'Yar Rasha artist Paul Chelishchev: ilimin lissafi, kerawa

Pavel Fedorovich Chelishchev dan sanannen masani ne na Rasha wanda ya sami yabo a duk faɗin duniya. Wannan labarin ya ba da labari da kuma kwarewa, da kuma hoto na wasu ayyukansa.

Ba sauki a rubuta game da wannan mutumin ba. Masu ba da labari ba su yarda game da wasu abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwar Pavel Fedorovich da fassarorinsu ba, babu wani ra'ayi game da abubuwan gaskiya, kwanakin, kuma bambancin shine binciken aikinsa da kewaye, falsafar falsafa da addini, da kuma fassara fassararsa. Hakika, masu sukar fasaha suna da mahimmanci da kerawa da kuma tarihin babban dan wasan Rasha.

Asali da Yara na Chelishchev

Chelishchev Pavel Fedorovich an haife shi ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1898 a lardin Kaluga (ƙauyen Dubrovka). Mahaifinsa shi ne Fyodor Sergeevich Chelishchev, mai mallakar gida.

Mawallafin mai zuwa, a fili, ya girma yaro mai ban sha'awa, yaro. Yana da sha'awar fasaha a farkon lokacin: Firayimin fenti na 'yan uwansa uku, waɗanda aka yi a cikin samari, sun kiyaye ta daga Chelishchev. Fyodor Sergeyevich ta goyi bayan basirar fasaha da kuma sha'awar aikin ɗansa. Ya gayyaci malamai masu zaman kansu, wanda ya ba shi darussa a zane. Fedor Sergeevich ya rubuta mujallar "Duniya na Art." An kuma san cewa a cikin 1907 makarantar yara a Moscow ta sami darajar horar da Pavel Chelischev.

A sakamakon wannan duka, mai zane-zane na gaba ya dauki matukar sha'awar hanyoyi daban-daban na nuna kai tsaye. A wasu lokuta, kamar yadda mawallafan nazarin halittu suka shaida, yana da sha'awar ballet. Duk da haka, zane ya zama babban sha'awar. Ba wai kawai Makarantar Makarantar Yara ba a Moscow ta buɗe ƙofofinsa. A shekarar 1907, Chelishchev ya halarci kundin fasaha da ke aiki a Jami'ar Moscow.

Akwai wani labari da ke cewa cewa, Bulus ya yi aiki, wanda ya za'ayi a matsayin saurayi, ya taba nuna Konstantin Korovin tambayar Chelishchev dauki a dalibai. Duk da haka, ya ce Bulus ya riga ya zama masani, kuma ba shi da wani abu da zai koya masa.

Juyin juyin juya hali a cikin makomar Chelishchev

Rubutun Pavel Fyodorovich zai iya ci gaba, kamar yadda masu sha'awar sana'a masu fasaha, tare da bayani game da shiga MUZhVZ ko Kwalejin Arts, za su kasance cikin haɗuwa mai kyau, shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu fasaha. Duk da haka, juyin juya halin ya zo. A shekarun 1916-1918. Pavel Chelischev ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Moscow, amma a 1918 iyalinsa, bisa ga labari, an fitar da umarni daga Lenin daga Dubrovka. Ta koma Kiev, ta guje wa tsanantawa.

Rayuwa a Kiev

Pavel Fedorovich ya ci gaba da karatun sana'a a Kiev. A lokacin daga 1918 zuwa 1920 Chelishchev ya yi karatu a zane-zane na zane-zane, ya ɗauki darussan darussan daga Adolf Milman da Alexandra Exter, ya ziyarci Kwalejin Arts. A cikin Kiev, mai zane ya rubuta wuraren shimfidar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ya haifar da canvases a cikin salon Cubist. Bugu da ƙari, Chelishchev ya yi aiki don gidan wasan kwaikwayo KA Mardzhanashvili. A 1919 ya yi zane-zane na kayan ado da kayan ado ga "Geisha" na kamfanin Geisha a cikin aiki na I. Karil. Abin baƙin ciki shine, samar da wannan aikin bai faru ba. A cikin wannan shekara, mai zane ya shiga Army Volunteer, inda ya zama mai zane-zane.

