Adam Oleary: tafiya, rayuwa bayan su, da ayyukan da

A XVII-XVIII ƙarni. Turawa gina su image na Rasha dangane da littattafai na littafi, rubuta Adam Olearius. Wannan matafiyi ya ziyarci sau uku a Muscovy. Saboda haka Rasha kira kasashen yammaci. Olearius bar wani cikakken bayanin irin rayuwa da kuma Rasha umarni. Ya rubutu ya sanya a lokacin da yake ziyara a ofishin jakadancin, ehavshem Farisa.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma Ilimi

Matafiyi Adam Olearius aka haife Satumba 24, 1599 a Jamus garin Aschersleben. Ya zo daga wani sauki aiki-aji iyali. Mahaifinsa wani tela. The shugaban iyali, ya mutu jim kadan bayan haihuwar danta. Duk da yau da kullum da matsaloli da kuma talauci, Adam ya iya shiga da a Jami'ar Leipzig. A shekarar 1627, ya zama Master of Falsafa.

Sun masanin kimiyya fara aiki a cikin gida jami'a, amma ya ilimi aiki aka katse saboda yankunan da shekaru talatin da 'War. Zubar da jini ya shafa da kuma Saxony. Adam Oleary yanke shawarar ba hadarin da rayuwarsa da kuma ya tafi zuwa ga arewa, har zuwa inda yaki taba kai. Hadishi samu mafaka a cikin kotu da Duke Frederick III na Holstein. Olearius ya ba kawai wani Falsafa amma kuma orientalist, tarihi, lissafi da kuma likita. Ya san Gabas harsuna. Duke yaba wadannan rare basira da kuma barin mai ilimin kimiyya a cikin hidimarsa.

farko tafiya

A 1633, Frederick III aika ta farko ofishin jakadancin a Rasha da na Farisa. A Duke yi nufin ya dam up wani karfi cinikayya links tare da wadannan arziki da kuma sararin kasa, inda suka sayar da rare da kuma muhimmanci dukiya ga Turawa. Farko na duk Jamusawa sun sha'awar sayen gabashin siliki. A shugaban ofishin jakadancin manufa da aka saka Philipp von Kruzenshtern kuma m Otto Brugman. Adam Oleary ya zama tafinta da kuma magatakarda, rikodin duk abin da ya faru tare da Jamusawa a tafiya. Yana da wannan alama kunna shi daga baya zuwa systematize ya m bayanin kula da zuwa buga wani littafin game da Rasha, wanda ya zama Popular a Yammacin Turai.

Akwai 36 mutane a cikin ofishin jakadancin. A cewar Adam Oleary, hanyar jami'an diplomasiya sun shige ta Riga, Narva da Novgorod. A Jamus a hukumance ya isa a birnin Moscow a 14 ga watan Agusta, 1634. A babban birnin kasar, ofishin jakadancin yayi kokarin 4 watanni. Rasha Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich (na farko monarch na Romanov daular) ya yarda kasashen waje zuwa da yardar kaina yi tafiya zuwa Farisa. Duk da haka, wannan burin da aka kafa riga kafin na gaba ofishin jakadancin. Farko tawagar samu izni na nan gaba, ya tafi gida, kuma ya koma zuwa ga Gottorp a watan Afrilu 1635. Bisa ga Jamus masanin Adam Olearius, Moscow yarda su tare da bude makamai. Mikhail Fedorovich shi ma sha'awar saduwa da Turawa, kamar yadda suka so su yi aiki tare da Rasha. Domin hudu watanni a cikin birnin da kuma 'yan makonni a kan hanya Adam Oleary aniya rubuta a kan takarda dukan abin da aka gani.

biyu tafiya

Frederick III ya yarda da sakamakon farko na farko ofishin jakadancin. Ya aka ba zai tsaya a can, kuma ya fara tsara wani biyu tafiya. A wannan lokaci, wani masanin Adam Olearius ya ba kawai sakatare fassara, amma kuma majalisar ba da shawara na ofishin jakadancin. A Jamus ya tafi a zahiri zuwa gefen duniya - a Asia, inda ko da a cikin XVII karni, akwai kusan babu Turawa.

