A abin da lake ya Ice? Battle a kan Ice: kwanan wata, description, abin tunawa

A sanannen fim Sergeya Eyzenshteyna ne wani episode tare da wani hankãka dutse. A cewar tsoho hadisin, ya tashi daga ruwan tafkin a lokacin da hadari ga Rasha ƙasar, taimaka wa fasa makiya. Don haka shi ne a 1242. Wannan kwanan bayyana a dukkan gida tarihi kafofin, ana inextricably nasaba da yakin da Ice.

Ba mu da gangan accentuate da hankali a kan wannan dutsen. Bayan duk, shi daidaitacce tarihi suka har yanzu kokarin gane abin da ya faru Lake Ice. A gaskiya, da yawa kwararru da suka yi aiki tare da tarihi archives, har yanzu ba su san inda a gaskiya kakanninmu suka yi yaƙi da Teutonic Knights.

The hukuma ra'ayi riko da cewa yaƙin ya faru a kan kankara na Lake Chud. Yau, shi ne kaɗai ya sani cewa yakin ya faru a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu. Shekara Battle a kan Ice - 1242 daga farkon da mu zamanin. A tarihin Novgorod da Livonian Chronicle a general babu daya matching da bayani: dabam da kuma yawan sojojin da hannu a yakin, da kuma adadin matattu da kuma rauni.

Ko da cikakken bayani game da abin da ya faru ba mu sani. Yana kai da mu ne kawai da bayanai da cewa an yi nasara a kan Lake Peipsi, da kuma cewa da yawa gurbata, modified form. Wannan shi ne a stark bambanci ga hukuma version, amma karfi muryoyin daga waɗanda masana kimiyya suka nace a kan wani cikakken sikelin rami da kuma sake Siyasa bincike a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. All su so su san ba kawai game da abin da ya faru a cikin abin da lake da Ice, amma kuma don gano duk cikakkun bayanai na taron.

Official bayanin da yaƙi ci gaba

Hamayya ƙulla hadu da safe. Ya a 1242, Lake Chud bai zo zuwa ga haske kankara. Sojojin Rasha kasance mai yawa shooters wanda da saƙon zo a gaba, shan brunt na Jamus hari. Ka lura da yadda cewa yayi magana Livonian Chronicle: "Tallata 'yan'uwa (Teutonic Knights) sun cika wasu' yan bindiga ... yawa matattu a garesu fadi a kan ciyawa (!)."

Saboda haka, "Tarihi" da kuma rubutun Novgorod a wannan lokaci gaba daya converge. Lalle ne, kafin Rasha sojojin tsaya a detachment haske shooters. Kamar yadda ya juya daga cikin Jamusawa a kan su sad da kwarewa, shi ne tarko. "Tã" shafi na Jamus dakaru kutsa cikin sahu na ɗauka da sauƙi dauke da makamai da sojoji, ya tafi a kan. Ba mu kawai rubuta da farko kalmar a quotes. Me ya sa? Wannan misali a kasa.

Rasha mobile sassa sauri kewaye da Jamus daga sãshinansu da bãyayyakinsu, sa'an nan ya fara kai su ga hallaka. Jamusawa gudu, suka bi sawun su rundunar Novgorod kusan mil bakwai ne. Abin lura shi ne cewa ko da a wannan lokacin, akwai bambance-bambance a cikin daban-daban kafofin. Idan muka bayyana da Ice A takaice, a cikin wannan yanayin, da episode kiwata wasu tambayoyi.

Muhimmancin lashe

Saboda haka, mafi yawan shaidu bai ce wani abu game da "sunk" Knights. Part na Jamus sojojin da aka kewaye. Mutane da yawa Knights aka dauka fursuna. A ka'ida, shi ya ruwaito 400 matattu Jamus, tare da wasu hamsin mutane da aka dauka fursuna. Tschudi guda, bisa ga tarihi, "fadi ba tare da lambar." Wannan duk Ice a taƙaice.

Oda painfully gane hasãra. A wannan shekara tare da Novgorod zaman lafiya da aka kammala, da Jamus gaba daya watsi da nasarar da ba kawai a Rasha amma kuma a Letgole. full musayar fursunonin da aka ma ya yi. Duk da haka, da Teutons kokarin sake kwato Pskov bayan da dozin shekaru. Saboda haka, shekara da Battle na Ice ya zama muhimmiyar rana, saboda shi yarda da gwamnatin Rasha don kwantar da wasu daga cikin warlike makwabta.

Game da kowa camfin

Ko da a cikin tarihin gidajen tarihi na Pskov yankin ne sosai m game da tartsatsi zargin "m" na Jamus Knights. Ostensibly sabõda m makamai da suka kusan a lokaci daya nutsar a cikin ruwan tafkin. Wasu masu tarihi da rare babbar sha'awa watsa shirye-shirye da cewa Jamus a su makamai auna "sau uku fiye da" talakawan Rasha warrior.

