Shagal Mark: zane-zane da sunayen sarauta. Mark Shagal: kerawa

A 1887, Yuli 7, aka haife na gaba duniya-aji artist Shagal Mark, wanda zane-zane a ko'ina cikin karni na 20th, ya sa ajin da ni'ima baƙi da yawa nune-nunen, wanda ya nuna zane-zane daga cikin shahararrun avant-garde artist.

A farkon wata m hanya

Moishe ta yara, da mahaifansa biyu asali mai suna, da aka gudanar a birnin Vitebsk. Mahaifinsa aiki a matsayin Loader a kifi kasuwar, uwar kiyaye tausayin benci, kakan wani cantor a wata majami'ar Yahudawa tāke. Bayan kammala karatu daga addini Yahudawa makaranta Musa ya shiga dakin motsa jiki, ko da yake Yahudawa aka ba a yarda ya halarci Rasha makarantu a tsarist Rasha. Hakika, yana da wuya su koyi a wani sababbu halin da ake ciki. Bayan karatun 'yan shekaru, ya bar makaranta, kuma ya kasance mai sa kai a "School of zane da kuma zanen artist Pan." Bayan watanni biyu kuma, Mr. Peng, buga iyawa saurayi ya miƙa shi a ilimi kyauta a makaranta.

Sun artist redrew dukan 'yan'uwansa na bi da bi, sa'an nan ya fara fenti hotuna na mazaunan Vitebsk. Saboda haka, a cikin art duniya ya bayyana haske asali fenta Shagal Mark, wanda zane-zane da zã a sayen mafi kyau gidajen tarihi a duniya. Wanda aka ce masa, ko wajen wani sabon sunan, a halin yanzu ya ƙirƙira kansa. Moishe ya Mark, kuma Chagall - wani canji a Segal, daga mahaifinsa surname.

Northern babban birnin kasar

Ashirin-shekara Mark yanke shawarar ba su zauna a wuri guda, kuma nan da nan ya tafi zuwa St. Petersburg, suna begen ya ci gaba da horo akwai zanen. A kudi ya yi, haka ma, da nuna bambanci Rasha jihar manufofin zuwa ga Yahudawa sanya kanta ji. Live a arewacin babban birnin kasar da a kan talauci line, tsira a kan m jobs. Duk da haka, Chagall aka ba shi tsoro, ya yi farin ciki ya zama a cikin maelstrom na m rai na St. Petersburg. A hankali, ya kafa wani da'irar amfani da lambobi tsakanin Yahudawa high jama'a, da kuma sabon abokai fara taimakawa matasa artists.

Shagal Mark, wanda zane-zane da zarar ya zama a matsayin manzanni na sabon surrealist style, kokarin bunkasa individuality kuma bai bi kullum yarda canons na zanen. Kuma, kamar yadda aka nuna a baya rai, ya zaba hanya madaidaiciya. A farkon ayyukan da artist ya gano wata dama tatsuniyoyi da metaphorical images. Duk abin da aka rubuta a cikin wannan lokaci Mark Shagal zane-zane da lakabi: "The Holy Family", "Mutuwa", "Haihuwa" - ne Firayim misalai na sabon abu style. A wannan makon topic, bayyanar da wani jariri a cikin duniya, nuna a cikin ayyukan Chagall sau da yawa, a cikin daban-daban fassarori. Duk da haka, a duk lokuta, mace mai naƙuda aka zāna lafiya juna, wanda shi ne mafi ƙaranci daga gare tamanin da sauran haruffa, da manoma, da tumaki da awaki, da dawakai ne kusa da. Duk da haka, wannan shi ne sabon abu na art da Marc Chagall, ya ya iya shirya microscopic bayani sabõda haka sũ, ba zato ba tsammani ya fara mamaye taron. Gaji sabon uwa da ungozoma da wani jariri a ta makamai a wasu m obyurazom ya zama cibiyar da hoto.

Saba da Lvom Bakstom

Duk da yake a St. Petersburg, Shagal Mark, wanda zane-zane sun janyo hankalin kara da hankali wadanda mutane jama'a, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a makaranta mai zaman kansa na zane-zane Seidenberg yayin yin sauki aiki a cikin Yahudawa mujallar "Fitowar" don samar da nasu abincin. Daga baya, ya gana da Lvom Bakstom, Zvantseva malami na makaranta, wanda taka babbar rawa a cikin rabo na artist. Chagall sun halarci laccoci fenta Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, wanda janyo hankalin shi a matsayin zakara na kome sabon in art.

A cikin bazara na 1910 a wasansa na farko na Marc Chagall - ya zane-zane sun halarci bikin bude rana, wanda aka shirya don gyara "Apollo". Jim kadan kafin wannan taron da artist hadu da mace ransa, Bella Rosenfeld. Soyayya ya barke tsakanin su nan take, da kuma farin ciki lokacin dade na biyu ya zuwa rãnar da matasa samu aure da kuma fara zaune tare. A 1916 da biyu da 'yar wanda aka mai suna Ida.

