Uku Roma - wannan shi ne ... Me Moscow - da uku Roma?

ko da kalmomi ko tunani sukan tarihi Figures aka gurbata a cikin ni'imar da jam'iyyar ko akida? Dauki, misali, wata m Nietzsche ta magabacin mutumi rukunan Allah a cikin mu. Ta jagoranci Jamus da kuma duniya zuwa wata duniya yaki, kazalika da ra'ayin daidaici - ga War of Independence da gay girman kai farati. Rasha tarihi ne mai arziki a cikin irin Concepts: suka tashi duk lokacin da lokacin da al'umma ne a tsaka-tsaki. Daya daga cikin wadannan theories - da labari na uku Roma. Me Moscow - Uku Roma, yadda za a fahimci shi a yau, ko m m zaton cewa da maganarsa za ta yayata na ƙarni? Bari mu magana game da wannan a cikin labarin.

Ta yaya shi duka ya fara: harafin Philotheus

Long da suka wuce, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na farko na XVI karni., Pskov churchman Filofei rubuta jerin haruffa. A farko - wata ãyã daga cikin giciye - da ya ke jawabi ga Grand Prince Vasily, na biyu - da masu dabo - Irena, yarima ta confessor. Shi ne mai wasika na Gargaxi da hatsarori da lokaci: bokaye da Litattafansu da kuma muzhelozhtsev. A roko ga Gwamnan da ya kira da "mai kula da gadon sarauta na coci" da kuma "Sarkin duka Krista", Moscow namomin kaza "mulkin", wadda ta zo tare da dukan Kirista asashe, kafa a nan ruhaniya cibiyar na Orthodox - "romeyskoy mulkin", Roma. Kuma m: "Pali Roma na farko da na biyu; da na uku tsaye da kuma a karo na hudu zai faru ba. "

Shi ba a san ko shi Filofei kafa wannan ra'ayi. A cewar wasu rahotanni, Metropolitan Zosima haruffa dauke da ka'idar Uku Roma shekaru 30 kafin Pskov m. Kwatanta Jigon wannan Zosima Moscow kira "magaji na Konstantinoful." Don gane abin da ake nufi Rasha churchmen, shi wajibi ne, in tsunduma cikin tarihi na wannan lokaci.

A halin da ake ciki tarihi

A 1439 da sarki na Konstantinoful kammala tare da Roma Florentine Union, yarda da primacy na da Paparoma kuma tsare Orthodoxy kawai m bikin. Shi ne mai wuya zamani domin Byzantine Empire: Turkawan daular Usmaniyya ya tsaya a ƙofar, barazana ta 'yancin kai. Konstantinoful da aka fatan goyon baya daga kasashen yammacin sarakuna a yaki da invaders, amma taimako taba zo.

A 1453, babban birnin kasar fadi, da sarki da sarki aka kashe. Yana ãƙibar Eastern Roman Empire.

A matsayi na Rasha Orthodox Church

Up zuwa wannan lokaci da m mulkin Rasha gida coci da kuma sarakuna za su zuba kawai da sarki - vicar Allah a duniya - da kuma kawai a Konstantinoful, wannan mutum jiki na mulkin Kristi. A wannan yanayi, da Rasha sun dogara da gabashin makwabcin. The Grand Duke ya dade da'awar da sarauta take. A 1472, Ivan III ko da aure tare da Zoe (Sophia) Palaeologus, na karshe Byzantine sarki 'yar. Tare da shi, Ivan tsince gaggafa a matsayin wata alama ce da sabon jihar. Bisa ga ƙa'ida, ya aka mai suna zuwa kakanninmu ƙasashe - gādon matarsa.

Daga cikin ra'ayi na Rasha da limaman, jam'iyya mai cin amana da Orthodox Church, a tashi daga bangaskiya ta gaskiya. Empire biya domin shi da mamayewa na Musulmi. Romeyskoe mulki - Kristi patrimony, kuma tare da shi da dama na sarki, suka tafi kawai sauran tsattsauran Orthodoxy - Rasha Church. Ga yanzu tsaye Uku Roma - wannan duniya mulkin Allah a duniya.

A farko da na biyu Reams

A cewar Philotheus, da farko Roma - The Tsayayye ne daɗaɗɗe birni, wanda aka hallaka a cikin IX karni. makiyaya bayan rabuwar majami'u a yamma da kuma gabas. Latins ake mired a "karkatacciyar koyarwa Apolinarievoy" ya ci amanar akida na Almasihu. Romeyskoe mulki ya koma Konstantinoful.