Wannan kawai daya daga talakawa fasaha a makamai na zamanin ka amincewa ce da kariya sojoji daga bangarorin biyu sun kasance game da daidaita.

Armor ba ga kowa da kowa!

Gaskiyar cewa m makaman da za a iya samu a ko'ina a cikin miniatures Battle a kan Ice a cikin littattafan tarihi, ya bayyana ne kawai a cikin XIV-XV ƙarni. A XIII karni warriors sa wani karfe kwalkwali, sarkar mail ko farantin makamai (Malkisadik sun tsada sosai, kuma m), kuma wata gabar jiki sa bracers da leggings. Yana auna duk ashirin kilo a mafi. A mafi yawan na Jamus da kuma Rasha sojoji da babu irin wannan kariya a duk.

A karshe, yawa nufi a cikin irin wannan dauke da makamai dakaru a kan kankara ya ba bisa manufa. Suka yi yaƙi-duk a kan kafar, ji tsoro don kai farmaki da sojojin doki ya ba dole ba. Saboda haka me ya sa kai da damar sake, da barin a kan Afrilu bakin ciki kankara a wani adadin na baƙin ƙarfe?

Amma da makaranta da aka binciko Ice Class 4, amma saboda babu daya kawai ba ya shiga cikin irin wannan bayani.

Ruwa ko ƙasa?

Bisa ga kullum yarda Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa sanya balaguro karkashin Tarayyar Soviet Academy of Sciences (darektan CARA), wurin da yaƙi aka dauke su wani karamin yanki na Dumi Lake (part of Peipsi), wanda aka located a nesa na mita 400 daga cikin na zamani Cape Sigovets.

Kusan rabin karni ba daya shakka sakamakon wadannan karatu. Gaskiyar ita ce, yayin da masana kimiyya sun yi da gaske babban aiki na nazarin ba kawai tarihi kafofin, amma kuma hydrology da kuma binciken kasa na yankin. Kamar yadda ya bayyana da marubuci Vladimir Potresov, wanda yake kai tsaye takara a wannan balaguro, mu gudanar ya halicci "dukan hangen nesa daga cikin matsala." Saboda haka a kan abin da lake ya Ice?

A nan, da fitarwa na kowa - Peipsi. Yaƙi kuwa ya yi, da kuma shi ya faru wani wuri a cikin wadanda wuraren, kawai ga definition na ainihin wurin har akwai matsala.

Abin da masu bincike samu?

Da farko, su ake sake karanta labarinsa. Yana ce cewa kisan da aka "a kan Uzmeni da Voroneya dutse." Tunanin cewa ka gaya abokinka yadda za a samu zuwa tasha, ta amfani da m sharuddan da ku, kuma da shi. Idan wannan retell da mazauna wasu yankunan, ya iya fahimta ba. Mun kasance a cikin wannan wuri. Abin da wani Uzmen? Mene ne Raven Rock? Inda ya duka wannan a duk?

Tun daga nan, bayan da fiye da bakwai da ƙarni. A kogin canza ta gado da kuma a kasa lokaci! Saboda haka abin da aka bar babu abin daga real yanayin tsarawa. Idan muka ɗauka cewa yaƙi, a ko ta wani hanya da gaske ya faru a kan kankara surface na lake, sa'an nan nemi wani abu zama ma fi wuya.

Jamus version

Ganin wahala da suka Soviet abokan aiki, a 30s a rukuni na Jamusawa masana kimiyya su yi gaggãwa zuwa bayyana cewa Rasha ... ƙirƙira yakin da Ice! Alexander Nevsky, suka ce, kawai halitta kansa da image na lashe domin ba mafi nauyi zuwa ga Figures a kan siyasa scene. Wannan shi ne kawai wani episode na yaki da kuma ya gaya wa tsohon Jamus tarihin, don haka da cewa yaƙin ainihi.

Shin Rasha masana kimiyya sun real fi'ili fadace-fadace! Kowane mutum na kokarin samun wani wuri cewa ya faru a cikin tsohon zamanin da yaƙi. All aka kira "haka" ƙasar yankin ne a yamma, a gabashin tudu da lake. Wani jãyayya da cewa yaƙin ya faru a duk in da tsakiyar ɓangare na tafki. Tare da cara dutse kullum yana da matsala: da shi ya dauki shi duwãtsu na kananan pebbles a kan kasa na lake, sa'an nan wani ya gan shi a cikin kowane leji dutse a kan ruwan. Shawarwari da aka mai yawa, shi ke kawai shi ne ba cigaban a duk.

