar da shi ga m Chogyam Trungpa, a Buddhist mazaunin daga Tibet, wadda take da karfi da tasiri a kerawa na Ginsberg. A farkon 1970s, da mawãƙi dauki darussa a institute Trungpa a Colorado, kuma ma karatu shayari. A shekara ta 1972, Allen Ginsberg ya ba da Bodhisattva alkawuransu ƙa'ida soma addinin Buddha.

Babban al'amari na horo Trungpa ne wani nau'i na zuzzurfan tunani, da ake kira shamatha, wanda tattara a kan kansa numfashi. A cewar Ginsberg, shi take kaiwa zuwa kwantar da hankali, da inji samar da tunanin da kuma tunani-hakkinSa. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa wani exacerbation da sanin da kuma fitarwa. A littafin "numfashin dalilin", kishin Trungpa, ya ƙunshi da dama waqe rubuta da taimakon shamatha tunani.

Daga Rags zuwa arziki

A 1974, Allen Ginsberg kuma da takwaransa, enn Valdman kafa wata makaranta da disembodied poetics Jack Kerouac matsayin wani reshe na Cibiyar Naropa. Bisa ga mawãƙi, matuƙar ra'ayin da aka kafa m arts kwaleji a Tibet hadisi, inda akwai malamai da daliban suka zauna tare a cikin wannan gini, wadda za ta yi aiki domin daruruwan shekaru. Domin koyarwa da kuma tattaunawa a makaranta Ginsberg ya janyo hankalin irin wannan shahararren marubuta kamar Diane di Prima, Ron Padgett da Uilyam Berrouz. Correlating da shayari da wani amfani a cikin ruhaniya, Ginsberg da zarar ya bayyana cewa, Bugu da kari wakoki ne wani nau'i na kai-sani-kai kyautata, fede da sani da kanta, wadda kun kasance ba. Yana da wani nau'i na bude nasa yanayi da kuma ainihi, ko ya son kai, kazalika da fahimtar abin da na kanka daga shi.

Ginsberg samu wani wallafe-wallafen kwatankwacin abin da aka kira "daga Rags zuwa arziki" - daga farkon "datti" aiki, wanda ya ji tsõron kuma soki ga marigayi hada a cikin "pantheon na wallafe-wallafen Amirka." Ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi m kasida da ya tsara da kuma bisa ga James Mersmana, "babban adadi a cikin tarihin wakoki."

'yan shekarun nan

Documentary filmmaker Dzherri Aronsona "Rayuwa da Times of Allen Ginsberg" da aka saki a 1994. A wannan shekara, Stanford University biya mawãƙi da dala miliyan don ya na sirri archive. New waqe da kuma tarin na baya ayyukansu Ginsberg ci gaba da za a buga a kai a kai. Kuma ya haruffa, mujallu, da kuma ko da hotuna na Beat-abokan aiki sun yarda da wani sabo ne look at cikin rayuwa da kuma aiki na mawãƙi ne.

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1997 a cikin marasa lafiya fama da ciwon sukari mellitus da kullum hepatitis Ginsberg kamu da cutar sankaran hanta. Bayan nazarin wannan cuta, ya sauri rubuta 12 short waqe. Kashegari, da mawãƙi sha wahala a bugun jini da kuma fadi a cikin wani coma. Ya mutu bayan kwana biyu. The "New York Times" ya ce ban kwana ga shi Uilyam Berrouz, wanda ya kira shi "wani mutum mai girma tare da wata duniya da tasiri."

Allen Ginsberg: Littafi

Ayoyi da 'yan shekaru, da mawãƙi ta rayuwa da aka tattara a cikin littafin "Mutuwa da kuma Tsarki: Poems, 1993-1997." Wannan girma ya hada da ayyukan da ya halitta nan da nan bayan Allen koya game da rashin lafiya. Browser Bugawa Weekly bayyana tarin kamar yadda "cikakken culmination na mai daraja a rayuwata." Ray Olson da Dzhek Helberg, rubuta a Booklist, sami waqe Ginsberg ta "goge, idan ba tilasta," kuma Rochelle Ratner a cikin kimantawa Library Journal Notes cewa wadannan "sosai shaidar tausayi da kulawa."

Wani posthumous bazawa na Ginsberg - "gangan litattafan: Selected makala, 1952-1995" - shi ne fiye da 150 makala a kan topic na makaman nukiliya, da yaki a Vietnam, yin katsalandan, irin kasida kamar yadda Walt Whitman, kuma ta doke Gregory Corso, da kuma sauran al'adu manyan malaman, ciki har da John Lennon da kuma daukar hoto Robert Frank. Sukar lamiri Bugawa Weekly yaba da littafin a matsayin "wani lokacin dadi, wani lokacin m," da kuma kara da cewa ta ne "shakka zai resonate tare da mai fadi da kewayon magoya na mawãƙi ne." Booklist samu Ginsberg makala "mafi m fiye da mafi yawansu ya waqe."

A madubi na zamaninsa

Kamar yadda Ginsberg son tuna da shi? A cewar shi, kamar yadda wani a cikin tsohon American al'adar transcendental individualism, daga haihuwa Gnostic makaranta Thoreau, Emerson, Whitman, wanda ya yi su a cikin XX karni. Ginsberg da zarar ya bayyana cewa dukan ɗan adam kasawan ya ne mafi m ya yi fushi. wa abokansa ya fi yaba da kwanciyar hankali da kuma jima'i taushi. ya manufa zama shi ne "sanarwa akan abinda aka ji a cikin kamfanin." "Kamar shi ko ba, babu wanda bai gani ba da lokaci kamar yadda Mr. Ginsberg", - kammala Economist marubucin sharhi. "Ya kasance wata gada tsakanin wallafe-wallafen avant-garde da pop al'adu."