Biyu Roma da tabbaci tsayu da XVI karni., Kuma sai aka halakar da Turkawan daular Usmaniyya a biya domin ruhaniya cin amana. A ƙarshe daga cikin Florentine Union aka riskarsa kamar karkatacciyar koyarwa, daga abin da Rasha Grand Duke, daga baya Sarki, ya tsare Rus.

Uku Roma - Moscow

Ko a cikin kalmomin Philotheus siyasa lissafi? Hakika, Mulkin Allah ya kamata da wani karfi tsakiyar iko da tasiri a cikin duniya fagen fama. Amma ba ya kula game da siyasa halin da ake ciki na Pskov m.

Bayan da Rasha Church ya gaji hakkokin da Byzantine Patriarchate, shi ne:

1. Zama m, Lardi bai yi sujada ga Konstantinoful, ya aka nada daga cikin gida da limaman, kuma ba daga Helenawa.
2. Rasha m ya iya aure yarima a kan gadon sarautar da kuma da'awar da kariya.

A ra'ayin na uku Roma da aka tabbatar, da marubucin na annabci littattafai - Tsohon Alkawari labaru na hudu mulkokin duniya da kuma rayayyun halittan nan huɗu. A farko - a arna - hallaka a cikin kwanaki na Misira, Assuriya, da kuma tsohon Turai. Na biyu mulki - Latin (Ancient Roma), a gaskiya na farko Kirista. da na uku - Rum. Fourth - da ƙasa - zama na karshe, kamar yadda zai halakar da Dujal da kansa da kuma bayyana cewa karshen duniya.

A saƙonni daga m ya fi tsoron Apocalypse fiye da girman kai a cikin Yunƙurin na Rasha Church. Idan Moscow ta durkushe da kuma fada, ba kawai Kiristanci - shi zai zama karshen bil'adama. Saboda haka sarkin, wanda Rasha Lardi shafa, kamata ya kare gaskiya bangaskiyar Musulmi kãfirai da karkatacciyar koyarwa, ciki har da Katolika.

Yadda za a yi da kalmar Philotheus a cikin al'umma?

Ya bambanta da pessimistic marubucin, Rasha da limaman sun gano tabbatacce gefen manufar: da girman kai da yawa. Uku Roma - wannan shi ne al'amudin dukan Kiristanci. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa har zuwa Nikon ta sake fasalin a cikin labarun da misalai a duk hanyoyi retold Monakhovo kalmomi:

1. Novgorod "The Tale na fari cowl" (1600) ya ce a zamanin da Konstantin Veliky ya Lardi Sylvester hula - wata alama ce high ecclesiastical daraja. Rasha churchman kunya da bai yarda da kyauta, amma relic ta hanyar Novgorod ya koma zuwa Moscow, inda shi da gaskiya ya dauki sabon m.
2. Misali na kambi na Monomakh: yadda za a Rasha ba na addini da wadanda ba na sarauta regalia, wanda wuce doka shafa na Allah - na farko Tsar Ivan da Munin.

Duk da cewa shi ne mai wuya lokaci daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe cikin wani hadade Rasha jihar, babu inda a cikin aikin hukuma takardun, manufar ta Uku Roma ba sauti. Yiwu a kan tushen da na sama, don kammala da cewa, ra'ayin da aka gaye daga cikin limaman, wanda ya kare 'yancin kai na Church, ta gata. A sosai dogon lokaci , wannan ka'idar da ba siyasa muhimmanci.

Uku Roma da kuma Nikon

The asali sauti Philotheus ya da zanga-zanga ba kawai a kan Musulmi, amma da karkatacciyar koyarwa. An fahimci matsayin kimiyya, da kuma wani sababbin abubuwa. Nikon garambawul ga daidaita da addini ayyukan hajji shi ma tashi daga hadisin. Nikon magoya bayan Habakkuk riskarsa kamar Dujal - dabba ta huɗu, wadda za ta halaka karshe romeyskoy mulkin.

Hukumance Philotheus littattafai, da kuma duk Legends da misalai, wanda aka kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ishãra zuwa ka'idar da Pskov m da aka dakatar saboda su tabbatar da halaccinta daga cikin Old Muminai 'dokoki. A dissenters sun riƙi wannan ra'ayin da shi zuwa Siberia da kuma m gidajen lama. Har yanzu, Conservatives yi imani da cewa Uku Roma - wannan shi ne wani tsohon OT Moscow coci cewa wanzu har suna raye - ta gaskiya, kuma amma wakilan.

Abin da ya faru na gaba?

Yana da jũna game da manufar ta Uku Roma da kuma Church ya manta, kuma da kasar nan katutu. Amma a cikin biyu da rabi na XIX karni aka bai wa shi wani sabon haihuwa. A dangane da kafa patriarchal Al'arshi a Rasha da kuma cewa Rasha mutane da matsananciyar bukata a unifying ra'ayin, Philotheus haruffa da aka buga. Sai ya zama akwai ka'idar: "Moscow - Uku Roma", jigon wanda ya canza kadan: wani ambaci karkatacciyar koyarwa aka cire, ya bar kawai wata kalma game da Musulmi.

