Zhan Pol Marat: a takaice biography

Jarida da kuma memba na Yarjejeniyar Zhan Pol Marat kasance daya daga cikin mafi shahara da kuma basu baye Figures na Faransa juyin juya halin. Ya jaridar "Abokina daga Mutãnen" shi ne mafi muhimmanci bazawa na ta zamanin. Marat, babu shakka, ya mai mulkin zukatan da kuma sanya da yawa makiya. M zamanin lõma da aka sani publicist - ya da wuka, mutuwa ta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi goyon bayan da makiya jam'iyyar.

likita aiki

A nan gaba neman sauyi Zhan Pol Marat aka haife May 24, 1743 a cikin Swiss garin Boudry. Mahaifinsa kuwa sanannen likita da zai kyautata makomar aiki na yaron. Zhan Pol aka bar kyawawan farkon ba tare da iyaye, kuma ya kasance wani saurayi da a gudanar da wani cikakken zaman kanta rayuwa. Ya kiyaye canza wurin zama da kuma hanyar da na albashi.

Ten shekaru Zhan Pol Marat an tsãge tsakanin Holland da kuma Ingila. Ya kasance mai aikatawa likita da kuma marubuci. A 1775, ya zama wani likita na magani gwani a Jami'ar Edinburgh. Bugu da kari, Marat shekaru takwas yi aiki a matsayin likita a kotu na Comte d'Artois - nan gaba, Sarkin Faransa, Charles X.

Fara na jarida da

Domin shekaru 30 da marubuci ya zama quite sanannun a fagen falsafa da bayyane jãyayya da Voltaire. Ya buga ba kawai kimiyya takardunku a kan Physiology da magani, amma kuma ya zama interested in zamantakewa batutuwa. A 1774, daga alkalami na Marat sun "sarƙoƙi na kangin" - daya daga cikin mafi bikin da kuma rare wasu 'yan takardu na zamaninsa. Marubuci corresponded zuwa ruhun lokaci - a Yammacin Turai, da kuma musamman a Faransa, girma antimonarchist yanayi. Da wannan bango, wani publicist tare da m Shelar akai-akai buga da jijiya da haƙuri da al'umma a hankali ya zama sananne.

Zhan Pol Marat ya kafa kansa a matsayin muhimman hakkokin sharhi na absolutism. Kashi Turai gwamnatocin ya dauke azzaluman da kuma kunã kangẽwa, da ci gaban al'umma. Marat ba kawai azaba da daular mulkinsu, shi yayi nazari a cikin daki-daki cikin tarihi juyin halitta na absolutism da kuma siffofin. A cikin "Chains bauta" shi a matsayin madadin ga m yanayin yayi wani sabon tsarin da jama'a tare da daidaita tattalin arziki da siyasa 'yancin. Ya ra'ayin egalitarianism lissafta m rare sa'an nan elitism.

A sukar lamiri na haihuwa domin

A ra'ayi Zhan Pol Marat yawa furuci da nuna jin goyon bayan Rousseau. A daidai wannan lokaci da dalibi ya iya ci gaba da wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin da malaminsa. Prominently a cikin aikin na gabascin tsunduma a cikin binciken da na gwagwarmaya tsakanin tsohon mulkin gargajiya aristocracy da bourgeoisie, shi ne wani mai goyon bayan masu sassaucin ra'ayi ideas. Abin lura da muhimmancin wannan kishi, Marat jaddada cewa wani tsanani hatsari ga kwanciyar hankali a Turai ne abotar tsakanin masu arziki da matalauta. Yana da yake a zaman rashin daidaito Yanã shigar da marubuci ga girma rikicin.

Marat ya kullum m husũma pro-matalauta, da manoma, da kuma ma'aikata. An domin wannan dalilin shi ya zama haka hutawa adadi daga leftist jam'iyyun. Shekaru masu yawa daga baya wannan juyin juya halin Musulunci za a ɗaukaka a cikin Tarayyar Soviet - sunansa za a kira tituna, da biography zai zama batun da yawa monographs.

"Abokina daga Mutãnen"

A 1789, lokacin da fara juyin juya halin a kasar Faransa, Marat dauki up nasa jaridar "Aboki na Mutane." Publicist kuma kafin m, kuma a cikin m kwana na jama'a aiki, ya zama wani adadi na gaske babban rabbai. Marat fara kira kansa "aboki na mutane". A cikin takarda, ya soki gwamnati domin duk su missteps da kuma aikata laifuka. A littafin ya kullum a karkashin gwamnatin matsa lamba. Amma a duk lokacin da ta je kotu, Marat (guda processor) sarrafa su samu tafi da shi. Ya jarida ya wildly mashahuri a cikin ma'aikata da kuma tausayin bourgeoisie na Paris.

By bazawa daidai addabi matsayin daular mulkinsu tare da sarauta iyali, kuma dukan ministocin tare da mambobin majalisar dokoki. "Abokina daga Mutãnen" ya zama daya daga cikin muhimman dalilan da fadi da yaduwar m neman sauyi jin zuciya a Faransa babban birnin kasar. Jaridar kasance haka rare cewa akwai ko da karya wallafe cewa yunkurin raunana ta, ko kuma amfani da ta jama'a hankali.

