Sputum: raga da hanyoyin

Sputum sirrin da aka saki a lokacin kumburi da trachea, bronchi da kuma huhu. Ta bayyanar alama ba kawai tare da shan kashi na numfashi tsarin, amma kuma ga zuciya da jijiyoyin bugun gini cuta. Hanyar sputum unsa macroscopic, microscopic da kuma sinadaran definition na da halaye.

Analysis, ya nuna cewa

Sputum sa ya yiwu don gane kwayoyin da suka haddasa cutar tsari, designate gaban Mycobacterium da tarin fuka, don gano ciwon daji Kwayoyin, jini da kuma surkin jini impurities, kuma ma domin sanin kwayan juriya ga maganin rigakafi.

A karkashin abin da yanayi da aka nuna analysis

Sputum a cikin sauran analysis yi a karkashin wadannan yanayi:

• tari.
• kumburi daga cikin huhu.
• kumburi daga cikin bronchi.
• huhu ƙurji.
• da tarin fuka.
• bronchiectasis.
• na huhu gangrene.
• huhu ciwon daji.
• mashako a wani m nau'i.
• kullum mashako.
• a kullum tonsillitis.
• da tarin fuka.
• whooping tari.
• silicosis.
• m nau'i na obstructive mashako.
• kumburi daga cikin huhu.
• Anthrax.

Survey Shiri

Slime za a mafi kasaftawa, idan a kan Hauwa'u kafin sallama ya dauki analysis kayan aiki ga expectoration, ko cinye yawa dumi yanã shã. Kafin Tattara da shawarar a tsabtace hakora da kuma baka rami, rinsing da shi tare da dumi ruwa Boiled.

Basic sharudda tarin

Tattara sputum for bacteriological jarrabawa ne ake so, don samar da safe (ta tattara da dare kafin abinci) a cikin bakararre ganga, wanda aka bayar da dakin gwaje-gwaje. Domin da bincike na da isasshen adadin 5 ml. Analysis na mugunya da aka sanya ba daga baya fiye da 2 hours bayan da tarin. Har lokacin da ya aika zuwa karatu da abinda ke ciki na ganga ya kamata a kiyaye rufaffiyar a cikin firiji.

The adadin sputum a cututtuka daban-daban

Number kasaftawa mugunya dabam dangane da yanayin da pathological tsari. Yawanci, shi dabam daga 'yan ana ruwa zuwa lita 1 a kowace rana. A kananan adadin da aka saki a lokacin da kumburi da bronchi, congestive matakai farko tare da huhu da kuma Bronchial fuka hari. A karshen harin girma ƙaruwa. Yana iya zama har zuwa 0.5 lita, da kuma tsaya a manyan lambobi, idan akwai huhu edema.

Yawa gamsai aka saki a surkin jini aiwatar a cikin huhu lokacin sadarwar da bronchi, tare da festering, bronchiectasis da kuma gangrene.

Tarin fuka sputum huhu nama ya nuna lalace. A musamman, irin wannan tsari tsokani wani kogo wanda Magana da bronchi.

Daga abin da ya sa wani karu ko karuwa a mugunya kadaici

Karuwan tukar tumbi mugunya iya hade da wani tabarbarewar yanayin haƙuri kuma sanya idanu a lokacin exacerbation. A karuwa iya koma zuwa kyau muhimmancin ci gaban da cutar.

Rage adadin secreted gamsai iya nuna komawa da baya daga kumburi ko cin zarafi a magudanun ruwa rami cike da ruɓaɓɓen jini. A wannan yanayin, da tabarbarewar haƙuri kiwon lafiya.

yanayin da sallama

Mucous mugunya tsaye ga mashako a m ko na kullum nau'i na Bronchial fuka, ciwon huhu, da ciwon daji, marurai na huhu, bronchiectasis, na huhu hydatid mafitsara, tare da suppuration, actinomycosis.