Motsi zuwa Paris

A lokacin rani na 1910 da mataimakin Maxim Vinaver, shuni da kuma wani babban fan of zane-zane, Chagall miƙa malanta cewa sanya shi yiwuwa a karatu a Paris. A babban birnin kasar na Faransa ya gana Mark affably, ya zama abokai tare da zane-zane Ehrenburg kuma tare da taimakon dauki wani studio a Montparnasse. Chagall rubuta da dare kuma lokacin da rana da aka rasa a cikin galleries, gyaran gashi da kuma nune-nunen, mamaye duk abin da yake da alaka da babban art na zanen.

Masters na farkon karni na 20th sun zama wani misali ga matasa artist. Great Cezanne, Van Gogh, Pol Gogen, Delacroix - kowane daga cikinsu m Chagall yayi kokarin koyi wani abu domin kansu. Ya shawarta a St. Petersburg, Lev Bakst, da zarar na duba manyan mukaman zane-zane da ya almajiri, ya ce amincewa da cewa "yanzu dukkan launuka raira waƙa." Zane-zane ta hanyar Marc Chagall, wani photo na wanda aka gabatar a kan page, malaminku goyon bayan da cikakken.

m mafaka

Chagall koma nan da nan a "The Hive", wani irin manyan mukaman arttsentr, wanda ya zama wani Haven ga matalauta ziyartar artists. A nan, Mark ya gana da kasida, marubuta, artists da sauran bohemians na Faransa babban birnin kasar. Dukan waɗanda ayyukan da ya rubuta a cikin "Hive" Mark Shagal (zane-zane da lakabi: "m," "Calvary", "sadakarwa ga amarya", "Duba na Paris daga taga"), ya zama "kiran katin." Duk da haka, duk da cikakken assimilation tare da manyan mukaman m yanayi, da artist ba manta game da ƙasarsa ta Vitebsk, kuma Paints: "Sayar da dabbõbin ni'ima", "ina da Village", "snuff".

farkon Works

Daya daga cikin mafi abin tunawa zane-zane ne "taga. Vitebsk", rubuta a cikin style of "butulci art" ko "primitivism", wanda bi a farkon lokacin aikinsa Mark Shagal. "Window. Vitebsk" an halitta a 1908 a lokacin da artist aka kawai fara koyon hikimar "m style".

A kawai 'yan shekaru ciyar a Paris, Mark Shagal rubuta game da talatin zane-zane da kuma fiye da 150 watercolors. Duk aikin da ya koro zuwa Berlin don wani art nuni a shekara ta 1914, wanda ya zama babban amfani yi a cikin art duniya. The masu sauraro da aka yarda da zane-zane na Chagall. Berlin artist aka je zuwa ƙasarsa ta Vitebsk ganin Bella, amma ya hana kwatsam farko na yakin duniya na farko.

A kara rabo na artist

Mark Zaharovich Shagal, wanda zane-zane sun zama yadu da aka sani, da aka saki daga soja daftarin. Abokai taimake samun wani wuri a cikin soja-masana'antu sashen na St. Petersburg, da kuma don wani lokaci da artist aka bayar da gidaje da kuma jobs. Chagall zane-zane a cikin wadannan m sau kasance musamman mataki-cushe da idon basira. "War", "Window ga karkara", "idin bukkoki", "Red Bayahude" - m 'yan daga cikin zane-zane, wanda aka halicce su ne a lokacin yaki. artist dabam lyrical jerin zane-zane da aka halitta, "Walk", "Pink Lovers", "Birthday", "Bella aikin ofishi". Wadannan zane-zane wakiltar kawai karamin sashi na wani m jerin ayyukansa na yakin duniya na farko.

"Walk"

Daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan artist, da ya halitta a cikin 1918. Post-neman sauyi sentiments, imani da wani haske nan gaba, da romance matasa soyayya - duk wannan da aka nuna a kan zane. Cizon yatsa a cikin sabon zamantakewa da majalisar kasar ta ba tukuna isa, ko da yake shi ne kawai a kusa da kusurwar. Duk da haka, daya daga cikin mafi mabiyansa masu aminci da sabon akida na cewa lokaci ya artist Mark Shagal. "Walk" - hoton ne kaffa, cike da haske da bege, da haruffa ba su tunanin game da korau. The mace wanda aka nuna a kan zane, iyo a sama da zahirin gaskiya, saurayi, ma, a shirye yake don samun kashe ƙasa.

Chagall ta aikin na 1917-1918

Artist wahayi zuwa ga neman sauyi events in Petrograd. Ya, kamar yawa a arewacin babban birnin kasar na kawo dukkan, ji wani sabo iska na canji da kuma ya yi ĩmãni da su ma'asumai ne. Petersburg artists, marubuta, composers dauki inganta sabuwar hanyar rayuwa, kuma daya daga cikin na farko a cikin sahu na masu goyon baya a kira ga daidaici da dukan mutane, ya Mark Shagal. Zane-zane "Sama da City," "War na fada - duniya bukkoki" da kuma wasu masu zane-zane na wannan zamani daidai da bege na artist don ƙirƙirar.