A shekara ta 1955, duk da lafiya na shi, da kuma tafi a kan tafiya da cewa wannan balaguro. A gaba na Lake Peipsi sun archaeologists, masana ilimin harsuna, geologists da kuma hydrography, kwararru a Slavic da kuma Jamus yaruka na lokacin, cartographers. All mamaki inda ya yakin da Ice. Alexander Nevsky ya nan, shi ne a san tabbata, cewa da kawai inda dakarun hadu maƙiyi?

A cikakken zubar da masana kimiyya da aka bai wa 'yan jiragen tare da teams da gogaggen iri iri. Yana yi aiki a kan gaba na Lake da yawa masu goyon baya, dalibai daga gida tarihi al'ummu. Saboda haka abin da ya bincike Peipus? Nevsky ya nan tare da sojoji?

Crow dutse

Na dogon lokaci a cikin yanayi na cikin gida da masana kimiyya view shi ne cewa Crow ta dutse - da key ga dukkan asirai na Ice. Kokarinsa da aka bai musamman muhimmancin. A karshe an gano. Sai ya juya daga cewa shi ne quite wani babban dutse leji a kan yammacin tip na tsibirin Gorodets. Domin bakwai ƙarni, ba ma m dutse ya kusan gama halakãsu da iskõki da ruwa.

A gindin Raven dutse archaeologists sauri samu ragowar Rasha sintiri kufaifan cewa katange wurare da Novgorod da Pskov. To, waɗanda wuraren Sahaban sun gaske saba saboda su muhimmanci.

sabon saba wa juna

Wannan ke kawai locating irin wannan muhimmanci alama a zamanin da ba ya nufin kafa da wurin da Battle of Lake Peipsi. A akasin wannan, da ya kwarara ne ko da yaushe da karfi da cewa kankara kamar yadda irin wannan babu a cikin manufa. Shirya a nan Rasha yaƙi da Jamus, za a hallaka up kome da kome, ko da makamai. Tarihin, kamar yadda ya saba a wannan lokaci, kawai dole Crow ta dutse a matsayin mafi kusa alama, wanda ya bayyane daga wurin yaƙi.

version of events

Idan muka koma ga bayanin irin aukuwa, wanda aka ba a farkon wannan labarin, sa'an nan ku yiwuwa ka tuna da magana "... mutane da yawa matattu a garesu fadi a kan ciyawa." Hakika, "ciyawa" a wannan yanayin zai iya zama wani kari na nuna gaskiyar na fall, mutuwa. Amma a yau, fiye da mafi masana tarihi ne karkata zuwa imani da cewa search for archaeological shaida na cewa yaƙi ya zama kawai a kan ruwan.

Bugu da kari, a kasa na Peipsi har yanzu bai dace da wani makamai. Babu Rasha kuma Teutonic. Hakika, makamai, kamar yadda irin wannan, bisa manufa, shi kuwa yana da kananan (mun riga ya yi magana game da mafi tsada), amma a kalla wani abu ya zauna! Musamman idan ka yi la'akari da yadda da yawa iri iri nutse aka sanya.

Saboda haka, zai iya zama quite a tursasawa ƙarasawa da cewa, kankara a karkashin nauyi na Jamus, wanda shi ne ba ma daban-daban daga makamai na mu sojoji, ba saba. Bugu da kari, gaban makamai, ko da a kan lake kasa da wuya wani abu ya tabbatar for tabbata bukatar karin archaeological shaida, kamar yadda iyaka wata gaba ya faru a cikin wadanda wuraren duk lokaci.

A general sharuddan, ya bayyana sarai a kan abin da ya faru Lake Ice. Tambayar da inda daidai ya sarayya, har yanzu damu game da gida da kuma kasashen waje masana tarihi.

Monument landmark yaƙi

A abin tunawa a daraja na wannan gagarumin bikin da aka aiwatar a shekarar 1993. An located a birnin Pskov, aka kafa a kan wani dutse Sokoliha. Daga cikin ka'idojin wurin yaƙi tunawa cire fiye da dari kilomita. Wannan stele aka sadaukar domin "sintiri Aleksandra Nevskogo." Kudi da aka tattara a ta hannu da shuni, shi ya wuce yarda da wuya a wadannan shekaru. Kuma saboda wannan abin tunawa ne har yanzu mai girma darajar ga tarihin kasarmu.

m magana

A sosai farko jumla muka ambata film Sergeya Eyzenshteyna, wanda ya dauki baya a 1938. Yana kira da fim "Alexander Nevsky". Wannan ke kawai la'akari da wannan mai girma (daga wani m ra'ayi) film a matsayin tarihi amfanin kawai ba shi daraja. Maganar banza, kuma a fili ƙarya facts akwai kyauta mai yawa.