Ƙaura zuwa Konstantinoful

Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga wata maƙalli, sai ya koma Odessa a 1920 (a nan Pavel Fedorovich wanda aka yi la'akari da aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai zane). Sauran bayanan sun nuna shaidar tafiyarsa zuwa Novorossiysk a wannan shekarar, daga inda aka yi zargin cewa ya yi hijira zuwa Constantinople tare da sojojin Denikin. Tabbatarwa tana samuwa ne kawai hujja ta ƙarshe: Chelishchev ya isa Constantinople a 1920.

A wannan birni ya kirkiro wasu kayan wasan kwaikwayo na Viktor Zimin da Boris Knyazev. A cikin ayyukan wannan lokacin, rinjayar Exter har yanzu yana da karfi. Tare da Knyazev a spring of 1921, Chelishchev ya koma Sofia. A nan ya tsara wani littafi mai suna "Fitowa zuwa Gabas: Gabatarwa da Ci Gaba: Maganar Eurasia," kuma ya rubuta wasu hotuna.

Lokacin rayuwa a Berlin

A cikin kamfanin Knyazev a cikin kaka na 1921 Chelishchev ya zauna a Berlin. A nan a cikin farkon shekarun 20 na karni na karshe akwai wasu 'yan wasan Rasha: KL Boguslavskaya, AP Archipenko, MZ Shagal, IA Puni, SI Sharshun, da sauransu. A wannan birni, Chelishchev Fara don zana zane-zane don yin umurni, har yanzu yana rayuwa da kuma shimfidar wurare. Bugu da ƙari, a matsayin mai zane-zanen wasan kwaikwayo, ya haɗi tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha (Romantic Theater), Königgärtserstrasse Theater, da Bluebird Cabaret. Chelishchev ya kirkiro filin wasan kwaikwayo na Berlin, wanda ya sa opera "The Golden Cockerel" na NA Rimsky-Korsakov.

Shekaru na Paris

Tare da ƙungiyar Boris Romanov, wanda ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha, a 1923 Chelishchev ya bar Berlin kuma ya tafi Paris. A nan ya ƙarshe ya yi aiki sosai a zane (kafin wannan zane-zane ya yi aiki sosai a cikin hotuna - littafin, wasan kwaikwayo, da dai sauransu). Rayuwar Chelishchev ta zama "kwandon daji" wanda Gertrude Stein ya yi, wanda ya saya shi. A cikin shekarun nan, marubucin yana da iko sosai a cikin sassan fasaha na Paris. A tsakaninsa da Chelishchev, abota ya fara. Gertrude ya bukaci Pavel Fedorovich, ya taimaka masa da kudi, kuma ya gabatar da shi a cikin gidansa, wadda kawai mafi kyawun masu fasaha da kuma sanannun wakilan sabon fasaha suka ziyarta.

Chelishchev ya sami sanarwa kuma ya zama mai mashahuriyar mashahuri. Tun daga shekara ta 1925 ya fara shiga cikin zane-zane na masu fasaha da aka gudanar a shekara. Musamman, Chelishchev ya shiga cikin Salon. A cikin gallery "Drouet" a 1926 shine farkon nuni na 'yan adam, wanda ya wakilci aikin Pavel.

Da kayan ado na ballet "Ode"

Chelishchev a Paris ya zama sananne ne a matsayin mai zane-zanen wasan kwaikwayo. A 1928, Pavel Fedorovich ya tsara ballet "Ode" don kamfanin S. Diaghilev. An buga wasan ne bisa ga tufafin Lomonosov. Sergei Lifar, babban dan wasan kwaikwayo, ya tuna cewa Diaghilev ya fara ba da umurni ga samar da wani daga kare shi, amma bai dace da lokaci ba, saboda haka ya jagoranci kansa a cikin halin rikice-rikice da kuma matsa lamba mai tsanani. Wasan wasa a karshen ya zama abin ƙyama, har ma ga al'ummar Parisiya, wadda ta bambanta ta hanyar sophistication ta musamman.

