Acetylcholine ne mai neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine: fasali, shirye-shirye, dukiya

передатчик нервного возбуждения в ЦНС, окончаниях парасимпатических нервов и вегетативных ганглиях. Acetylcholine - a jijiya watsawa a cikin CNS zumudi, da parasympathetic jijiya endings da autonomic ganglia. Ya aikata ayyuka mafi muhimmanci a cikin matakan rayuwa. Ayyuka kamar su amino acid, histamine, dopamine, serotonin, adrenaline. Acetylcholine ana daukarta daya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin tashar motsi a cikin kwakwalwa. Yi la'akari da wannan abu a cikin daki-daki.

Janar bayani

Harshen firam ɗin, wanda wanda aka sauya matsakaici acetylcholine, an kira cholinergic. Bugu da kari, akwai abubuwa na musamman waɗanda suke hulɗar su. An kira su holinoretseptorami. Wadannan abubuwa sune kwayoyin sunadaran gina jiki - nucleoproteins. отличаются тетрамерной структурой. Acetylcholine rabe bambanta tetrameric tsarin. An gano su a kan ƙananan ƙwayar plasma (postsynaptic) membrane. Wadannan kwayoyin sune bambanci a yanayi.

A cikin gwajin gwaji da kuma dalilai na kiwon lafiya, ana amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi "Acetylcholine chloride", wanda aka gabatar a cikin wani bayani don injections. Wasu magungunan da suka danganci wannan abu ba su samuwa. Akwai maganganu don miyagun ƙwayoyi: "Myohol", "Acekolin", "Cytacholine".

Ƙayyade na sunadaran choline

Wasu kwayoyin suna samuwa a cikin yankin jijiyoyin ƙwayar cuta. Yana da wani yanki na tsokoki mai haske, zukatansu, gland. An kira su masu karɓar sakonnin m-cholinergic - muscarinic-sensitive. Sauran sunadarai sun kasance a yankin yankunan ganglionic synapses da kuma cikin tsarin neuromuscular somatic. Ana kiran su n-holinoretseptorami - nicotine.

Bayanai

The sama rarrabuwa ne saboda bayani dalla-dalla halayen da suka faru a lokacin da wadannan mu'amala biochemical tsarin da acetylcholine. , в свою очередь, объясняет причины некоторых процессов. Wannan, bi da bi, ya bayyana dalilin wasu matakai. Alal misali, ƙwanƙwasa motsa jiki, ƙarar daɗaɗɗa na ƙwayoyi, salivary da sauran glandes, bradycardia, raguwa da ɗalibai, da dai sauransu, lokacin da yake shafi musgunawa masu kula da kwayoyin muscarinic da rage karfin skeletal, da dai sauransu, lokacin da aka nuna su da kwayoyin ƙwayoyin nicotine. A lokaci guda kwanan nan, masana kimiyya sun fara rarraba m-holinoretseptory zuwa subgroups. Rahoton da kuma ganowa na kwayoyin m1 da m2 sun kasance mafi yawan binciken yau.

Musamman na tasiri

не избирательный элемент системы. Acetylcholine - wannan ba wani kashi na zaben tsarin. A mataki ɗaya ko wani, yana rinjayar duka m- da n-kwayoyin. Muskarinopodobnoe sha'awa ne tasiri cewa exerts acetylcholine. воздействие проявляется в замедлении сердечного ритма, расширении кровеносных сосудов (периферических), активизации перистальтики кишечника и желудка, сокращении мышц матки, бронхов, мочевого, желчного пузыря, интенсификации секреции бронхиальных, потовых, пищеварительных желез, миозе. Wannan sakamako bayyana kanta a inda hakan da zuciya rate, dilation na jini (na gefe), kunnawa da hanji motility da ciki, igiyar ciki tsoka, bronchus, mafitsara, gall mafitsara, da intensification na Bronchial secretions, gumi, narkewa kamar gland, myositis.

