A wadda kasa bayyana wasar kwaikwayo ta waka? A tarihin m Genre

Opera, rawa, wasan kwaikwayo na kida haka kahu sosai a rayuwar mu, cewa mu fara jin kamar yadda idan suka yi wanzu. Amma wannan ba shine al'amarin ba. Wasu m nau'o'i ne in mun gwada sabon ga duniya al'ada. A wannan labarin, za mu duba a wanda kasar da kuma lokacin da akwai wasar kwaikwayo ta waka. The sosai kalma yana da Latin asalinsu. The kalmar "opus" na nufin "aikin", "aikin", "aikin". Kamar yadda wani m Genre ƙirƙira da Florentines, da samfurin ya zama sananne a Italian - operas. Lokacin da aka fara yin wannan halitta, kuma da wanda kunnuwa da shi da aka yi nufi? Wanda shi ne marubucin na farko a duniya na wasan kwaikwayo? Karanta game da shi a kasa.

Academy da Camerata

A cikin Renaissance mamaye craze tsoho al'adu. A ƙoƙari "raya" tsoho al'adunmu da aka mai suna dukan tarihi epoch. Special sikelin wannan bege ga tsufa ya kai "haifuwa" na da zarar mai girma Roman Empire, a Italiya. A cikin goma sha biyar da kuma na sha shida ƙarni ko'ina fara bayyana abin da ake kira Academy - al'adu da kuma kimiyya al'ummomi, abin da suke gaba daya free daga rinjayar da Church. Zai ze, abin da ya aikata da bayanai gabatar sama da tambaya daga wanda kasa bayyana wasar kwaikwayo ta waka? A mafi kai tsaye. A Jami'an kasida, mawaƙa, masana kimiyya da kuma kawai arziki da kuma ilimi mutane tsunduma a abin da ake kira wadanda mutane art. Kuma Opera, kamar yadda muka sani, ya ba ta kasance mai kama da Benedictine ɗakin sujada ko coci oratory. Al'adu kulake (Academy da Camerata) ta dauki nauyin da wadanda mutane shugabanni da kuma m patrons. Babban manufar al'umma shi ne ci gaba da kuma gabatarwa da Al'adu da Kimiyya.

Florentine Camerata

A Italiya a cikin marigayi karni na sha shida, akwai game da dubu daga wadannan kwalejojin. Florence ya fi sa'a a sauran garuruwa. Duk da shugabanni na wannan jamhuriyar dauke shi su wajibi don kare m mutane da suka kariminci ba da. Saboda haka, a Florence taru talanti cikin Italy. A 1580 Dzhovanni Bardi, waɗanda suke ɗauke da lakabi na Count da aminci, da aka ta Mafarin na Camerata. Kuma yanzu cikin da'irar ne kai tsaye related to da kasa, a cikinsa akwai wasar kwaikwayo ta waka, saboda ta nufi shi ne "Tarurrukan na zamanin d music." Kamar yadda songs da karin waƙa na zamanin d Roma, babu memba na Florentine Camerata ya tabbata ba. Amma mambobi ne na al'adu al'umma sun masana kimiyya da kuma m mutane: Jacopo Peri, Cristofano Malvezzi, Girolami Mei, Ottavio Rinuccini, Petro Strotstsi, Dzhulio Kachchini, Jacopo Korea da falakin uba, duniya-mashahuri Vincenzo Galilei.

A wadda kasar ya bayyana wasan kwaikwayo a music da kuma yadda aka kira?

Composers, kasance wani ɓangare na Camerata na Florence, zo ga ƙarshe cewa a zamanin d Roma, tsoho wasan kwaikwayo ayyana ga music. Jacopo Peri tsanani yanke shawarar rayar da manta art. A sakamakon haka, wannan hasken ta bayyana monody - wani sabon irin solo mai tsarkakewa, yin a wani free launi da sauki bi da. Shi ne halittar mawaki - da kirkiro na salo - kira wasan kwaikwayo ta musica (drama ta hanyar music). Saboda haka, da muka riga ya san abin da kasa da wasan kwaikwayo na farko ya bayyana. Kuma abin da aka kira? Kuma a lõkacin da aka rubuta? Its hada Yakopo Peri a 1598. Amma, abin takaici, da farko taba a tarihin wasan kwaikwayo, a yanzu ba shi yiwuwa a saurare. Score wannan samfurin, da rashin alheri, ya ba tsira. Mun dai san cewa shi aka kira "Daphne".

A wadda kasa bayyana opera №2?

Amma inda akwai suke dashi ci farko? Sa'an nan, a Florence. Kuma Mun sanya shi wannan marubucin, Jacopo Peri. Amma wannan lokaci tare da haɗin gwiwar libretistom Ottavio Rinuccini. A wannan wasar kwaikwayo ta waka, da mambobi ne na Florentine Camerata gabatar a music kuma solo singing mythological labarin na Orpheus da Eurydice. Wannan aikin kunshi cikin "Aryan", karanta recitative zuwa bi da wani gungu na bakwai kida. Opera "Euridice" da aka rajista halitta. Yana da aka rubuta a cikin wani gagarumin taron - da aure da Marii Medichi Florence 'yan qasar da Faransa sarki Henry IV. A wasar kwaikwayo ta waka da aka gabatar a wani bikin aure jam'iyyar a fādar Pitti shida Oktoba 1600. Af, a lokaci guda akwai wani yanki na music da wannan sunan, kuma a kan wannan batu. Marubucin na opera "Euridice" shi ne memba na Florentine Camerata Dzhulio Kachchini.

The rabo daga cikin m Genre

"A wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar music" da gaske ya zuwa music masoya rai. Kuma da wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin wani salo suka fara samar hanzari. A farko halittawa zauna Italian composers. Amma sannu a hankali da wasar kwaikwayo ta waka "tako" ta cikin Alps da ta fara babban rabo Maris ta hanyar Turai. A kowace kasa, da ta samu na kasa halaye.

A Jamus, Italiya so aka maye gurbinsu da m pathos. Faransa opera mafi lyrical. Don fayyace wannan tambaya ga abin da kasar ta bayyana wasar kwaikwayo ta waka, bari tunani game da abin da ya aikata aiki na wannan salo na farko ya bayyana a Rasha. An sani cewa a cikin 1730s a fadar kotu saurari da mawaƙa suka aikata arias. Amma duk wadannan ba 'yan kasashen waje, yafi daga Italiya. A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na sha takwas, akwai wani fashion ga zaman kansa sinimomi, wanda da nagartattu suka serfs. A farko kwaikwayo, da libretto aka rubuta a Rasha, an dauke su m comedy da arias "Miller - maƙaryaci, mai sihiri ne, kuma mai Matchmaker" mawaki Mikhail Sokolovsky rubutu A. O. Ablesimova (1779).