A matakin farko na ci gaba da rayuwa a duniya

Kimiyyar yanayin halitta an tsara su don taimakawa 'yan Adam su san yadda kanmu da duniya kewaye da mu kuma, ba shakka, to gano yadda za a duniya tamu samo asali rayuwa a dukan siffofin da manifestations. Ba tare da faruwa a cikin ka'idodin addini na halitta daga cikin mafi girma na ruhaniya da karfi - Allah, za mu yi nazarin jarrabawa daga cikin asalin rayuwa al'amarin, wanda aiki da ilmin halitta. Babban matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya za ta taimaka mana ya bayyana matsalar da ta asalin kuma bayyanuwar a duniya.

Misali masana kimiyya game da ci gaba da namun daji,

Idan muka tattaro dukkan jinsunan kwayoyin, duka biyu na zamani da kuma dadaddun, ka samu wani astronomical lambar - biliyan daya jinsin. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa masana kimiyya, da suka rayu a zamani dabam dabam, ya nema ya gane da babban matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya, manyan zuwa fitowan da irin wadannan masu rai, kazalika da samuwar na zamani hotuna yanayi. Founder na taxonomy Karl Linney a cikin 18th karni bisa ka'idojin wannan kimiyya "rayuwa daga mai rai," wanda jãyayya da cewa rayuwa na iya kawai tashi daga pre-data kasance abu mai rai. Linnaeus ba da damar ko da ambato na da ake kira kwatsam kwayoyin. Jamus halitta Ernest Haeckal farko da shawarar da ra'ayin wani monophyletic - asalin duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta daga rai guda m. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck kuma kare da ra'ayin na unicellular kakanninmu form, da ya faru na abin da ya faru a farkon matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya. Taƙaita dukan sama, ana iya jãyayya da cewa data kasance kimiyya a kan jarrabawa da asalin rayuwa suna kasu biyu kungiyoyin. Farko - abiogenic, shi ya hada ra'ayoyin game da samuwar rai al'amari daga matattun halitta (Alexander Oparin, Haldane, D., S. Miller). Sauran - biogenic, ya hada da ra'ayin bayyanar halittu masu rai kawai ta nasu irin (Virchow, Linnaeus, Darwin).

Ko primary kwayoyin da na kowa kakanninmu fom

A farko matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya, da kuma shi abiotic (sinadaran), sa'an nan da lokaci na bayyanar biopolymers (sunadaran da nucleic acid) ya kira prebiological da kuma, a karshe, mataki na nazarin halittu juyin halitta (samuwar farko guda-celled kwayoyin). Suka garwaya da mai suna biopoeza. Wasu masu bincike (misali, D. Bernal, S. Miller) samarwa da ra'ayin progenote - m, daga abin da archaea, eubacteria, nucleated Kwayoyin. Wasu masu bincike yi imani da cewa eukaryotes tashi ba daga progenote, kuma su ne sakamakon symbiosis, ko kafa a sakamakon canje-canje a cikin m membrane protobionts. Ka yi la'akari da wannan jarrabawa a more daki-daki.

A cikin jarrabawa na Oparin - Haldane

Daga cikin da yawa kimiyya versions, kokarin bayyana sabon abu, da aka sani zuwa kimiyya a matsayin pre-nazarin halittu mataki na ci gaba da rayuwa duniya, Popular jarrabawa coacervate saukad. An tsara ta Rasha masanin kimiyya A. I. Oparinym. Similar ra'ayoyi aka bayyana ta Birtaniya bincike D. Haldane. Masana kimiyya ideas resonated tare da dogon-sani a ilmin halitta bane kwatsam ƙarni na rayuwa.

Jigon da jarrabawa na coacervates

Academician Oparin nuna cewa kungiyar na da kwayoyin hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi, sakamakon daga cikin sunadarai mataki matakai iya ƙirƙirar isasshe m fata. Saboda haka, da suka da aka rabu da dadaddiyar kwanon miya - ruwa yanayi na wani tsoho teku. Wadannan kungiyoyin na kwayoyin masanin kimiyya kira coacervates. Sun kasance sũ ne m da m zama, ci gaba da sharing na primary bayani. Domin da muhimmanci sosai, bisa ga Oparin, da kaddarorin coacervates bi da su ikon girma da kuma fragmentation (haifuwa). D. Haldane, dõgara a kan irin abubuwan da Miller-Juri, wanda aka gwaje samu hadaddun kwayoyin abubuwa daga cakuda methane, ammonia, hydrogen, kuma carbon dioxide. Yana kunshi amino acid kwayoyin da sauki sugars. Wannan ya haddasa yiwuwar raba Tsarin - probiontov.

A cewar Oparin, da Haldane, da farko matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya, manyan ga samuwar farko gidaje - progenitor Kwayoyin, bayar da dalilin da kara aiwatar da juyin halitta na rai al'amari. Ya kamata a lura cewa ga gwaje-gwajen da masana kimiyya sun samu nasarar abunda aka kwaikwaya da yiwu yanayin da zai kasance a cikin sararin sama da teku a cikin primary, wato high zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba, ionizing radiation da lantarki jini.

