"The Prague hurumi" Umberto Eko: gaskiya ne da tatsuniyoyi

Da zarar a 1980 labari na asiri "The Name na Rose" da aka buga, da marubuci na Italian Umberto Eco, shahara a ko'ina cikin duniya. Daga baya, ya ta wallafa littattafai da dama, amma babu wani daga cikinsu kai shahararsa na "Name na Rose." Yana da jũna a cikin marubuci babu wani abu mafi mamaki magoya, amma bayan shekaru 30 a duniya ya girgiza sabon littafi - "The Prague hurumi". Umberto Eko aiki mai cike da ba kawai wani gungu na riddles, amma kuma gauraye a cikin mãkirci na taro na tarihin asali, kuma mutane. Saboda wannan, da yawa masu karatu rikita: abin da marubucin ne almarar, kuma a zahiri. Saboda haka, bari mu fahimta da intricacies na wannan littafi.

marubucin labari "The Prague hurumi" - Umberto Eco

Da farko wajibi ne a san kadan game da mahaliccin "The Prague hurumi". Wannan m mutumin da aka haife shi a Janairu 1932 a kananan Italian garin Alessandria, a cikin unguwannin Turin.

Yayin da mahaifin na iyali suka yi jihãdi a cikin yakin duniya na biyu, uwarsa da 12 yan'uwa maza da mata Eco koma wani kauye kusa da duwatsun Piedmont, inda marubucin ya ciyar da yara.

Sun Umberto sãɓã wa jũna m hankali da kuma kishin ilmi. Saboda haka mahaifina fatan cewa zai zama wani lauya. Amma wannan aiki ba roko ga saurayi, da kuma bayan makaranta, ya tafi zuwa karatu falsafa da kuma wallafe-wallafen na tsakiyar zamanai, a Jami'ar Turin.

A binciken da na tarihin rubutun d¯a da kuma su imitations a makarantar sakandare ya kai ga abin da ya zama disillusioned da addini, kuma ya kasance mai bautawa alloli ne Umberto Eko. "Manyan mukaman hurumi", "suna na Rose", "Baudolino" - duk wadannan da kuma sauran ayyukan marubucin slips caustic satire a kan ma'aikata na coci da kuma su hasashe.

Bayan samun digiri a 1954, tsunduma a digiri na biyu koyarwa ilmi da kuma ka'idar al'adu daban-daban a jami'o'i. Tare da koyarwa Eco buga kimiyya ayyuka, wanda ya yale shi ya zama daya daga cikin shahararrun masana kimiyya a cikin filin. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1980 ya yanke shawarar kokarin hannunsa a rubuce almarar. Saboda haka akwai labari "The Name na Rose", wanda ya kawo marubucin mafi shahara fiye da dukan monographs da articles.

Bayan da nasara a wasansa na farko na marubuci da aka gayyace mu lakca manyan jami'o'i na duniya, don haka abin da ya samu wani girmamawa likita na kimiyya a da yawa daga cikinsu.

Farga da cewa mutane na sha'awar karanta litattafan maimakon kimiyya tomes, marubucin ya rubuta musu lokaci zuwa lokaci ( "Foucault ta Pendulum", "A Island da rãnar Kafin", "Baudolino" da kuma "The Mai ɗaurin Flame na Sarauniya Loana"). Bayan da saki da samfurin, "The Prague hurumi" Umberto Eko ya ce ya na da wani shiri na rubuta more, amma ba su kiyaye maganarsa, da kuma a 2015 aka buga kuma ya latest labari "da lambar sifili".

Marubuci ya rasu a watan Fabrairu 2016 na pancreatic ciwon daji. Bugu da kari ga da yawa magoya aikinsa da kuma dalibai, ya bar 'ya'ya biyu. Sun haifi matarsa Eco - Renate Ramge, wadda ya aura a cikin 1961

The labari "The Prague hurumi" Umberto Eko: summary

A watan Maris 1897, Simonini Simon tana farkawa kuma ya gane cewa shan wahala daga memory lapses. Ambatar da shawara "likita 'yan'uwanmu, ba Austria, ba German" (a tunani Freud), ya yanke shawarar da ya oda duk tunanin. Duk da haka, da kasancewa wani ɗan leƙen asiri, ba zai iya gaya mana game da kanka zuwa ga wani ko su furta. Saboda haka ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da diary da kuma rubuta dukan faru da shi.