A cewar Adam Oleary, tawagar tafi zuwa ga Hamburg Sea 22 ga watan Oktoba, 1635. A kan jirgin cikin jirgin suka yi yawa ba da kyautai ga Rasha Tsar kuma Persian Shah Safi I. Amma da tafiya daukan game Hogland Island a cikin Baltic Sea, jirgin da aka farfashe a kan kankara. dukan kyautai da takardun shaidarka da aka rasa. Mutane ba su kashe shi, su kawai samu a fagen Hogland. Saboda wannan baƙin ciki da Jamus na da game da wata daya zuwa yawo a kusa da Baltic Sea tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa cikin jiragen ruwa.

A karshe jakadun sun kasance a Revel. A karshen watan Maris 1636 da suka koma Moscow, kuma a watan Yuni ya koma Farisa. A hanya gudu ta hanyar ofishin jakadancin Kolomna da Nizhny Novgorod. A gida tashar jiragen ruwa na Lübeck master Pre-gina for shlezvigtsev jirgin a kan wanda suka tafi da Volga kuma zo a cikin Caspian Sea. A cewar Adam Oleary, wadannan motocin ma amfani da yan kasuwa da kuma masunta, farauta a kan wannan kifi mai arzikin kogin. Kuma wannan lokaci da ofishin jakadancin da aka ba ƙaddara ta gama da tafiya ba tare da ya faru. Raffle hadari komowa jirgin ruwan a bakin kusa da kauyen na Azerbaijani Nizabat. A marigayi Disamba, da Jamus ta kai kan iyakar Shamakhi.

Zauna a Farisa da kuma komawa gida

Amma duk da haka watanni hudu, sun yi jira na aikin izni na Shah su matsa a kan. Bisa ga Bajamushe masanin kimiyya Adam Oleary, da jakadun sun kasance a shirye domin shi, ya farga da cewa halaye da kuma halaye na mutanen gabas ne matuƙa, daban-daban daga Turai. A watan Agusta 1637 ofishin jakadancin zo a Isfahan - babban birnin kasar Farisa. Akwai shi zauna har zuwa karshen watan Disamba. Hanyar dawo ne, ta hanyar Astrakhan, Kazan kuma Nizhny Novgorod. Janairu 2, 1639 Adam Olearius ya dawo a Moscow. Rasha Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich lura da shi da kuma miƙa zauna a Rasha a matsayin wata kotu malamin da falakin. Duk da haka Oleary ƙi wannan girmamawa, da kuma a watan Agusta 1639 ya koma Jamus. A 1643 th ya sake ziyarci Moscow, albeit ba tare da irin wannan dogon ziyarar. Wannan shi ne na karshe lokacin Olearius ziyarci Rasha.

A dukan tafiya wani bala'i. Yana kudin kudi mai yawa duchy, amma babu yarjejeniya a kan cinikayya da Farisa ta Rasha ƙasa ba m. Bugu da kari, shugaban na Otto Brugman Jakadancin cũtar ikonsu, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa ya barke a rikicin da abokan aiki. Bayan ya dawo gida, da Jamus masanin Adam Olearius zama m a kotun da tsohon kocin. Brugmann kashe for wuce kima sharar gida da kuma gazawar da Duke dokoki.

littafin Oleary

A 1647 a littafin da aka buga Oleary "Description Travel to Muscovy" a cikin abin da ya kayyade cikakken Chronology na tafiya zuwa Gabas. Littafi nan da nan tsiwirwirinsu m shahararsa. Misali na Turawa game da Rasha su ne mafi m, kuma suna kwadayin cinye wani bayani game da wannan nisa. Composing Olearius ya dade mafi m da arziki bayani. A kowane page na littafin da aka saukar da ilmi, erudition da kuma kallo. A aikin da aka fassara a cikin da yawa harsuna Turai. Sashe na daga cikin littafin Olearius zama tushen zaunanniya stereotypes game Muscovy da ta unkempt kuma m umarni.

