Rayuwa da al'adu na pre-Mongol Rus (10-13 ƙarni)

A jitu ci gaban Old Rasha al'ada aka katse da Mongol mamayewa a tsakiyar XIII karni. Saboda haka, masana tarihi da kuma raba ta da farko lokacin da ta ci gaba (IX-XIII cc.) Daga dukan m. Rabuwa ɓangare na al'ada da aka hanyar rayuwa - duk da cewa kewaye da rayuwarsu ta kullum na talakawa mambobi ne na nobility da Eastern Slavic al'umma.

architecture

Kamar dukan al'adu pre-Mongol Rasha, kasar gine ya canja da cika fuska tun tallafi na Kiristanci, kuma da layering na Byzantine hadisin a zamanin d. Na zama shiri na gabashin Slavs tun zamanin da suka bukkoki da shiga bukkokin. A arewa, a cikin gandun daji zone sun ɓullo da wani arziki al'adar sassaƙa.

Stone gine-gine ya bayyana a karshen X karni, lokacin da kasar bisa goron gayyatar Prince Vladimir isa Greek gine-ginen. A mafi muhimmanci al'adu Monuments na pre-Mongol Rasha da aka gina a Kiev - "Uwar Rasha birane." A cikin shekara ta 989 ya fara gina wani dutse coci zakar, wanda ya zama wani babban coci, located gaba da yarima ta kotu.

Daga baya tsoho Rasha monumental gine baza a kan Eastern Slavic asashe. Alal misali, a cikin XI karni a Novgorod Saint Sophia Cathedral aka tsarkake - a yau shi ne babban janye daga birnin. Har ila yau, wannan gini yana dauke su mafi tsufa coci gina ta Slavs da kuma kiyaye su a ƙasar Rasha. Ya Sophia Cathedral shi ma a Kiev. An yi fice abin tunawa daga gine ne da Church na Ceto a kan Nerl, gina a cikin Vladimir sarauta a XII karni.

Kufaifan sau da yawa wakilta garun birnin, ya tara daga wani katako, frame (as suka kira Gorodnitsa). A sama ta kafa wani dandali ga sojojin da crevices na wanda aka za'ayi harbi a cikin maƙiyi. Ƙarin kufaifan sun hasumiyai (Vezha). Manyan birane da aka hada da waje ganuwar, da kagara, da ciki sansanin soja. Ganuwar da 'ya'yan sarakuna ba manya da aka gina da dutse. Waje da sprawling unguwannin inda settles sana'a da kuma sauran jama'a.

zanen

Ta hanyar rinjayar da Byzantine Orthodox al'adun pre-Mongol Rus wadãtar ba kawai hadisin na gina dutse Ibada, amma kuma sabon yayi a zanen. Irin wannan nau'o'i kamar yadda fresco, mosaics da gumaka sun zama wani ɓangare na rayuwa daga cikin Eastern Slavs. A zanen, da Girkanci da tasiri ya fi m fiye da a gine-gine, wanda shi ne riga a cikin wani gajeren lokaci akwai wani asali tsohon Rasha style. Wannan shi ne saboda ya nuna gaskiyar cewa, misali, akwai wani m iconography na Kirista Canon, daga abin da ubangijinsa ba matsawa ga dama ƙarni.

Baya daga cikin addini da kuma wadanda mutane zanen wanzu. A daukan hankali misali na wannan salo ya zama murals halitta da hasumiyoyin St. Sophia. Zane depicting iyali na Grand Prince Yaroslav Mai hikima, scenes daga rayuwar yau da kullum na monarch, dama da tsuntsaye da dabbobi. Don mu sau tsira da dama icons halitta a cikin Vladimir-Suzdal a XII karni. Wadannan kayayyakin gargajiya ba zai iya zama mafi alhẽri ya nuna abin da ya al'adun Rasha pre-Mongol lokaci. Wani musamman abin tunawa daga na da fresco ne main janye daga wani babban coci, shi ya siffanta al'amuran da Last iyãma.