Sputum da wani admixture na ruɓaɓɓen jini da aka lura a huhu ƙurji, bronchiectasis da kuma echinococcosis.

Gamsai gauraye da jini ko kunsha gaba ɗaya na jini halayyar da tarin fuka. A bayyanar jini iya nuna gaban ciwon daji, bronchiectasis, huhu festering. Har ila yau, irin wannan sabon abu ne lura a tsakiyar lobe ciwo, tsokar zuciya infarction a cikin huhu, rauni, actinomycosis da syphilitic raunuka. Jini iya zama ruwan dare da kuma lobar kuma mai da hankali ciwon huhu, congestive matakai, cardiac fuka da kuma huhu edema.

Serous sputum aka lura a na huhu edema.

sputum launi

Sputum jarrabawa bayyana shi daban canza launin. Mucous da serous sallama ba shi da guda launi ko da whitish ya dafa.

Shiga mugunya ba amincewa greenish ya dafa cewa characterizes pathological tafiyar matakai kamar huhu ƙurji, gangrene, bronchiectasis, huhu actinomycosis.

Selection da tabawa da tsatsa ko ruwan kasa launi nuna cewa suna dauke da wani sabo jini, kuma ta lalata kayayyakin - hematin. Wannan asiri za a iya fito da tare da lobar ciwon huhu, Anthrax, na huhu infarction.

Greenish launi da tabawa da rawaya datti ko asiri da shaida na numfashi cututtuka a hade tare da jaundice.

The haske rawaya launi na sputum aka stained da eosinophilic ciwon huhu.

Gamsai ocher auku a siderosis sauki.

Blackish ko grayish m lura gaban kwal ƙura impurities. Lokacin da na huhu edema serous sputum lura a manyan lambobin. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne fentin uniformly ruwan hoda launi saboda gaban na ja jini Kwayoyin. Irin wannan ruwa rabuwa kamar Cranberry ruwan 'ya'yan itace.

Fentin m Can kuma wasu kwayoyi. Alal misali, kwayoyin "Rifampicin" iya ba shi da wani ja launi.

wari

A yanayin da pathological tsari a cikin numfashi fili iya nuna mugunya, kuma wari. Sputum ba da wari daga rot da gangrene na huhu ko bronchus, surkin jini raunuka, da ciwon daji, marurai, necrosis complicating bronchiectasis.

A gaban yadudduka

Sau da yawa da binciken ya bayyana gaban secretions yadudduka. Lokacin da m phlegm da wani admixture na ruɓaɓɓen jini ne ta lura da festering huhu da bronchiectasis.

The m rot admixture ƙunshi uku yadudduka. A saman Layer ne kama da kumfa serous matsakaici, da kuma ƙananan doped da ruɓaɓɓen jini. Irin wannan abun da ke ciki shi ne halin gangrene huhu.

impurities

Admixture abinci za a iya lura, a gaban wani m ƙari na esophagus a kan ta sadarwa tare da bronchi da trachea. Bayan lamba tare da tapeworm a cikin bronchi a sputum za a iya gano ko scolex hooks da m. Sosai da wuya samu manya na Ascaris cewa, shiga cikin numfashi tsarin a immunocompromised mutane.

huhu fluke kwai cysts bayyana a hutu da aka kafa a cikin huhu a gaban parasites.

Gangrene da kuma huhu ƙurji sa bayyanar guda na huhu necrosis. Lokacin da marurai iya zama ba a cikin secretions da wani ɓaɓɓake daga gare ta.

Convolution dauke da fibrin ake samu a marasa lafiya tare da fibrinous mashako, da tarin fuka da kuma ciwon huhu.

Rice maraƙi ruwan tabarau ko Koch muhimmi da tarin fuka.

Stoppers Dietrich, ciki har da bazuwar kayayyakin da kwayoyin cuta da kuma huhu nama Kwayoyin m acid, auku a surkin jini mashako ko gangrene huhu.

