Aliphatic hydrocarbons - menene wannan?

Aliphatic hydrocarbons - shi ne gudanar da mahadi wanda kwayoyin dauke da kawai guda shaidu. Wadannan sun hada da alkanes da cycloparaffins, su siffofin da za a tattauna a cikin littattafai.

A general dabara na alkanes

Wakilai daga wannan aji suna halin da janar dabara SpN2p + 2. By paraffins hada da duk mahadi da ciwon wani bude sarkar cikinsa da kwayoyin halitta suna da alaka da juna ta hanyar guda shaidu. Saboda gaskiya cewa a karkashin al'ada yanayi, aliphatic hydrocarbons ne kasa aiki mahadi, sun samu su sunan "paraffins". Bari mu gano wasu daga cikin tsarin fasali na wakilan wannan aji, da yanayin shaidu a cikin kwayoyin, da yin amfani da masana'antu.

Taƙaitaccen bayanin methane

Kamar yadda mafi sauki wakilin wannan aji za a iya ambata methane. Shi ya farawa jerin aliphatic hydrocarbons. Don bayyana ta rarrabe fasali.

Methane ne gaseous karkashin al'ada yanayi abu ba tare da wari da kuma launi. A fili kafa ta bazuwar a cikin yanayi ba tare da gaban yanayi oxygen shuka da dabbobi kwayoyin. Alal misali, an samu a cikin iskar gas, duk da haka a halin yanzu yi amfani a manyan yawa a matsayin man fetur a samar da cikin gida.

Abin da irin sinadaran da bond, sũ ne waɗanda hydrocarbons? Aliphatic, iyakance covalent gudanar da mahadi ne iyakacin duniya kwayoyin.

Jigidar halittar da tetrahedral form methane DNA, da irin hybridization na carbon atoms a sp3, wanda yayi dace da mikewa kwana 109 digiri 28 da minti. Shi ne saboda wannan dalilin, aliphatic hydrocarbons - chemically kasa aiki mahadi.

Musamman methane homologues

Baya methane a gas da kuma danyen mai ya ƙunshi wasu hydrocarbons, wanda da irin wannan tsarin da shi. A farko hudu wakilin homologue jerin paraffins ne a wani gaseous Jihar tari, da low solubility a ruwa.

Tare da kara girma na zumunta kwayoyin taro lura karuwa a tafasar zafin jiki da kuma narkewa CxHy. Daga cikin mutum wakilan lamba akwai bambanci CH2, da ake kira homologue bambanci. Yana da wani kai tsaye tabbaci na fili na wannan kwayoyin jere.

All aliphatic hydrocarbons - suna da abubuwa da suke da readily mai narkewa a cikin kwayoyin kaushi.

isomerism jerin

Domin da wakilan da dama paraffins isomerism ne halayyar da carbon kwarangwal. Shi ne saboda da yiwuwar sarari juyawa a kusa da carbon zarra na da sinadaran shaidu. Alal misali, ga mahadi C4H10 hydrocarbon abun da ke ciki na iya daukar kai tsaye carbon kwarangwal - butane. Kamar yadda wani tsarin isomer zai yi 2-methylpropane, ciwon branched tsarin.

Hankula sinadaran Properties halayyar paraffins, shi ne dole a lura da canzawa dauki. Jikewa shaidu bayyana haduwar da dauki da kuma ta m inji. Domin samun halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon, shi wajibi ne su gudanar da halogenation dauki, sunã gudãna gaban UV radiation. Sarkar yanayin wannan hulda ta auku a cikin dukkan mambobi na wani ba jerin. A sakamakon samfurin da aka kira da Halo Kalam. Suna amfani da ko'ina a cikin sinadaran masana'antu kamar yadda Organic solvents.

Haka kuma, duk aliphatic kuma aromatic hydrocarbons ƙone a gaban oxygen ta samar da ruwa da carbon dioxide. Dangane da yawan carbon a cikin kwayoyin da aka kasaftawa a daban-daban adadin zafi. Ko da na ga aji na gudanar da mahadi, duk konewa tafiyar matakai ne exothermic halayen da ake amfani da iyali da kuma masana'antu.

Practical aikace-aikace na da methane da dehydrogenation (hydrogen abstraction). A sakamakon wannan tsari samar acetylene, wanda shi ne mai muhimmanci da sinadaran feedstock.

A amfani da alkanes da magni alkanes

Dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride - ruwa ne daban-daban kwayoyin kaushi. Chloroform da iodoform amfani a zamani magani. A bazuwar na methane ne daya daga cikin masana'antu hanyoyin domin samar da carbon baki, da ake bukata domin yi na bugu inks. Methane yana dauke da babban tushen da sinadaran masana'antu a hydrogen gas zuwa samar da ammonia da kuma kira na da yawa Organic abubuwa.

unsaturated hydrocarbons

Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons - su ne wakilan da yawan ethylene da acetylene. Nazari da asali dũkiyarsu da kuma aikace-aikace. Domin alkene halin da kasancewar wani biyu bond, don haka da cewa adadin da dabara yana da siffar SpN2p.

Idan akai la'akari da yanayin da wadannan unsaturated mahadi, yana iya lura da cewa su amsa mahadi: hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration, gidrogalogenirovaniya. Bugu da kari, wakilan ethylene ne iya Polymerization. Yana da wannan alama da ke sa su wakilan da aji da'awa a cikin zamani sinadaran masana'antu. Polyethylene kuma propylene - wani abu da ke cikin tushe polymer masana'antu.

Acetylene - na farko memba daga cikin jerin ciwon da janar dabara SpN2p-2. Daga cikin bayãnin hukuncin fasali na wadannan mahadi iya bambanta gaban sau uku bond. Its gaban bayani da ya kwarara daga wani fili halayen da halogens, ruwa, hydrogen halide, hydrogen. Idan sau uku bond a irin wannan mahadi ne a farko matsayi, sa'an nan da alkyne ne halin da ingantaccen canzawa dauki tare da azurfa hadaddun gishiri. Wannan ikon ne a ingantaccen dauki ga wani alkyne, ake amfani da su gane shi a admixture da wani alkene da alkane.

A aromatic hydrocarbons ne unsaturated cyclic mahadi, duk da haka sun ba su dauke su aliphatic mahadi.

ƙarshe

Duk da bambance-bambance a cikin gwada yawa abun da ke ciki data kasance a cikin wakilan cikakken kuma unsaturated aliphatic mahadi, su ne irin wannan a cikin ingancin nuna alama kwayoyin dauke da carbon da hydrogen. Bambance-bambance a cikin gwada yawa abun da ke ciki (daban-daban janar dabarbari) wakilan cikakken kuma unsaturated CxHy bayyana bambanci a dauki sunadaran samar da daban-daban kayayyakin.

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa 'yan dukkan azuzuwan daga wadannan mahadi shiga cikin konewa dauki samar da carbon dioxide, ruwa, allocating wani adadin zafi makamashi, abin da ya sa su rare a matsayin man fetur a rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma tattalin arziki.