Ƙaura, da kuma mayar

Tare da kowane watan aiki jarida more kuma mafi maƙiya ne a saya da wani Zhan Pol Marat. Brief biography na neman sauyi misali ne na kullum boye da kuma boye mutum. Ya kauce masa ba kawai hukumomi amma kuma daban-daban yan ta'adda ƙoƙari a kan ransa. A tsawo na juyin juya hali, kamar yadda labule fadi a 1791, Marat ko da hijira zuwa Ingila.

Duk da haka, a London, 'yar jarida ya m - ya yi amfani da zama a cikin m abubuwa. Bayan wata gajeruwar rashin rare publicist koma zuwa Paris. Shi ne a cikin Afrilu 1792. Fermentation dade amma a 'yan shekaru na yakin tashin hankali canje-canje sun gaza wajen inganta halin da ake ciki na discontented yawan jama'a.

A ci gaba da ra'ayoyi

Mutane da yawa mahalarta na Great Faransa juyin juya halin, kullum canza ra'ayoyinsu. Na yi ba togiya, kuma Zhan Pol Marat. Brief bayanin irin juyin da ya gaskata da shi ne. A mataki na farko na juyin juya halin Marat bayar da shawarar da adana daga cikin daular mulkinsu a wata iyaka hanyar da waste daga majalisar dokokin. Bugu da kari, shi ne raini ga ra'ayin wani Republican tsarin. A watan Yuli 1791, da Sarkin kokarin tserewa, farkon wata da tausaya, kuma daya daga cikin zanga-zangar, ko da harbe. Bayan wannan episode, edita na "Abokina daga Mutãnen" ya shiga cikin magoya bayan na kifar da Bourbons.

Lokacin da Louis aka kama domin wani ƙoƙari na gudu cikin ƙasar, Marat saɓa wa so na talakawa a magance da monarch ba tare da fitina. lambatu m kokari domin kare ra'ayin da bukatar cika da dukkan shari'a yarjejeniya a kimantawa laifi sarki. Marat ya iya tasiri da yarjejeniyar, kuma Ya tabbatar da shi tada tambaya na azãba, a yi-kira zaben. 387 na 721 wakilai, sun a cikin ni'imar da kisan Louis.

Yaki da Girondins

Tun da aka kafa, da Yarjejeniyar da aka bukatar irin wannan fice jawabai kamar Zhan Pol Marat. Photos a cikin waɗancan kwanaki ba a can, amma daya ne kawai hotuna da kuma jaridar Clippings nuna a fili yadda ya ya iya kama hankalin jama'a. Kwarjini da manufofin nuna wani hali. Daga cikin dukkan juyin juya halin Musulunci jam'iyyun Marat zaba da kuma goyan bayan da Montagnards, daga wanda aka zabe ta a Convention. Da abokan adawar Girondins an hõre kullum zargi na da 'yar jarida.

Marat maƙiyi ko da gudanar da su sa shi a kan fitina ga cewa Yarjejeniyar ya zama mazaunin counter-juyin juya halin. Duk da haka, mataimakin ya iya amfani da jama'a fitina a matsayin dandali da kuma tabbatar da nasu laifi. Girondins yi imani da cewa star Marat ne game da karshe sunsets. Duk da haka, a watan Afrilu 1793, bayan da ya lashe kotu, da cewa, a maimakon haka, ya yi wani babban rabo koma Convent. Unsinkable da koina wa Sahaban da aka Zhan Pol Marat. A takaice, idan ba wanda bai kai ba mutuwa, rekõdinsa ya zai zama quite daban-daban.

The shugaban na Jacobins

A cikin watan Yuni 1793 a request na fushi Parisians Yarjejeniyar wakilai, fitar daga cikin Girondins. Ikon a wasu lokaci ya wuce zuwa Jacobins, ko kuma wajen, uku na shugabannin - Danton, Marat da Robespierre. Su gangarawa siyasa kulob din, wanda aka halin da m sadaukar da keta tsohon mulkin gargajiya da kuma monarchical domin.

A Jacobins sun magoya bayan ta'addanci, wanda suka daukarsa a zama dole wajen cimma siyasa a raga. A Paris, suka kuma aka sani da "Society of Friends na kundin tsarin mulki". A ganiya da shahararsa a lokacin Jacobin hada har zuwa 500,000 magoya bayan fadin kasar Faransa. Marat ya ba da kafa na wannan motsi, duk da haka, da bin shi da sauri ya zama daya daga cikin shugabannin.

kisan

Bayan babban rabo nasara a kan Girondins Marat ƙwarai raunana kiwon lafiya. Ya aka buga da m fata cuta. Magani bai taimaka, da kuma ko ta yaya 'yanci da wahala, da' yar jarida dauki wanka lokaci. Ya ba kawai rubuta a wannan wuri, amma ko da samu baƙi.

Yana da yake a irin wannan yanayi, 13 ga watan Yuli, 1793 zo zuwa Marat Sharlotta Korde. Abin baƙin ciki ya azabtar, ta kasance mai zafin taimako ga Girondists. Mace wuka raunana da kuma m neman sauyi. Wanka, inda ya kashe Zhan Pol Marat, wanda aka nuna a cikin sanannen zanen da Jacques Lui David (ya zanen "Mutuwa na Marat" ya zama daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan art sadaukar da m zamanin). Da farko jiki kayansa mãsu a jarida. Bayan wani canji na iko a 1795, an mayar da su talakawa hurumi. Ko ta wani hanya, amma da kisan Zhan Pol Marat ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan a cikin dukan Great Faransa juyin juya halin.