Raguwa da dalibi

Madauwari Iris tsoka innervated da postganglionic zaruruwa a cikin oculomotor jijiyoyi, yana farawa lokaci guda tare da karfi da rage ciliate. A wannan yanayin, akwai shakatawa na zinn ligament. A sakamakon haka ne spasm na masauki. Harkokin ƙananan dalibi, wanda ke hade da tasirin acetylcholine, yawanci yana tare da raguwar matsa lamba mai intraocular. Wannan tasiri ya rabu ne saboda fadada membrane a cikin kwalkwali na kwalkwali da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a sararin samaniya da labarun iris. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen inganta saurin ruwa daga yanayin ciki na ciki.

на основе других подобных ему веществ используются при лечении глаукомы. Tare da ikon rage intraocular matsa lamba a matsayin acetylcholine, formulations dangane da sauran irin wannan abubuwa amfani da magani daga glaucoma. Wadannan sun hada da, musamman, sun hada da anticholinesterase jamiái, cholinomimetics.

Malin sunadaran sunadaran Nicotin

обуславливается его участием в процессе передачи сигналов с преганглионарных нервных волокон на постганглионарные, находящиеся в вегетативных узлах, и с двигательных окончаний на поперечнополосатые мышцы. Nikotinopodobnoe mataki na acetylcholine sa da ya sa hannu a kan aiwatar da siginar transduction daga preganglionic jijiya zaruruwa postganglionarnae da suke a cikin vegetative nodes da kuma mota endings a kan striated tsoka. A cikin ƙananan allurai, abu yana aiki ne kamar yadda yake watsawa na motsa jiki. , то может развиться стойкая деполяризация в районе синапсов. Idan acetylcholine ne ta ƙara, kuma zai iya ci gaba m depolarization na synapses a yankin. Har ila yau, akwai yiwuwar hana shigowar motsi.

CNS

играет роль передатчика сигналов в различных мозговых отделах. Acetylcholine a cikin jiki abubuwa a matsayin alama watsawa a sassa daban daban na kwakwalwa. A cikin ƙaramin taro, zai iya sauƙaƙe, kuma a cikin babban taro - jinkirta fassara fassarar synaptic. Canje-canje a cikin cin gashin abubuwa na abubuwa zasu iya taimakawa ga ci gaban kwakwalwar kwakwalwa. психотропной группы. Antagonists, wanda contrasted tare da acetylcholine - psychotropic kwayoyi kungiyar. Tare da farfadowa da su, akwai yiwuwar cin zarafin ayyuka mafi girma (sakamako na hallucinogenic, da dai sauransu).

Harshen acetylcholine

Yana faruwa a cikin cytoplasm a cikin nasu endings. Kasuwancin kwayoyin halitta suna samuwa a cikin magungunan ƙwararru a cikin nau'i na kumfa. Abin da ya faru na wani mataki m take kaiwa zuwa saki acetylcholine daga dama da ɗari "capsules" a cikin synaptic kogon. Abinda aka fitar daga vesicles ya danganta ga membrane postsynaptic tare da wasu kwayoyi. Wannan yana ƙaruwa da permeability ga sodium, alli da potassium ions. A sakamakon haka, akwai matukar farin ciki mai yiwuwa. Hakanan acetylcholine an iyakance shi ne ta hanyar samar da ruwa tare da haɗuwa da enzyme acetylchol esterase.

Physiology na kwayoyin Nicotinic

Daftarin bayanin farko an karfafa shi ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin lantarki. Mai karɓa na nicotinic yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya rubuta rikodin wucewa ta hanyar wata hanya. A cikin jihohin sararin samaniya, K + da Na +, ƙananan nau'in cations zasu iya wuce ta. Ana nuna haɓakar tashar tashar a cikin darajar lokaci. Yawancin sararin budewa, duk da haka, halayya ne wanda ya dogara da matakan lantarki mai amfani da mai karɓa. A lokaci guda kuma, an dakatar da wannan lokacin a yayin da ake canzawa daga lalatawar membrane zuwa hyperpolarization. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wani sabon abu na desensetization. Yana faruwa ne tare da amfani da acetylcholine da sauran masu tayar da hankali, wanda ya rage karfin mai karɓar mai karɓa kuma yana ƙara tsawon lokaci na sararin samaniya.