Bugu da kari, wani musamman da darajar samo kashe a kan jan zane-zane da suke nuna m to Turawa zane-zane na Rasha rayuwa. Su marubucin ya kansa Adam Oleary. Kai da kuma leisurely tafiya yarda ya dauki dukan zama dole kayayyakin aiki. A zane da aka halitta kai tsaye a lokacin tafiya a cikin zambiyõyin sabo kwaikwayo. Mun gama su riga a Jamus. A Turai an kammala zane, da suke nuna wa mazaunan Muscovy. Musamman ga wannan Oleary kawo gida Rasha kasa kayayyaki, kazalika da yanayin amfani da model compatriots ado a guzuri riguna da kuma kaftans.

bayyanar Rasha

Oleary littafin da aka raba yawa surori, kowanne daga abin da aikatã game da daya ko wani bangare na Rasha rayuwa. Dabam, marubucin ya bayyana bayyanar da tufafi na mazauna Muscovy. Dogon gashi dogara kawai don firistoci. Manyansu da na yau da kullum haircuts. Mata kaunace reddening da belitsya, da kuma fiye da evropeek cewa nan da nan buga da 'yan qasar Jamus.

Menswear Oleary dauke sosai kama da Girkanci. Tartsatsi sun fadi shirts da wando da cewa ana sawa dogon kuma kunkuntar jackets, rataye ga gurfãne. Kowane mutum sa hula cewa ya dubi cewa iya gane wani mutum ta zamantakewa ainihi. Shugabanninmu, manyansu da kuma gwamnatin shawara yin fim su ko a lokacin da jama'a tarurruka. Bugawa su da aka yi na tsada fox ko Sable. Talakawa 'yan ƙasa, a lokacin rani sa huluna na fari ji, kuma a cikin hunturu - zane.

Rasha takaice da kuma wasa gaban takalma na Rasha fata, ko Moroko tunãtar Polish takalma. Bisa ga masanin kimiyya Adam Oleary, da 'yan mata tafiya a cikin takalma da high sheqa. Mata kayayyaki ne sosai kamar maza, amma rigunansu sun dan kadan fadi da kuma kaifi yadin da aka saka launi da zinariya amarya.

Abinci mai gina jiki da kuma jindadin Muscovites

A Jamus masanin kimiyya ya sanya da yawa daga rubutu a kan rayuwar da alheri na Rasha. Duk wadannan suna sha'awar a cikin ubiquitous Adam Oleary. Bisa ga Bajamushe masanin kimiyya, mazaunan Muscovy sun yawa poorer fiye da Jamus. Ko da aristocracy, wanda ya mallakar Terem da fādodinta, gina su ne kawai a cikin shekara talatin, kuma kafin wannan, kuma ta rayu kyawawan sharri. Magana game da wannan lokaci, Olearius aka Magana game da Lokaci na matsaloli, lokacin da Rasha da aka lalatar da yakin basasa da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland baki.

commoners kullum da abinci kunshi kabeji da hatsi, kabeji, kokwamba, gishiri da kuma sabo ne kifi. Duk da yake da talakawan Turawa sun "m da dainty jita-jita," babu wani daga wannan Rasha bai sani ba, kuma bai gwada. Oleary lura da cewa, m makiyaya na Muscovy ba mai kyau rago, nama da naman alade. Duk da haka, kadan Rasha ci nama, kamar yadda kusan rabin zo daga wani m azumi a su Orthodox kalanda. Ya maye gurbin da daban-daban jita-jita da kifi, gauraye da kayan lambu.