Godiya ga records na gwarzo, kazalika da wasu Abbe postscripts Piccolo sannu a hankali fara dauki siffar da biography.

Kawo har da kakansa, wani anti-Semite da Jesuits, ya samu mai kyau asali ilimi. Bayan rasuwar kakan rabo kawo Simone lauya zamba, wanda ya koyar da matasa sana'a da rikici a cikin abin da Simonini daidai nasara. Amma da ya samu nasara ce da Asirin Service na Piedmont, kuma suka yi ijara da gwarzo.
Yin su daban-daban ayyukan, Simone Simonini hankali delves cikin jigon siyasa rikici da kuma zama wani ƙulla niyyar master of sakar. Amma "overplaying" a cikin hali na Ippolito Nievo, ya da dama daga ni'ima, kuma tana nufin Faransa.

A nan sai ya sake tsunduma a cikin saba cinikayya, amma bayan shekaru 35 da ya nemi ya bar ga da kyau cancanta ritaya. Kuma shi yana bukatar crank daga riba kadan kasuwanci, iya samar da mai kyau tsufa gwarzo. Saboda haka ya yanke shawarar da ya rubuta da "ladabi", wanda ya kafa daga dukan lura game da bil'adama, tara a shekaru masu yawa.

Ya negotiates da Rasha a kan sayar da wannan daftarin aiki, amma shi ne mai yaudararsu da kuma ba su biya wani abu, kuma ko da tilasta hare-hare, wanda zai tabbatar da daidaito da samar daftarin aiki. A cikin shirye-shiryen da wannan littafin ƙare. Da abun ciki da aka ba a nan kawai a general sharuddan. More za a iya koya ta wurin karanta wata takarda ko dijital form labari Umberto Eko "The Prague hurumi» (ePub, mobi, FB2 ko a wani da na kowa Formats na e-littattafai).

siffa daga cikin labari

Kamar dukan ayyukan da Malamai marubuci, wannan littafi yana da wani musamman flair.

Azahiri da tsarin ba na ƙwarai: 27 kãwunansu, kuma afterwords shigarwa da aka tattali a cikin wani nau'i na diary. Amma a littafinsa "The Prague hurumi" Umberto Eko na amfani guda almara, hali - Simone Simonini, da kuma duk sauransu, ko dangi na protagonist - a hakikanin tarihi da mutum (Sigmund Freud, Ippolito Nievo, Leo Taxil, St. Karin na Lisieux, Yuliana Glinka Peter Raczkowski, Diana Vaughan, Moris Zholi, F. M. Dostoevsky, Ezhen Syu, I. S. Turgenev, da sauransu). Wannan dabara a wani matsayi mai karatu ya fara tambaya: Shin wannan ƙagagge samfurin, ko aka bayyana a cikin da shi - dama?

Ma'anar sunan

Wannan littafi ne mai suna bayan sanannen gani a Prague - da hurumi na Yahudawa Quarter Josefov. Wannan wuri ya zama na karshe mafaka ce saboda kusan 100,000 Yahudawa waɗanda aka binne shi a nan a cikin XV-XVIII ƙarni.

A Prague hurumi Umberto Eko zaba a matsayin title na littafinsa, kamar yadda aka yi imani da cewa akwai mutane da yawa da shekaru na faruwa a sirri Yahudawa kungiyar, da ake kira "dattawan Zion". Yana da a Prague hurumi aka halitta "The ladabi daga cikin dattawan Zion", wanda ya zama farkon babban wargajewa Yahudawa XX karni.