Probionty da dũkiyõyinsu

A farkon matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya - da Hadean, Archean sa'an nan, alama da miƙa mulki daga kai-shirya coacervates (probiontov) da primary rai Kwayoyin. Ya aka yi yiwu ta musamman Properties probiontov: da ikon samar membranes ware, yiwuwar daga cikin sauki siffofin haifuwa, asali musayar tare da waje yanayi tsari. Kai shirya nucleoprotein kwayoyin, sakamakon daga cikin sunadarai mataki, bayar a probiontov bayyanuwar mafi muhimmanci Properties na rai al'amari - ikon canja wurin kayyade bayani.

Halaye na farko rayayyun kwayoyin halitta

Na dogon lokaci (game da biliyan 3.5 da suka wuce) aka kafa sediments a wanda ya bi sawun kwayoyin rayuwa da aka samu. Sun kasance sũ ne a cikin nau'i na cyanobacteria da calcareous bawo sharan mureinovyh kwayan cell ganuwar. Geochemical yanayi a cikin lithosphere Archean zamanin ne kullum canja, don haka da farko al'ummar yanayin kasa prokaryotes daidaita da wa su da jari na da yawa phenotypic bambance-bambancen karatu. Photosynthesis ne da za'ayi ta blue-kore algae (cyanobacteria), ya bayar da wani gagarumin canji a cikin gas abun da ke ciki na yanayin kasa na Duniya, domin kyale kara fitarwa halittu na cikin ruwa mazauninsu a kan ƙasar. Aiki na farko prokaryotic kwayoyin, kuma sun kasance mafi yawa sulfur da na baƙin ƙarfe kwayoyin cuta, sa a cikin samuwar ba kawai na laka, amma kamar yadda man fetur da kuma iskar gas.

Me ya sa aka sanya yiwu fitowan eukaryotic Kwayoyin

Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, da photosynthetic aiki na kore, da shunayya, sulfur kwayoyin da na baƙin ƙarfe kwayoyin da gudummawar da samuwar garkuwa da lemar sararin samaniya Layer da zargin aerobic eukaryotic Kwayoyin. A wasu kalmomin, na farko 3 matakai na rayuwa na duniya ya kai ga samuwar biocenosis dauke da unicellular da kwayar eukaryotic kwayoyin. Mai masana kimiyya ayan yi imani da cewa su bayyanar faru game da miliyan 600 da suka wuce. Da farko nukiliya kwayoyin da aka wakilta guda-celled flagellate siffofin. A sakamakon da bambanta rarrabuwar na su zo na farko shuke-shuke - algae da protozoa da fungi. An ban sha'awa ra'ayin wasu masu bincike cewa prokaryotes ne wani juyin matattu-karshen, domin ba su canza sosai a farkon matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya. Biology buga biyu dalilai na rashin juyin ci gaban da ba makaman nukiliya kwayoyin.

A farko daga gare su ya shafi rashin iyawa na prokaryotic Kwayoyin don inganta kungiyar da kuma bambantawa. Dalili na biyu - wuya m hereditary abu prokaryotes ƙaddamar kawai madauwari jigidar halittar DNA, ya kira wani plasmid.

Symbiosis, wanda ya kai ga juyin juya halin Musulunci canje-canje a cikin yanayi

Bayyanar nucleated Kwayoyin a tsarar masana kimiyya ya bayyana a matsayin symbiogenesis - ka'idar samarwa da A. Shimperom. Tun da samuwar tantanin halitta tsakiya, a gaban wanda shine babban siffa na eukaryotes, kazalika da samuwar mitochondria da chloroplast ya yiwu ne da canji na wasu aerobic kwayoyin. Infiltrating a primary cell da kwayoyin abu raba membrane, kwayoyin cutar suna aiki ta metabolism da rundunar cell. A sakamakon haka, sun yi hasãrar da damar don m zama a waje da tantanin halitta kuma ya fara ta m wasu gabbansa. Abin lura ne da suke cewa ya yi bayani bayyanar chloroplast. Ba za ka iya manta da cewa asalin wadannan da wasu gabbansa tabbatar sabon abu autotrophic abinci mai gina jiki da kuma photosynthesis. Wadannan A. Shimperom irin sanannun Rasha kimiyya a matsayin KS Merezhkovsky, BM Kozo-Polyansky da sauransu kusantar da hankali ga wani rukuni na photosynthetic kwayoyin iya symbiosis da heterotrophic Kwayoyin. Da zarar a cikin cytoplasm, sun fili assimilated da salon salula metabolism da kuma aiki kamar yadda karfe wasu gabbansa, daga baya ya kira chloroplast. Kansu heterotrophic Kwayoyin mutate cikin guda-celled kore algae, zama na farko autotrophic eukaryotes.

Biogeocoenoses Vendian

Saboda haka, Gwamuwar dama iri ba-nukiliya kwayoyin - kwayoyin - zai iya kai ga samuwar wani sabon rai tsarin - da eukaryotic cell. Ci gaba da karatu farkon matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya, bari mu Vendian Proterozoic shekaru, wanda ya maye gurbin da Archean. A cikin ruwa yanayi, - babban shimfiɗar jariri, da rayuwa a duniya, na farko biogeocoenoses kafa. Furodusa sun kasance photosynthetic kwayoyin cuta da kuma unicellular da kuma mulkin mallaka kore algae.

Suka ware oxygen, hada kwayoyin abubuwa amfani da heterotrophic kwayoyin: unicellular protozoa da kwayar siffofin: coelenterates da trilobites. Vendian lokaci ƙare a farkon matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya. Eram da kuma tsawon wadannan da shi, ya yi karin tafiyar matakai na ci gaba da rayuwa yanayi, duk bisa kan kwayoyin bambancin da zabin.