A zinariya shekaru na al'ada pre-Mongol Rasha nasa ne da XII karni, a lokacin da mulkin gargajiya fragmentation na kasar na farko guda ne dalilin yankin "makarantu" a da yawa filayen daga m aiki. Shafi wannan Trend da art. Alal misali, a cikin Novgorod Church na Mai-Ceto a kan Nereditsa shi an halitta zane-zane, imbued da musamman ruhu na duhu da kuma harsh. Figures m malaiku kuma Figures tsarkaka ba su duba ga wani samfurin na zamanin d Rasha zanen.

music

Music - wannan shi ne wani irin art, a fili nuna abin da ya tarihin da al'adun zamanin da Rasha. Pre-Mongol lokacin bar mai yawa shaida game da song fifiko na gabashin Slavs. Music ne halin da cewa shi ya wanzu shi ne rabuwa daga rai kamar yadda manya da talakawa mutane. Iyali bikin, "merrymaking" ba a gabatar ba tare da songs, rawa da wasa kida. Folk ayyukansu sosai daban-daban a yanayi. Da shi shi ne bikin aure prichety spring wasan sautuka, makoki domin matattu dangi.

Mafi hazaka aikatawa ya zama sana'a kida. Mawaƙa da kauri almara riwaya qware a almara salo. A a layi daya, akwai wani dukan duniya na su yawo troupes kunshi buffoons suka aikata a birnin murabba'ai kuma idodi. Culture of pre-Mongol Rasha ya Multi-faceted, da kuma music a cikin wannan ma'ana ba daban-daban daga wasu zane-zane. Mutane da yawa Clowns ba kawai singing, amma kuma kokarin da kansa kamar yadda acrobats, dancer, jugglers da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, wato, ya sami Litsedeyami. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa 'ya'yan sarakuna ba hukumomi sau da yawa kokawa tare da mai son kazalika da tsoho "aljannu" su ne songs a bugu na haihuwa al'adar arna.

Rasha jama'a kida hada balalaika, ganguna, da molo, ratchet, dobro. Kuma ƙahonin, da ƙaho aka yi amfani ba kawai ga wasan kwaikwayon na songs, amma kuma ga alama yayin farauta ko yaƙi. kamanninsa da cikin siffarsa "makada" wanzu a cikin squads. Alal misali, wata tawagar tãyar da morale na sojojin a lokacin kewaye da birnin na Volga Bulgarians a 1220.

Kamar sauran da al'adun pre-Mongol Rasha, da music tsiwirwirinsu da kansa alkuki a cikin Orthodox. motets sun Byzantine matani (fassara a cikin harshen Slavic). Rasha aro daga Helenawa liturgical al'ada. A wannan hanyar akwai Chants dabaru.

almara

Mafi yawa daga Old Rasha al'ada aka sani na da almara, halin da fice bambancin da richness. Songs, almara, sihiri, shayari shi ne da na game gyara. Maguzanci ba Yunƙurin zuwa mythological Legends cewa sun tsira ko da bayan tallafi na kiristanci. Almara Fused da Orthodoxy cewa mafi shafa kalanda holidays da camfe.

Almara jaruntakar almara - saman a cikin almara. Babban haruffa na wadannan guda zama warriors. Irin wannan heroes kamar yadda Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich da Alyosha Popovich, da aka sani ga kowane yaro a kan tarin tatsuniyoyi. A byliny shi nuna da richness wanda yake shi ne al'ada Rus Mongolian lokaci. Heroes zai iya zama ainihin tarihi haruffa da kuma kowa yana da image. A tãtsũniyõyin jarumi heroes ajiye dukan na tsakiyar zamanai tare da halayyar siffofin (gwagwarmaya tare da steppe makiyaya, "kõfatansu a kan duwatsu da mutane" da sauransu. D.).

rubuce-rubuce

almara ya akasin dabarun rubuce-rubuce. Duk da haka, wannan adabi zai iya faruwa ba tare da haruffa. Wannan, bi da bi, da aka leaked zuwa Rasha tare da na Krista. Byzantine malamai Kirill na Mefody halitta Slavic ga wani musamman haruffa, wanda ya zama tushe ga wani iri-iri na rubuta harsuna: Rasha, Bulgarian, Serbian, Macedonian, da dai sauransu

Greek aiki wa'azi na Tasalonika suka fi nisa-kai sakamakon. Ba tare da QFontDatabase ba ɓullo da kuma duk pre-Mongol al'adu na zamanin d Rasha. Wannan haruffa da aka yi amfani da don kammala canja wuri na Orthodox texts. A farko makaranta, koyi karanta, aka kafa ta Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.

Musamman Monuments na Old Rasha rubuce-rubuce ne Novgorod birchbark takardun. Mafi yawan su an gano ta archaeologists a XX karni. Birchbark nuna cewa rubuce-rubuce a Rasha da aka gani ba, da yawa m aristocracy. Zan iya rubuta da yawa talakawa 'yan ƙasa, a matsayin rubuce na da Novgorod kayayyakin gargajiya.