"The ladabi daga cikin dattawan Zion": karya ne, ko kuma na asali

Wannan daftarin aiki, kunsha na 25 minutes, aka farko da aka buga a Rasha Empire a 1903. An gabatar a matsayin rikodin key saƙonni m tarurruka yahudawan sahyoniya a Basel. "Ladabi" zama tushen samuwar rare zuwa wannan rana ka'idar da Judeo-Masonic hadin kai (kasancewar wani asiri da hadin kan Yahudawa da Masons to, ku kãmã iko a kan duniya).

A littafin na wannan daftarin aiki ya ire-iren su da wani yawo bam. "Ladabi" da aka fassara a cikin dukan harsuna da kuma aka buga a miliyoyin kofe. A wasu ƙasashe da suke dakatar, shi ne kawai da gudummawar su shahararsa. Daga cikin ĩmãni da amincin aka expressionless da artist daga Jamus, wanda ya zama sananne ga duniya kamar yadda Adolf Hitler. "Ladabi" kai shi zuwa ga ra'ayin taro wargajewa Yahudawa, sa'an nan da sauran jinsi, wanda shi ne daya daga cikin dalilan da farkon muni yaki a tarihin dan Adam.

Nan da nan bayan buga da amincin "ladabi" sun fara shakka. Don kwanan wata, bisa ga hukuma ce ta wannan daftarin aiki ne a jabu. Amma har yanzu, da dama reputable masana tarihi, masana kimiyya a duniya imani da da amincin aiki.

A matsayin lover na mythical littattafai da su imitations, Eco ba zai iya taimaka amma yi sha'awar a cikin "layinhantsaki". Samun hankali yayi nazari dukan abu a kan su, kuma zana nasu karshe, marubucin ya shirya ya rubuta wannan monograph. Amma sai na lura cewa a cikin wani nau'i na aiki na gwaninta daga cikin tunani zai zama mafi sha'awar karatu. Saboda haka ya zo sama da labarin da "ladabi" marubucin, ya kuma ce da shi a cikin littafinsa "The Prague hurumi". Umberto Eco (marubucin littafin) ya gudanar da shi ya tabbatar da cewa kafofin da wahayi ga "ladabi" su ne: wani labari Aleksandra Dyuma 'Zhozef Balzamo, "littafin Eugene Sue," Asirin cikin mutane "da kuma" gaibinSa na Paris "da kuma wani karamin littafi da Maurice Joly' Tattaunawa jahannama Machiavelli, kuma Montesquieu ko Machiavelli ta siyasa a cikin XIX karni. "

Real da kuma hasashen facts a cikin labari

Bayan Eco ƙirƙira labaru "ladabi" magudi, da littafin ya bada fassarar mai yawan unexplained events a cikin tarihin duniya.

Da farko, shi ne m mutuwa na Italian marubuci Ippolito Nievo, wanda ya mutu a cikin wani shipwreck a Tyrrhenian Sea. Masana tarihi har yanzu ba su sani ba ko shi ne wani hatsari ko wani jirgin da gangan sunk. Eco sa da m mutuwa na Ippolito Nievo Simonini.

A mutuwa daga cikin shahararrun Jaridar Faransa Maurice Joly, rayayye soki da ayyukan Napoleon III, da kuma sa a kan lamiri na protagonist da labari "The Prague hurumi". Duk da haka, shi bai yi siyasa overtones. A gaskiya, yin rubuce-rubuce na "ladabi", Simon aro da yawa daga cikin shahararrun ƙasida da wannan marubucin. Tsoron zargin plagiarism da kuma cewa shi zai jefa wani inuwa a kan amincin daftarin aiki, ya kashe Joly da kome mutuwarsa a matsayin kashe kansa. Version na tashin hankali mutuwa da zargi marubuci more kashe a cikin m kayan shafa, maimakon da inexplicable kashe kansa, ga wanda Maurice a lokacin ne kawai babu dalili. Af, shi ne har yanzu daukarsa da masana tarihi. Ko da yake exhumation da kuma tabbatar da daidaitar ko falsity wannan ka'idar ne ba zai yiwu ba, tun da shi ne ba a sani ba binne wurin da 'yar jarida.