Oleary mamaki musamman irin Rasha biscuits, wanda aka kira da wuri. A Muscovy shi da wani yawa na sturgeon caviar, wanda hawa da ganga a kan kuraye da sleds. Bisa ga masanin kimiyya Adam Oleary, wadannan motocin ma amfani ga ceto na sauran kayayyakin da cewa ba a yi a cikin garuruwa.

harkar shugabanci

Musamman Oleary bayyana Rasha jihar tsarin. A farko wuri, ya lura servile matsayi na koli giji zuwa ga sarki, wanda, bi da bi, canjawa wuri zuwa ƙananan-matakin da jami'an da kuma, a karshe, to da na kowa mutane.

A XVII karni shi ne na kowa a cikin Rasha kofur azãba. Suna amfani da ko da a dangane da aristocrats da kuma arziki Kasuwanci da suka, misali, unexcused rasa wani sauraro tare da sarki. Halayen da sarki ya zama abin bautãwa shuka daga wani wuri shekaru. Manya wahayi zuwa wannan arziki ga 'ya'yansu, da suka bi da bi ga' ya'yansu. A Turai, umarni riga a baya.

Oleary, karatu da matsayi na boyars, ya lura da cewa su bauta wa ba kawai ga sarki a harkokin jama'a, amma kuma a cikin kotu da kuma ofisoshin. Saboda haka da Jamus ya al'ada kira umarni - Rasha coci magabata. Total kidaya 33 Oleary ofishin. Ya kuma lura da tsananin daga cikin Moscow kotu. Idan wani mutum ya zargi da sata, shi farawa kokarin gano in da ya sata wani abu dabam. Mahauta Amma Yesu bai guje, ja kafafen hancinsa da t. D.

Mafi na kowa kotuna sun kotuna na basusuka da mabartan. Matsayin mai mulkin, irin wadannan mutane nada don wani lokaci a lokacin da za su iya bin doka biya bukata adadin. Idan mai bashi akan bai dace a wannan lokacin, sa'an nan ya aka aika zuwa na musamman bãshin ta kurkuku. Wadannan fursunonin da aka dauka a kowace rana a kan titi a gaban Chancellery da kuma azabtar doke sandunansu a kan shins.

The Orthodox coci

A Moscow da XVII karni, akwai wata babbar lamba na majami'u da cewa ya ce Adam Oleary. Bishops a kowace shekara qaddamar da gina sabon majami'u. Oleary kidaya a Rasha babban birnin kasar, 4000 firistocin a total yawan game da 200 mutane dubu. Ruhbãnãwa haƙĩƙa sunã tafiya a cikin birni a wani dogon baki dasu ba, a saman da suke guda launi dasu ba. Sauran m halayen su ne hoods (bonnets), da sandunansu.

Domin ya zama firist, wani mutum yana zuwa da za a bokan, cewa shi ne, auku jarrabawa da kuma shawo Hukumar cewa shi ne iya karanta, rubuta da kuma raira waƙa. A Muscovite sufaye da yawa ne ya fi a kasashen Turai. Wannan aka lura da Adam Olearius. Moscow bishops ya kula da yawa gidajen lama cewa ba kawai a Moscow amma kuma warwatse ko'ina cikin kasar waje da biranen. Jamus a cikin littafinsa ya jaddada cewa, Rasha firistoci a bayansa da daga Byzantine Orthodox Church, da kuma wani ɓangare na da umarni saba wa Katolika hadisai. Alal misali, firistoci zai iya aure da kuma tãyar da yara, yayin da a yamma don fara wata iyali ba shi yiwuwa. Jariri aka yi masa baftisma nan da nan bayan haihuwa. Kuma wannan ne yake aikata ba kawai ga limaman su a cikin iyalansu, amma kuma duk da commoners. Irin wannan gaggãwa baftisma ya zama dole saboda sharudda cewa, dukan mutane, ana haifuwarsu ne a cikin zunubi, kuma amma a tsarkakewa al'ada iya ajiye yaro daga gurbacewa.

