Adat - menene wannan? A definition na kalmar

Adat - wani (Jawi: عادت) - a Generic lokaci, aro daga harshen Larabci, don bayyana da dama hukuncin kisa musulmi al'umma a Arewa Caucasus, gida kwastan da kuma hadisai a Tsakiya da kuma Kudancin-East Asia. Duk da Larabci asalin, da kalmar "adat" ne tartsatsi cikin Maritime kudu maso gabashin Asia, inda saboda mulkin mallaka tasiri aka yi amfani da tsare a cikin wani iri-iri wadanda ba musulmi al'umma. A cikin pre-Islamic lokaci na tarihi, akwai mutane da yawa doka, cewa kayyade rayuwar al'umma, da kuma daya daga cikinsu shi ne adat. Ma'anar kalmar "adat" ne sau da yawa contrasted tare da shari'ar musulunci

Jigon adat

A cikin doka filin, adat - wani m dokokin, dokoki, hani da ka'idoji a kan gudanar da wani mutum da hali a matsayin memba na musulmi al'umma da kuma bugun qetare su. Shi ne kuma wani nau'i na magani domin daban-daban segments na yawan abin da wadannan dokoki da ka'idoji ne. Su ne quite ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma m. Adat kuma ya hada da wani sa na gida da kuma na gargajiya dokokin, shawarwari shiri tsarin, a kan abin da al'umma akwai for ƙarni.

Adat a Arewa Caucasus da Asiya ta tsakiya

Kafin zuwan Musulunci, mutanen Arewa Caucasus da Asiya ta tsakiya ya dade da aka kafa norms na laifi da kuma} ungiyoyin dokar, wanda "adat" zama da aka sani a lokacin da Musulunci lokaci. A gargajiya al'ummu na Asiya ta tsakiya shi ne ya kafa, kuma ke kula da reputable mambobi ne na al'umma, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da Board of dattawa. Ya dogara ne a kan tribal code of hali da kuma a kan ƙarni na kwarewa a cikin ƙuduri na rikice-rikice tsakanin kowane mutum, al'ummomi da kuma kabilu. A Arewa Caucasus, tare da gaisuwa ga al'ada dabi'u na code adat mulki cewa teip (kabila) - babban nasa tarihin ga biyayya, daraja, kunya da kuma na gama nauyin.

A mulkin mallaka gwamnati na Rasha Empire ba tsoma baki tare da doka yi da wakilai management a matakin unguwannin zuwa majalisarku da na dattawa da kuma iyalansu. Saboda haka ya yi da Bolsheviks a cikin farkon shekaru na 1917 juyin juya halin. Adat aikata a tsakanin mazauna na Asiya ta tsakiya da kuma Caucasus har da farkon 1930s, har Soviet gwamnatin dakatar da yin amfani da maye gurbinsu da yakin dokar.

Adat a kudu maso gabashin Asiya

A kudu maso gabashin Asia, manufar "adat" da muhimmanci da aka farko tsara a Islamicize Malay-magana duniya. A fili, wannan da aka yi a rarrabe tsakanin gargajiya da kuma Musulunci norms. A cikin XV karni malakkaysky Sultanate ya ɓullo da wani code na dokokin kasa da kasa daga cikin teku, kazalika da} ungiyoyin da kuma Commercial Codes, wanda ya bayyana a rinjayar da dokar da ake kira "Sharia". Adat ma ƙwarai shafi data na shari'a takardun. Wadannan lambobin daga baya bazu ko'ina cikin yankin da kuma zama cikakken fledged tushen dokar ga gida shari'a yi a cikin irin manyan yankuna sultanates, kamar Brunei, Johor, Pattani da Aceh.