Wani karin Simonini laifi ne da hannu a cikin al'amarin na qirqiro da Alsatian Bayahude Alfred Dreyfus. Samun sanya karya ne takardu (a kan tushen da wanda kyaftin aka zarge shi da leken asiri, da aka demoted da kuma aika zuwa Iblis Island), protagonist saninsa zama cikin hanyar samuwar a cikin al'umma da ra'ayin Yahudawa jihar ta mallaka.

Wadannan hoaxes Eco zahiri ya ƙaryata worldwide Yahudawa hadin kai ka'idar ko wasu al'ummai. Bugu da ƙari, ya karfi da bayar da hujjar cewa da yawa muhimmanci abubuwan tarihin da suke da sakamakon samu damar ko banal zari da wasu mutane ba su ma tunani game da sakamakon da kansa ayyuka.

Anti-Semitism da kuma anti-clericalism a cikin labari

Wannan littafin nazarin bango zuwa Eco da kuma aiwatar da fitowan na anti-Semitism a farkon XX karni. Bakin babban harafin, sai ya sanya bakin ciki, gaskiya ne, Yahudawa su "scapegoats" ga mutãne. Su real-rai ƙarara an yi karin gishiri ga almara rabbai, da kuma dangana ga sabon. Saboda haka Simonini, wanda ya girma har a wani yanayi na anti-Semitism, gaskiya ya nuna cewa, da fuskantar da suke zaune Yahudawa, amma ba su sami a cikin su wani abu haka muni. Bugu da ƙari, cikin rayuwarsa, ya hankali zo ga ƙarshe da cewa mafi yawan data kasance stereotypes game da su - kawai almarar da wasu kimanta a kan nasu shortcomings. Abin mamaki, da Jamus, da wanda Simon ya sau da yawa a magance da yawa fiye da fusata shi. A Rasha janar - rũɗe.

Tare da nagartaccen sarcasm marubucin ya nuna masu "m" kafofin, inda gwarzo kusantar da bayanai zuwa "ladabi". Da farko, shi ne ka'idar da sha'awar Yahudawa da samun iko a kan duniya, cewa kakansa ji daga hauka bara-Bayahude Mordukh Turin duhun kai. Sauran abubuwa da aka da ka dauka daga qagaggun Joly. wata wasika daga uban Rodin ta uba Rootanu a cikin "Asirin cikin mutane" Eugene Sue. m labarbaru daga marubuci-halittu Alphonse Toussenel. daga labari "Konigsbi" B. Disraeli da kuma sauran mashahuran mutane. Saboda haka, Umberto Eco yana kokarin ba kawai don tabbatar da jabu na "ladabi", amma domin ya nuna wa masu karatu cewa al'umma da kanta da aka maƙiya wa Yahudawa, da kuma bayyanar wannan littafin ya halitta.

Amma ga addini, sa'an nan, kamar yadda aka ce a sama, Eco ya m m hali zuwa akidun da cocin Katolika. Shi ne mai gwani san cewa, mafi yawan takardun (a kan abin da suke su ne bisa), ko karya, ko gabatar da ba daidai ba. Musamman mai haske nuna cizon yatsa a cikin coci Simonini, cewa bai hana shi deftly amfani da malaman don su amfana. Saboda haka, gwarzo ne daya daga cikin bakin ciki misalai na firistoci, ya ɓuya cikin sunan Kristi ya cimma burin su.

Simon Simonini

A cikin labarin "The Prague hurumi" cibiyar da labari Umberto Eko sa m da kuma kaucewa unscrupulous swindler mai suna Saminu Simonini. Shi ne rabin Faransa, rabin Italian, haife shi a Italian garin Piedmont, a 1830

Da uwarsa mutu sa'ad da yake crumbs, don haka ya tarbiyyar da aka tsunduma kakan anti-Semitic. Saboda haka, mummunan hali zuwa ga Yahudawa gwarzo tunawa kusan zuwa madarar uwarsa. Ko da sunan da ya aka bai girmama na kashe Yahudawa. Paradoxically, a gaskiya, Simonini bi wannan mutane sha'aninsu dabam. Greater ta rashin jituwa sanã'anta Faransa, Jamus da kuma Italiya.