Kullum tonsillitis form ya shafi rabuwa daga tonsils matosai kama stoppers Dietrich.

A sunadarai Hanyar

Sputum sinadaran Hanyar ya shafi kayyade:

• gina jiki index, wanda zai iya taimaka a cikin bambanci ganewar asali na kullum nau'i na mashako da kuma tarin fuka. Mashako na kullum form alama m burbushi na gina jiki, da kuma zai zama mafi girma a tubercular raunuka na adadin furotin a sputum, kuma zai iya yiwuwa a nuna ta lambobi (har zuwa 100-120 g / l).
• Bile pigments. An same su a cikin sputum a da shan kashi na numfashi tsarin a hade tare da hepatitis. A wannan yanayin da hanta na Magana da huhu. Bile pigments ne muhimmi ciwon huhu cewa ne ya sa ta auka daga cikin huhu ciki da erythrocytes da m canji a haemoglobin.

Cytological m bincike Hanyar

Domin da bambanci ganewar asali da tarin fuka da kuma wasu huhu raunuka shi ne yadu used Pap hanya, wanda ya kunshi matakai biyu: na asibiti da kuma microscopic jarrabawa na sputum.

Clinical bincike taimaka sanin abin da hanya ya kamata a tattara abu kafin su sami daidai sakamakon bincike.

Akwai biyu main iri kaya, wanda ke bukatar microscopic jarrabawa na sputum: maras wata-wata da kuma rage. Nau'i na biyu na mugunya an samu rinjayar daban-daban samuwar kasashe (ga expectoration jamiái, inhalations da kuma kama. D.).

Material samu ta hanyar allura biopsy

Cytological jarrabawa na sputum ya shafi nazarin macroscopic da microscopic jarrabawa na ta Kwayoyin.

Mafi yawa daga cikin bayanai ga cytological bincike na sputum ya dauka a safe a kan komai a ciki. Kafin binciken ya kamata a adana ba fiye da 4 hours.

• A sputum faruwa squamous epithelial Kwayoyin, wanda ake yi karatu microscopically. Amma ga ganewar asali, da ba su da ma'ana. columnar epithelial Kwayoyin - biyu guda kuma a cikin ƙungiyar - za a iya lura a cututtuka irin Bronchial fuka, mashako da kuma huhu da ciwon daji. Lura cewa columnar epithelium iya bayyana saboda shigar azzakari cikin farji daga cikin hanci gamsai.
• Alveolar macrophages ne reticuloendothelial Kwayoyin. Macrophages ake samu a cikin cytoplasm (wãtsarwa ko phagocytic Kwayoyin) za a iya samu a marasa lafiya da suke yi na tsawon lokaci ƙura inhaled.
• Macrophages protoplasm (kafa ta rashin lafiya na haemoglobin) zuciya lahani kira sel. Su na iya faruwa a lokacin m matakai a cikin huhu, mitral bawul stenosis, na huhu infarction.