Adat a Gabas Indies, kuma ta nazari

A farkon shekarun da suka gabata karni na ashirin da a Dutch Gabas Indies don nazarin adat fito a matsayin mai na musamman fannin nazari. Ko da yake shi ne alaka da bukatun da mulkin mallaka gwamnati, duk da haka, ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa wani aiki da bincike horo da ya shafi daban-daban adat kwatanta tsarin a kasashe daban-daban. Daga cikin rarrabe malamai tsunduma a cikin binciken na adat, bayyana Dutchman Van Vallenhoven, Ter Haar da Snoke Hungronhe. Da dama key Concepts, wanda har yanzu amfani da yau a matsayin wani ɓangare na m dokar zama a zamani Indonesia. Sun hada da "adat dokar", "dokar da adat al'umma ',' da zamantakewa ƙasar hakkin ko yin amfani da" da "dokar da al'umma." Adat dokar da aka yi amfani da mulkin mallaka gwamnati a matsayin doka lokaci da cewa tana nufin wani normative dokar, wanda aka sallama a wani zaman kanta doka shugabanci, a Bugu da kari ga Canon dokar. Dokokin gida da kwastan na dukan kabilun, ciki har da wadanda ba Musulmi ba, sun zama tare denoted da Kalmar "adat" - kalmar da cewa yana da wani doka ma'anar. Its dokoki da ka'idoji da aka shigar wanda ke aiki a cikin doka takardun na wadannan kasashe, bisa ga abin da aka gabatar doka kima a cikin ƙasa na Gabas Indies. A cewar wannan makirci, dangane da rarrabuwa adat tsarin biyu al'adu da kuma Gwargwadon naúrar, dukan raba Dutch Gabas Indies a kalla goma sha tara doka zones.

Modern tasiri adat

Adat ne har yanzu amfani da kotunan na Brunei, da Malaysia, da Indonesia (ƙasashe inda addinin jihar, Shi ne Musulunci) a matsayin yakin dokar a wasu fannoni. A Malaysia, a kowane jiha kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, akwai izini wakilan da Malayan gwamnati, kamar kai na Musulunci da Malay kwastan. Majalisar Amirka, da aka sani da Majlis Agama Islam dan Adat (Council of Islam da kuma Malay kwastan) zai zama alhakin shawartar jihar shugabannin, kazalika ga tsari na Musulunci da harkokin da adat.

Fitina tsari sprov amfani da m

Kai kara a kan batutuwa da suka shafi harkokin addinin musulunci da kuma adat (misali, lokuta a karkashin hadin gwiwa ikon mallakar mãtan aurensu da yara tare) suna da za'ayi a cikin kotunan shari'ar musulunci. adat dokar - shi ne cewa a mafi yawan lokuta suna gudana daga} ungiyoyin da doka da iyali dangantakar a Muslim kudancin Asiya. A jihohin Sarawak da Sabah sa na adat al'ummomi nemalayskoy Malaysia 'Yan asalin Mutane an halatta ta hanyar halittar musamman kotuna da aka sani da Bumiputra Mahkamaha da Mahkamov Anak Negeri. Akwai kuma wani layi daya tsarin for kabilanci Malays, da ake kira da Mahkamov, amma tare da sosai iyakance iko.

A Indonesian adat dokar har yanzu imeeet girma doka muhimmanci a wasu yankunan, musamman a cikin mafi yawan Hindu kauyuka a Bali, Tenger a yankin da kuma a cikin Sultanate na Yogyakarta da Surakarta.

Adat a cikin post-Soviet sarari

Bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet ta yi na adat a Asiya ta tsakiya ya fara farfado da a shekarun 1990s daga cikin musulmi al'umma a cikin yankunan karkara. Wannan ya fi mayar saboda da rushewar da shari'a da kuma tilasta doka da cibiyoyin a mafi yankuna na Central Asia yankin. Ana zargin sabon tsarin mulkin kasa a cikin jamhuriyoyin ya kuma gudummawar da wannan tsari, kamar yadda ya kumbura damar wasu gargajiya cibiyoyin kamar majalisarku da na dattawan (dattawan), wasu administrative hukumomi suna kuma sau da yawa a karkashin norms na adat.

Caucasian da Chechnya adat

A Arewa Caucasus da ƙarni akwai gargajiya kabila tsarin na kai-gwamnati al'ummomi. Chechnya adats taso tare da Shamil. kalma "Adat", da definition da kuma fassarar da nufin da manufar "al'ada ko al'ada," taka muhimmiyar rawa ga Arewa Caucasian al'ummai. Bayan Stalin ta lokaci, ya sake fara aiki a asirce (tare da 1950 dvadtsatogogo karni). Domin Chechens adat - mai haƙuri dokokin hali a cikin iyali da kuma al'umma. Duk wani mai kyau Chechnya iyali nuna girmamawa da kuma kula da mazan zamani, musamman ma iyaye. Tsofaffi iyaye rayuwa tare da daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa. Saboda da malamai na danniya a lokacin Stalin shekaru, adat, wanda ya wanzu a Chechnya da kuma Dagestan, kusan bai dauke da abubuwa na shari'ar Musulunci. Amma yanzu mai girma yawan malaman Musulunci, da aka buga a cikin Collection adats, kayan da aka yi amfani a wajen yanke shawarwari masu muhimmanci a kauyen majalisa da kuma gundumar gwamnatoci.