Ƙãra da yanayi, Simon daga wani matashi ya saku, a 3 harsuna (Jamus, Faransa da kuma Italiyanci) kuma yana da wani m hankali. Duk da cewa shi ya kawo Jesuits, ya kafa wani ƙunci ga ma'aikata na coci. A lokaci guda ya na sane da cewa da hanyoyin suna tasiri ga iko sani na al'umma.

Da farko juyayi Simonini, wani Bayahude daga cikin duhun kai, bai kõma ba ya ji, a sakamakon wanda ya zauna a wani budurwa kuma ya zama sha'aninsu dabam to jiki jin daxi. Ya kawai so shi ne kawai sukar lamiri abinci.

Simonini da Eco

Wasu masu bincike bayar da shawarar cewa a fuskar Simon Simonini Umberto Eco je sama tare da bambance-bambancen da kansa biography, idan ya aka haife shekaru 100 baya. Yana yiwuwa a zana a sarari a layi daya tsakanin protagonist da labari "The Prague hurumi" - Umberto Eco. Facts daga biography na marubuci tabbatar da wannan.

• da marubuci mahaifin so shi zama lauya, amma marubuci ya zaba a daban-daban aiki. Simonini ga notary sana'a.
• Eco aka bincikewa tsoho takardun da kuma kafa su amincin. Simon, a kan m - halitta mai wayo jabu.
• Kuma da marubuci, kuma halinsa ne fice da kuma mutane suna sosai ilimi. Duk da haka, wanda ya yi amfani da basirar da za ta ilmantar da bil'adama da sauran for maye.
• Eco da Simonini disillusioned da addini, tare da kowannen su na sane da muhimmancin gaske a cikin al'umma.

The main "maƙiyi" Simonini

Na dogon lokaci gwarzo da labari na kokarin gano wanda da m Abbe Dalla Piccolo, rubuta a cikin diary lokacin da yake babu. Simonini tuna cewa tun farko ya riga ya kashe mutumin, amma saboda memory cuta iya ba ka tuna da shi.

A gaskiya Piccolo (gargadi, mugayen abokan gāba!) - ne canza son kai na gwarzo kansa. Wannan na biyu hali daukan kan a lokacin a lokacin da Simon barci ko rasa sani.

Barin Blog Entries Simonini, mazaunin Eco taimaka wajen haifar da mafi uku-girma image na protagonist.

karatu Reviews

Karanta kuma fahimtar abin da ke faruwa a cikin littafin na bukatar wasu ilimi a fagen adabi, tarihi da kuma al'adu na XIX-XX ƙarni. Wadanda karanta wanda ilimi matakin ya kasa misali kafa ta labari Umberto Eko, "The Prague hurumi", wannan aikin bar mummunan reviews. Su kagaggun koka da rashin ruwa daga cikin labarin.

Duk da haka, su more Malamai abokan aiki iske littafin sosai nishadi. Musamman cewa saukar da wasu daga cikin asĩri a cikin, mafi nishadi na XIX karni shi - XX ƙarni. Musamman mai yawa kamar yadda mai kaifin Eco suke saƙa a cikin masana'anta na labari na da yawa na tarihi Figures.

A ƙarshe ya kamata ya kasance gaskiya, kuma Ka shigar da cewa wannan littafi da aka ba yi nufi ga general karatu. Its manufa masu sauraro - Malamai masana, na gaji da wannan irin jami'in tsaro litattafan da m, wanda ake iya faɗi haruffa. Irin wadannan mutane samun jin dadi daga karanta labari "The Prague hurumi". Umberto Eco littafin abun ciki a cikin wani rude Maze na real asirai na tarihi da kuma ta bambance-bambancen karatu otgadok su. Saboda haka, mai karatu a cikin wani nishadi hanya iya saduwa da yawa kimiyya theories cewa bayyana su.