• A kananan yawan leukocytes kunshe ne a cikin wani sputum. Su babban abun ciki na lura a admixture da ruɓaɓɓen jini mugunya.
• Eosinophils. Irin wannan Kwayoyin arziki gamsai a asthmatics. Sel iya alama da nau'i na eosinophilic ciwon huhu raunuka helminths kwayoyin, da tarin fuka da kuma huhu infarction.
• Erythrocytes. Mutane daya-daya ja jini Kwayoyin ba sa nuna hoton da cutar. Ana zargin wani ƙara adadin shaidar gaban zub da jini a cikin huhu. A sabo jini erythrocytes m m. Idan akwai wani admixture na jini, wanda stagnated a cikin huhu na dogon lokaci, sami leached erythrocytes.
• Ciwon daji Kwayoyin. Su za a iya samu a asirce kungiyoyin. Sun nuna kasancewar wani ƙari. Lokacin da kake guda cell ne sau da yawa wahala a ganewar asali. A irin haka ne, a sake bincike na sputum.
• Na roba zaruruwa, wanda bayyanar ne ya sa ta auka na huhu nama, da tarin fuka tsokani, ƙurji, gangrene, ƙari. Gangrene irin wannan Kwayoyin suna ba ko da yaushe kamar yadda halin saboda da mataki na enzymes, wanda suke sirri, da suka iya narkar.
• Kurshmana karkace. Wannan musamman jiki, kama da bututu. An same su a cikin nazarin karkashin hange. Wani lokaci m da ido. Yawanci Helix muhimmi cututtuka irin Bronchial fuka, na huhu da tarin fuka da kuma ciwon huhu.
• Charcot-Leyden lu'ulu'u da ake samu a cikin sputum da wani babban abun ciki na eosinophils a wadannan raunuka, kamar yadda Bronchial fuka, eosinophilic ciwon huhu. Autopsy tarin fuka fashewa a lumen na bronchi iya halin da kasancewar a cikin mugunya na roba zaruruwa cholesterol lu'ulu'u, kuma amorphous lemun tsami MBT (abin da ake kira Tetrad Ehrlich) - 100%.

A amfani da bincike da madubin likita

Tarin sputum shafa bincike da madubin likita don nazarin Hanyar ya shafi bincike na secretions domin ganewa na wani Mycobacterium musamman ga tarin fuka. Su kama da bakin ciki, m a tarnaƙi, ko tsakiyar masu lankwasa da sandunansu na daban-daban tsawo, wanda aka zubar biyu singly kuma a kungiyoyin.

Ganewa na Mycobacterium da tarin fuka ne ba a rinjaye alama ga ganewar asali da kuma bukatar tabbatar da bacteriological Hanyar. Mycobacterium da tarin fuka a farashi na asiri ba za a iya gano.

Dalili na bincike ne surkin jini barbashi an dauka daga arba'in shida fagage daban-daban da kuma triturated har sai m biyu PANIN. Next, suna bushe a iska da kuma gyarawa da kuka harshen wuta.

Bacteriological jarrabawa na sputum Ziehl-Nielsen batawa nuna shi a ja. A wannan yanayin, duk asiran da barbashi, tare da banda mycobacteria, ta wãyi tinged tare da blue, da kuma mycobacteria zama ja.

Lokacin da tarin fuka kwayoyin da ake zargi da rauni bayan uku nazarin for gaban mycobacteria tare da wani mummunan martani sun koma ga yin amfani da flotation Hanyar (analysis Pottenger).

The saba hanya don nazarin stained shafa MTB bada sakamakon tabbatacce ne kawai a lokacin da yawan MTB kalla 50 000 raka'a ta 1 ml na sputum. Bisa ga yawan Mycobacterium da tarin fuka ya yi hukunci a gaban yiwuwa.

Bacterioscopy marasa lafiya da nonspecific huhu cututtuka

Laboratory da karatu na sputum a gaban wadanda ba takamaiman huhu cututtuka da bincike da madubin likita iya bayyana da wadannan kwayoyin cuta:

• Lokacin da kumburi daga cikin huhu - pneumococci, diplococci Frenkel, Friedlander kwayoyin cuta, streptococci, staphylococci (100%).
• Lokacin da gangrene haske za a iya gano dogara sanda sanda a hade tare da spirochaete Vincent (80%).
• Yisti fungi (70%), domin sanin irin wanda na bukatar wani m iri.
• Drusen actinomycete (100%) a actinomycosis.

A girma daga mugunya, a kyakkyawan mutane

Hijira daga gamsai secreted trachea da bronchi a cikin mutane ba fama da wani pathologies, jere daga 10 zuwa 100 ml / rana.

Kullum low matakan leucocytes, wani nazari a kan stained shafa mycobacteria bada mummunan sakamako.