A tsarin da chromosomes - mai zafi topic na bincike da shekaru da dama masu zuwa.

A ranar, da kwayoyin halaye na kwayoyin ne batu na gudanar da bincike na masana kimiyyar-masana kimiyya a duniya, ba su da cikakken karatu. Kowace rana sabon da ban sha'awa facts. Tare da ingantattun fasaha, da kuma hanyoyin bincikar kayayyakin zamani, duk da masana kimiyya shiga da zurfi cikin asiran na chromosomal tsarin, karatu ta kwayoyin da supramolecular tsarin.

Yau, duk da haka, 'yan adam ya samu da yawa a cikin nazarin halittar jini da kuma ilimin. Kowane sha'awar mutum, bude wani littafi, iya karatu da tsarin da chromosomes, sifa da aiki a vivo. Game da shi, kuma magana. By irin tsarin da chromosome kasu kashi:

• telotsentrichnye,
• akrotsentrichnye,
• submetacentic,
• metatsentrichnye.

Telotsentrichnye ne sanda-siffa da kuma dauke da wani centromere, wanda yake fãra daga biyu zaren. Akrotsentrichnye ma da sanda-kamar tsarin, amma daya "hannu" na kananan, kusan imperceptible. (Hanya - wani ɓangare na chromosome, wanda ya zo a cikin gefe daya daga cikin centromere). Submetatsenrichnoe tsari ne mai chromosome tare da dogon ko short makamai. Kuma zuwa metatsentrichnomu tsarin irin su V-dimbin yawa chromosomes, wanda daidai ne da tsawon da kafadu.

Chromosomes bezyadernyh kwayoyin, ciki har da ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin
A chromosomes na kowane kwayoyin zalla mutum. A tsarin da chromosomes na ƙwayoyin cuta, cututtuka da kuma wasu jinsunan algae ne mafi sauki. A kwayan chromosome aka hada da tsirara biyu-stranded jigidar halittar DNA irin wadda za ta iya zama mikakke ko annular. A tsarin da chromosome na'ura ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban daga kwayan DNA din. Alal misali, tsawon da jigidar halittar DNA da cutar dabam daga daya zuwa daya da ɗari micrometers, a jigidar halittar DNA kwayoyin kai wani tsawon na biyu dubu micrometers. Tsaga, watau kira na kwayoyin wata na biyu (kwafi) ƙwayoyin cuta na chromosomes fara daga daya farawa kuma ke tare da dukan tsawon, kuma a cikin kwayoyin da ta ke a duka kwatance daga masomin, inda biyu cokula masu yatsotsi raba DNA kafa. Chromosome cutar dauke da RNA ne guda kwayoyin na RNA a cikin wani nau'i na thread, ko da yake a cikinsu akwai kuma dvuhnitchatye kwayoyin. A girman da chromosome ne da yawa karami fiye da wadanda dauke da DNA.

Chromosomes nukiliya kwayoyin
A tsarin da chromosomes na wani eukaryotic cell ciwon tsakiya, an dauki daya daga cikin mafi wuya. Ya dogara ne a kan mikakke jigidar halittar DNA ne na babba tsawon, wanda zai iya zama har zuwa 5 cm! Irin wannan misalin ne za a iya samu ta hanyar nazarin tsarin da mutum chromosomes. Bayan da jigidar halittar DNA dauki kashi chromosome qware sunadaran - histones. Akwai biyar: H1, H2A, H3, H4 - ne babban sunadaran. Bayan su kwayoyin qunshi negistonnye sunadaran. A tsarin da eukaryotic chromosomes ne sosai wuya da kuma daukan nau'i na beads.

Akwai da dama iri chromosomes, waxanda suke da ƙasa da na kowa. Wadannan sun hada da giant chromosome polytene chromosome da chromosome lampbrush.

• Giant chromosomes bambanta a babbar masu girma dabam. Su za a iya samu a wasu matakai na cell sake zagayowar - da tsawon rayuwa tsakanin cell rarrabuwa. An same su a cikin sel wasu kwari larvae, kazalika da vertabrate da kwaro.

• Polytene chromosomes ne mahara yaro zaren cewa mika daga iyaye a babban adadin, amma shi ba ya magance sauka a wani m hanya, da kuma hada a cikin guda karkace. Su suna kunshe a cikin sel na ciki gabobin da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, misali, a cikin hanji sel da kitsen jiki, salivary gland, trachea. Polytene chromosomes kuma za a iya samu a cikin tasoshin da larvae na biyu-winged kwari.

• Chromosomes lampbrush - wata katuwar chromosomes, fiye polytene, wanda ake samu a oocytes (kwai Kwayoyin) na vertabrate. Structure lampbrush chromosomes siffofi da wani babban yawan daban-daban size da kuma tsawon na gefen shafuka, a kan wanda RNA kira faruwa.

Kamar yadda ka gani, mai yawa iri chromosomes. Kuma a duk kwayoyin ne daban-daban. Kuma mafi ban sha'awa abu ne cewa, inji wannan kwayoyin tsarin ne har yanzu ba karatu har zuwa karshen. A tsarin da chromosomes, da lambar, tsarin da ta take hakkin take kaiwa zuwa maye gurbi na kwayoyin - duk da wannan sigar bude topic jini.