Bella da wani bouquet na furanni

A wuri na musamman a cikin artist daukan wani zanen sadaukar domin ya ƙaunataccen matarsa, wanda da zarar ya kawo shi a bouquet na furanni zuwa taya murna kan ranar haihuwar. Ba tare da rasa wani biyu, ya garzaya zuwa easel. Suka motsa zuciyar, da artist kokarin kama da kyau lokacin a kan zane. Wannan shi ne duk Mark Shagal. "Birthday" - hoto halitta a cikin wani al'amari na minti a cikin wani nau'i na zane, sa'an nan modified. Ta zama daya daga cikin mafi kyau a cikin tarin da artist. Kamar yadda ya riya, da wahayinMu zo ga 'yan mintoci, yana da muhimmanci ba miss.

alhakin matsayi

A shekarar 1918, Mark Zaharovich Shagal, wanda zane-zane da aka gani dũkiyar Vitebsk lardin, shi ne izini ga Arts na gida kwamitin zartarwa. The artist nuna fice kungiya basira, ya yi wa ado Vitebsk a ranar tunawa da Oktoba juyin juya halin, da dama Banners, flags da kuma Banners. "Art ga talakawa!" - irin shi ne taken.

A 1920, Mark Shagal koma Moscow tare da Bella da kuma kadan Ida, inda ya fara aiki a filin na al'umma wasan kwaikwayo. A al'ada hanya na kasuwanci don ƙirƙirar kayan ado bita ta hanyoyin for Chagall wasanni a tushen, ƙoƙarin samun kusa da "juyin juya halin Musulunci" sabon salon na zanen. Jam'iyyar hukumomi sanya da dama yunkurin kawo artist wa gefe, amma kamar yadda Chagall aka riga gane a matsayin duniya-aji master da buroshi, wadannan yunkurin kasance m.

'yan adawa

Tashin hankali tsakanin 'yancin-m artist da kuma kwaminisanci shugabanci, nan da nan ya juya a cikin bude adawa, da kuma Mark Shagal Soviets bar kasar tare da iyalinsa.

Berlin ya zama na farko Turai birnin, wanda zaunar Marc, Bella da Ida. Artist ƙoƙarin samun kudi ga wani nuni a shekara ta 1914 ya zo kome, mafi yawan zane-zane bace. Chagall koma kawai uku zane-zane amma dozin watercolors.

A lokacin rani na 1923, Mark ya karbi wasika daga Paris wa tsohon aboki, mai kira shi ya zo da Faransa babban birnin kasar. Chagall yana zuwa, kuma akwai shi ne jiran wani cizon yatsa - da hotuna da cewa ya sau daya ya ragu a cikin "Hive" ma ya bace. Duk da haka, da artist ba ya rasa zuciya, sai ya fara sake rubuta su Masterpieces. Bugu da kari, Mark Shagal sami wani tayin daga wata babbar m for dake bayyana littattafai. Ya fara da labari "Matattu Rayukan" by Nikolaya Vasilevicha Gogolya kuma daidai copes tare da aiki.

Family tafiya

Income Chagall aka ƙarfafa, da kuma shi da iyalinsa ya fara tafiya zuwa kasashen Turai. Kuma a tsakanin Voyages da artist ya rubuta m zane-zane, wanda aka zama m, kuma m, "Biyu Vertical", "Ida a window," "Rayuwa ne a kauyen." Bugu da kari zuwa zane-zane, Chagall tsunduma a dake bayyana da littafin "La Fontaine ta tatsuniya."

A shekarar 1931, Mark Shagal ziyarci Palestine, ya so ya fuskanci ƙasar da kakanninsu. A 'yan watanni, wanda da artist da a Mai Tsarki Land, aka tilasta canza hali zuwa rayuwa. Bella da Ida 'yar, wanda ya kusa, yi falala a kansu wannan. Back a Paris, Chagall ne kawai damu da Littafi Mai Tsarki da misalai.

Motsi zuwa Amurka

A cikin marigayi thirties gudu da Jamusanci Nazis, Chagall ta iyali hijira zuwa {asar Amirka. Kuma sake - aiki tare da Theatrical shimfidar wuri, wannan lokaci a Rasha rawa. Igor Stravinsky sa'an nan ƙaryata aikin Chagall da Picasso opted almara, mataki kayayyaki amma marubucinsa Mark da aka dauka.

The yaki a Turai ne a cikin cikakken lilo, ko da yake a fili yake cewa Uku Reich aka ci. A lokacin rani na 1944 ya zo da bushãra - Hitler a kan gab da sallama. Amma a cikin marigayi Agusta, Marc Chagall riske bala'i, asibiti ba zato ba tsammani ya mutu sepsis Bella. The artist hasarar ma'anar rayuwa tare da baƙin ciki, amma, tana goyon baya da kuma taimakawa tsira ya Ida. Kawai watanni tara daga baya Chagall daukan a hannunka. Yanzu ya sami ceto a cikin aikin Paints dare da rana. Creative hasken dake fitowa daga cikin artist taimake shi tsira da asarar sharpness.