Haihuwar dabarun Chelishchev

A wancan lokacin, a cikin sarrafawa da haɗuwa da yanayin da ake ciki da kuma na gaskiya, an haifi Chelishchev kansa. Yawancin shekaru 20 a cikin aikinsa aka gudanar a karkashin alamar neo-romanticism (neogumanizma). Ya kirkiro wasu hotuna da yawa daga abokansa da kuma sanin sa. Abokin zane ya fara zama da sha'awar nuna mutum, ba bayyanarsa ba. Duk da haka, ana nuna hotunan Chelishchev daga cikin shekarun 1920 zuwa ga hanya mai mahimmanci. Yawancin lokaci, ra'ayi na rinjaye na cikin ciki, da kwaskwarimarsa a waje, an sake mayar da ita a matsayin ma'anar "anatomical" ko "neon". Suna nuna ainihin tsari na ciki na mutum.

Amincewa da Edith Sitwell da Charles G. Ford

A salon Gertrudy Stayn , Paul Chelischev hadu biyu mutanen da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rayuwarsa - Edith Sitwell (English mawãƙi) Charles da kuma Genri Forda (American marubuci da mawãƙi).

Ya sadu da Edith Chelishchev a shekarar 1928. Ta zama abokinsa na shekaru masu yawa. Bugu da ƙari, Sitwell ya zama sabon salo na Chelishchev a duniya. Ta shirya nune-nunen, ta tallafi da kuma tallafin kudi Pavel Fedorovich. A farkon shekarun 1930, wani masani da Charles Ford ya faru. A 1934, abokai suka bar Paris kuma sun tafi New York. Bayan wani lokaci sai suka koma Italiya. Sai kawai bayan mutuwar Pavel Chelischev (a 1957) dangantaka ta ƙare. Shaidar abokantaka tare da Edith Sitwell da Charles Ford suna da alamu da hotuna masu yawa. A hanya, bayan dan lokaci a cikin hotuna na zane-zane ya fara bayyana wani nau'in 'yar fim din Ruth Ford, Sister Charles.

New York lokacin

Ayyukan Chelishchev a New York sun yi girma sosai. Abokin zane ya fara aiki a sababbin sassan graphics - ya kirkiro abubuwan da aka tanada don mujallu na Vouge da View, da kuma alamar giya. Chelishchev ya fara yin aiki kyauta a cikin zanen, ba da tilasta kansa cikin tsarin wannan ko wannan salon ba. A wannan lokaci, zane-zane na ruhaniya, an halicce su a cikin hanya mai mahimmanci, tare da gefen "shimfidar wurare". Mai zane a cikin gwaje-gwaje na aikinsa tare da hotunan dabbobi, mutane, itatuwa, ganye, ciyawa, da sauran siffofin yanayi. Hotuna na daya daga cikin ayyukan wannan lokaci - "Yara" (1939) - an gabatar da shi a sama. A hanyar, farkon irin wadannan zane-zanen da aka cika da siffofin da ke da mahimmanci, Pavel Fedorovich ya sake rubutawa a shekarar 1920, kusan shekaru 10 kafin Breton, Dali, Magritte da kuma sauran masu kirkiro, wanda aka gane a yau.

"Metaphysical shugabannin"

A 1940, Chelishchev ya kirkiro jerin "manufofi na zane-zane" (ɗaya daga cikinsu an gabatar da su a sama). A cikin style of waɗannan ayyuka bar wata alama hikimar tantance art Pavel Filonov. Yawan mutane a cikin hotuna na Chelishchev suna haskakawa don ganin kullun, jiragen ruwa, da kwarangwal.