Rasha Falsafa Vladimir Ikonnikov aka samarwa fassarar, Qarfafa na sarki pretensions da kuma akidarsa na Rasha: Moscow bayan faduwar Rum ya kama rightful wuri a cikin dangantakar kasa da kasa, shi ne - da mai ceto na Kristanci da kuma bil'adama, saboda "hudu Roma so ba." Wannan shi ne aikin tarihin, da manufa, a wannan hasashe, yana da hakkin ya kasance a duniya daular.

M canji ka'idar

Daga wannan lokacin ta Uku Roma kira Rasha a matsayin Bastion na bil'adama, riqon ta girma manufa. Musamman wajen karfafa ra'ayin da kokarin Slavophiles panslavinisty. Soloviev, misali, yi imani da cewa Rasha tana da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin daidaituwa na gabas da yamma, na duka Krista a karkashin laimar da Rasha Orthodox Church. Tarihi Ivan Kirillov rubuta cewa ka'idar Moscow kamar yadda ta Uku Roma, wannan ne Rasha ra'ayin na kasa kai-kafiya, kai-sani, wanda kasar rasa duk wannan lokaci. Orthodox ya kamata Kiristoci su ba kawai gama duk fraternal al'umma, amma kuma buga da Musulmi Ottoman Empire, cewa shi ba a kai hari na farko. A lokacin da kwato yaki a cikin Balkans ideas zama musamman shahara tsakanin mutane.

Tun daga nan na kalmar Philotheus karshe ya zama siyasa, ana ruhaniya da kuma ecclesial muhimmanci da aka fitar.

A Soviet sau,

A ka'idar da aka fassara a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban a lokacin da samuwar na Soviet jihar, amma tare da zuwan Stalin aka yi karatu, mu yi nazari da tarihin da Legends. An tabbatar da cewa manufar romeyskoy mulkokin da alaka ne kawai ga al'amuran ruhaniya.

Wannan shi ne m. Babban Soviet jihar bai bukatar da sauran theories, a Bugu da kari ga nasara kwaminisanci a ko'ina cikin duniya zuwa haduwa makwabta al'ummai. Kuma da addini da aka dakatar. Tatsũniyõyi ne na Pskov m har aka cire daga litattafan.

yau

Tarayyar Soviet rushe, da mutane ya juya zuwa ga Allah, kuma ya fara sake dubi da tarihi alamu a Rasha hanya. duk da bincike da kuma wallafe da aka tayar daga Philotheus zuwa Berdyaev da Solovyov, bayyana dalilin da ya sa Moscow - Uku Roma. A duk cikin littattafan tarihi a matsayin siyasa ka'idar tafi da cewa tun zamani sau nuna Rasha mutane a kan hanya na ci gaba. Nationalists sake magana game da Rasha manufa a cikin tarihin duniya.

Addini a yau ne rabu da mutane, duk da haka, na farko mutum a cikin kasar ne sau da yawa a cikin coci, ya gabatar Orthodoxy darussa a makarantu da kuma jami'o'i, su kasa kunne ga sarki, shan diplomasiyya mafita. Ta yaya za ka yi mamaki da cewa ra'ayi na uku Roma Yammacin siyasa masana kimiyya sau da yawa bayyana wurin da Rasha a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama!

Saboda haka Panslavism, Bolshevism, Soviet expansionism, Rasha na kasa ra'ayin, tafarkin gaskiya, da tarihi manufa - duk wannan ya bayyana manufar ta Uku Roma, ya bayyana m Filofeem a 1523-1524 shekaru. Ko malamin ya san cewa kalmomi zai sami mai fadi da aikace-aikace? Idan ka bincika mahallin na (cike da saƙonnin rikodi), da kuma tarihi halin da ake ciki, za mu iya ganin cewa, babban siyasa ya dafa a ka'idar akwai. Kawai wani addini, apocalyptic, tsoro ga 'yancin kai na coci da kuma ikon da Rasha Church. Duk da haka, domin da dama ƙarni Philotheus kalma tukuna damƙar maida su ba kome da waɗanda suka zai amfana daga daban-daban magani, da kuma samu wani ma'anar. Ta yaya ya kamata a yau fahimtar "Moscow - Uku Roma"? Kamar kowa a cikin tarihi ideas, kowane dole ne da kansa yanke shawara ko an dauke samfurin na lokaci, ko su bayyana ka'idar da zamani Jihar harkokin.