Bishops tafiya zuwa Moscow a cikin na musamman sledges, an rufe shi da baki kyalle. A cewar Adam Oleary, wannan kai jaddada matsayi na musamman occupant. A kadan daga baya, riga a karkashin Aleksei Mikhailovich bayyana kocin, wanda ya fara amfani da biyun nan da metropolitans. Idan dukan mutanen da sarki ya yi sujada kamar yadda ya zama abin bautãwa, da kuma monarch kansa ya zuwa tsananin madawwama ta dukan ayyukan hajji na Church, kuma a cikin wannan ya kasance ba daban-daban daga bayinsa. Rasha XVII karni hankali bi kalanda. Kowane Lahadi celebratory sabis a Haikali, har ma da sarki ba zai iya tafiya can, ko a cikin coci tare da rufe kansa.

Volga

A Nizhny Novgorod, da XVII karni rayu Rasha, Tatars da kuma Jamus. Haka ne, ya gabashin birnin inda Lutheran Church, kuma sun iya yardar kaina addininsu. Lokacin da Adam Oleary isa can, da Jamus al'umma kunshi wani ɗari mutane. Baƙi samu to Nizhny Novgorod domin dalilai daban-daban. Wasu da aka tsunduma a zamanin] aular, wasu sun jami'an soja, wasu farauta distillery.

A Nizhny Novgorod jiragen ruwa isa daga ko'ina cikin Volga. A cewar Adam Oleary, wadannan motocin amfani da "Cheremis Tatars" (watau, Mari), wanda ya rayu saukar da Volga. Bajamushe masanin kimiyya bar su m muqala. Cheremis, zo daga dama banki na Volga, kira upland. Suka zauna a bukkoki sauki, ya ci abinci daji game, da zuma, da kuma saboda dabba husbandry.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin littafin Olearius gida mazauni kira "predatory, mayaudari, sihiri mutane." Lalle ne ya haifa saukar a kan takarda wadanda jita-jita, wanda suka shahara tsakanin Rasha Volga commoners suke tsõron Cheremisses. Irin wannan notoriety ne saboda gaskiyar cewa da yawa daga gare su, da kuma a cikin XVII karni sun Majusawa.

A karshe shekaru na Adam Oleary

Oleary mafi ransa ciyar a Schleswig. Ya rayu a cikin kotu da Duke, shi ne wata lissafi da leburare. A 1651 ya aka samu izini da overriding da aikin - halittar Gottorp duniya. A lokacin da ya faru ya kasance babbar a duniya (da diamita kai mita uku). Frame, load-hali Tsarin da shirye-shirye da aka yi a karkashin shugabanci na Oleary shekaru da dama. Frederick III na, ya zama Mafarin aikin, bai rayu har zuwa bude na duniya. Ya aka gabatar wa jama'a wadannan da Duke Kirista Albrecht.

Globe yana da wani ciki rami a cikin abin da aka sanya a teburin da benci for 12 persons. Tafi ciki za ka iya ta cikin dari. A kan m gefen Duniya taswirar da aka amfani. Tu a planetarium tare da taurari. The zane ya na musamman. Biyu cards iya lokaci guda juya. Karkashin Bitrus I duniya da aka bayar da ta Rasha. Ya aka sa a cikin Kunstkammer kuma ƙone a wuta a 1747. Daga cikin al'ajibi na aikin injiniya da kuma geospatial tunani kawai su ci gaba da kofa, wanda a wancan lokaci aka adana a cikin cellar. Daga baya an halitta kwafin na asali model.

Bugu da kari ga littattafai game da Rasha da kuma duniya-planetarium Adam Oleary mutane da yawa sauran manufofi. Ya rubuta litattafan, fassara almarar, kuma ko da ya yi rubutun na Persian kamus. Amma ya fi shahara masanin kimiyya ne daidai saboda tafiya zuwa gabas, da kuma bayanin kula game da Rasha. Adam Oleary mutu a 1671.