Harkokin Kayan lantarki

Dihydro-β-erythroidin yana kaddamar da masu karɓa na nicotinic na kwakwalwa da kuma ganglia na jijiya lokacin da suka nuna amsa mai kyau. Har ila yau, suna da alaƙa da dangantaka mai zurfi tare da nicotine mai suna tritium-labeled. Mai karɓa na masu amfani da αBGT a cikin hippocampus suna nuna rashin sauƙi na acetylcholine, wanda ya bambanta da abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwan da ba su da karfi. Na farko zaɓaɓɓe mai tsaurin ra'ayi shine methylikaconitin.

Ƙwararrun anabeese guda ɗaya suna haifar da tasiri a kunne a kan ƙungiyar mai karɓar αBGT. Halin haɗin tashar tashar su yana da yawa. Wadannan masu karɓa suna bambanta da siffofi na musamman na volt. Salon salula a halin yanzu tare da haɓaka halaye na lalacewa na e. Mai yiwuwa yana nuna ragewa a cikin sakin ions ta hanyar tashoshi.

Wannan samfurin an tsara shi ta hanyar abun ciki na Mg2 + a cikin bayani. Wannan rukuni ya bambanta daga masu karɓar tsoffin ƙwayoyin tsoka. A karshen kada sha wani canje-canje a cikin ion halin yanzu don daidaita dabi'u na membrane m. Bugu da ƙari, mai karɓan N-methyl-D-aspartate, wanda yana da cikakkun zumunta ga abubuwan Ca2 +, yana nuna hoton da ba a bi ba. Lokacin da ake kara yiwuwar yin amfani da halayen hyperpolarizing kuma abun ciki na ions Mg2 + yana ƙaruwa, an katange gas ɗin yanzu.

Fasali na kwayoyin muscarinic

M-holinoretseptory na cikin kundin serpentine. Suna gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar G-sunadarai. An gano rukuni na masu karɓan muscarinic saboda ikon su na ɗaukar alkalan muscarin. A kaikaice, waɗannan kwayoyin sun bayyana a farkon karni na 20 lokacin nazarin ilimin curare. Nazarin kai tsaye na wannan rukunin ya fara a cikin 20-30 na. Shekaru ɗaya bayan ganewa na fili acetylcholine a matsayin mai neurotransmitter wanda ke ba da motsin jiki zuwa ga synapses neuromuscular. M-sunadarai sun kunna ta hanyar rinjayar muscarin kuma an hana su ta hanyar atropine, ana amfani da kwayoyin-n-kwayoyin ta hanyar aikin nicotine kuma an rufe su ta curare.

Bayan lokaci, an saukar da adadin ƙananan subtypes a cikin ƙungiyoyin masu karɓa. A cikin synapses neuromuscular akwai kawai kwayoyin nicotinic. Ana samun masu karɓa na Muscarinic a cikin kwayoyin glandular da kwayoyin halitta, da kuma - tare da masu karɓa na n-cholinergic - a cikin neurons na tsarin tsakiya na tsakiya da kuma ganglia mai juyayi.

Ayyuka

Muscarinic masu karɓa suna da dukkanin ƙwayoyin abubuwa daban-daban. Da farko, suna cikin 'yan bindigogi masu zaman kansu da kuma ƙananan filayen da suka bar su, sun kai ga gabobin da aka kera. Wannan yana nuna haɗin masu karɓa a cikin fassarar da gyaran nauyin sifofin ɓarna. Wadannan sun haɗa da, misali, ƙuntatawa na tsokoki mai tsada, gyaran jiki, ƙarar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, raguwar ƙwayar zuciya. Hakanan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na tsakiya, wanda ya ƙunshi cikin ciki da kuma muscarinic synapses, an fi mayar da hankali ne a cikin cakuda na cizon sauro, da hippocampus, da kwayar tsuntsaye, da striatum. A wasu wurare, ana samunsu a ƙananan yawa. Babban magungunan tsakiya na tsakiya ya shafi tsarin barci, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, horo, da hankali.