An yi imani da shi cewa a cikin waɗannan ayyukan mai zane ya yi ƙoƙari ya nuna ainihin mutum. Da "ainihin" mai zane ya fahimci makamashi. Da farko ya mayar da hankali kan siffar jijiyoyi da tasoshin, wanda, bisa ga Chelishchev, shine hanyoyin hanyar canja wutar lantarki. Bayan haka Pavel Chelischev ya daina nuna "hanyoyin". Ya fara rubuta makamashi kanta, wakilci a matsayin tsari na ƙananan siffofin, ovals da da'irori (daya daga cikin wadannan hotuna an gabatar da su a ƙasa).

Salon farko na nuni

A 1942 Pavel Chellishchev ya zama sananne a New York da kuma duk faɗin duniya, wanda hotuna sun riga sun san su sosai a lokacin. A lokacin, a 1942, an fara gabatar da shi na farko a MOMA, wanda babban nasara ne. A lokaci guda, aikin Chelishchev "Hide and Seek" (hoton da ke ƙasa) ya zama ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanen da aka fi sani a cikin gidan kayan tarihi, tare da aikin Guernica na Picasso.

"New Radiation"

Chelishchev a rayuwarsa sau da yawa yakan fuskanci rashin fahimta. Harshen da ya zana dan wasan kwaikwayon, ya kara nuna rashin jin dadinsa a cikin taro na magoya baya wanda ba zai iya raba ra'ayinsa da ra'ayoyi ba. Chelishchev a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 kusan ya ba da jama'a. Watakila, saboda wannan, zanensa ya ƙare ba da alama. Mai zane ya juya zuwa abstraction. Ya fara kirkirar siffofi mai siffar ƙira. Chelishchev yana so ya nuna hoton hasken haske a sararin samaniya. Wannan sifa za a kira shi da sabon sabon haske. Daya daga cikin misalan wannan zane-zanen shine "Apotheosis" na 1954. An gabatar da hoto na wannan aikin a kasa.

Shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwa. Chelishchev kabari

Bace Turai, a shekarar 1951, masanin ya tafi Italiya, a kan wani birane dake kusa da Roma a Frascati. A Italiya, Pavel Chelischev ya rayu shekaru da yawa. A wannan lokaci, zane-zane ya zama sananne a Turai. Abubuwa biyu masu nuni, da aka gudanar a birnin Paris, suna da babbar nasara. Pavel Chelischev ya mutu a 1957 a Frascati. Ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya, wanda aka dauka don ciwon huhu.

An binne Fiedorovich na farko a Frascati, a kan shirayi na gidan ibada na Orthodox. Daga bisani Alexander Zausailov, 'yar'uwarsa, ta sake kwashe tokar ma'adinan a cikin kabari na Pere Lachaise, a Faransa. Duk da haka, an fara kiyaye kabarin farko na Pavel Chelischev. A halin yanzu, an binne wa'adin mai zane a kabarin Pere Lachaise.

Gabatar da kerawa

Bayan mutuwar Pavel Fedorovich, Charles Ford da 'yar'uwarsa Ruth, mutanen da suka fi kusa da zane-zanen, sunyi iyakar abin da suka fi dacewa don ba kawai tallafawa aikinsa ba, har ma a kowane fanni suna inganta aikin Chelishchev. Sun shirya nune-nunen sau da dama, kuma sun nuna hotuna na Pavel Fedorovich don gabatarwa. A shekara ta 2010, an gudanar da ayyukan kwaikwayo a birnin New York, inda aka sayar da "Rut Ford" a kusan sau 5 fiye da kudin da aka saba. Wannan hoto shi ne aikin mafi tsada na Chelishchev, wanda aka sayar a kasuwa. Pavel Fedorovich inganta kerawa a kasar mu ta kasance wani mawãƙi a karshe shekaru 10 K. itatuwan al'ul, babbar-dan.