Ancient QFontDatabase ɗan daban-daban daga yau. Yana da aka accented da kuma wasu ƙarin haruffa. M gyara daga cikin tsofaffin haruffa faru a karkashin Bitrus I, da kuma karshe kwanan wata siffar da ta dauki bayan da 1917 juyin juya halin.

adabi

Tare da rubuta Rus ya hau kan daga Byzantine littafin al'adu. A farko m ayyukansu addini koyarwar ko wa'azin. Kamar yadda irin wannan za a iya daukan wani "Huduba a kan shari'a da alheri," da aka rubuta ta hanyar Lardi Hilarion a tsakiyar XI karni.

Ya fi yawa Genre ya zama labarinsa. Su ne ba kawai wani labarinsa na events, amma kuma tushen ilimi game da abin da ya al'adun zamanin da Rasha da pre-Mongol lokaci. Babban tarihin da Kyivan Rus aka dauke Nestor. A farkon "The Tale of bygone Years" an hada da XII karni shi. Wannan vault da aka bayyana a cikin babban events na Rasha tarihi daga fitowan da statehood har 1117. Nestor mayar da hankali a kan siyasa da suka faru: da 'ya'yan sarakuna da rigingimu, yaƙe-yaƙe da shawararta. Tarihin kuma bar baya da wani "Karatun", wanda bada haske a kan biography na biyu shugabannin-shahidai Boris da Gleb.

Prince Vladimir Monomakh aka tuna ba kawai a matsayin mai hikima siyasa kuma talented soja shugaban, amma kuma kamar yadda wani fitaccen marubuci. Kiev m bar wa magada "Umarni" - a siyasa rubutun a cikin abin da marubucin ya bayyana abin da ya kamata manufa jihar da kuma tasiri da iko. A littafin Monomakh tuno nan gaba prince cewa sirri bukatun da 'yan siyasa ya kamata ba ya cutar da hadin kai na Jihar, ciki har da zama dole don yaƙar da nomadic Polovtsy.

"Umarni" da aka rubuta a farkon na XII karni. A karshen wannan karni ya bayyana babban samfuri na Old Rasha adabi - "The Tale of Igor ta Gangamin". Yana kuma shi ne taken da gwagwarmaya tare da Polovtsy. A tsakiyar labari waka - wani m yaƙin neman zaɓe a steppe na Prince Igorya Svyatoslavicha, wanda ya yi mulki a Novgorod-Seversky.

Emanating daga barazana da makiyaya lumana rai ƙwarai rinjayi abin da ya zama al'ada da kuma rayuwar da pre-Mongol Rasha. The "kalma" san ko su wanene marubucin kamar yadda wani mafi alhẽri nuna yadda yankunan da hare-hare sun Majusawa. Kamar yadda Monomakh a cikin "Umarnin", ya jaddada muhimmancin hadin kai na Rasha ƙasar a gabanku, da na kowa hadari.

Arts and Crafts

Rasha Masters na dogon lokaci kasance sanannen domin ta musamman kayan ado yin dabaru (enamel, filigree, da sauransu. D.). Wadannan kayayyakin da ake yi wa oda ga boyar da kuma ya'yan sarakuna ba aristocracy. Baƙi ganin darajarsa da Rasha baki a kan azurfa. Wannan cakuda da aka bi da tare da wani iri-iri na kayayyakin: mundaye, crosses, zobba, da dai sauransu ...

Kiev Masters fĩfĩta zinariya da azurfa guda a kan bango na Chernevo. Vladimirskie sana'a sukan yi tsarki azurfa da zinariya bango Figures. A Galicia akwai mai zaman kansa makaranta kwane-kwane yan zanga-zanga. A cikin wadannan misalai, Arts and Crafts sake nuna abin da suka bambancin al'adu da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum na pre-Mongol Rasha.

Craft kauyuka sun sosai daban-daban daga birnin sana'o'i. A yankunan karkara, da master na dogon lokaci a yi amfani da su ado arna motifs mugunta sojojin. Sun m layu da tsafi. Mafi yawansu sun kasance sanya daga cikin mafi m abu - itace. Idan na farko sihiri-kamar abubuwa a cikin amfani da zane-zane da wata, tsattsarkar sihiri makõma, sa'an nan a hankali da suka rasa wannan ma'anar da ya zama sauki alamu. Culture of Rasha pre-Mongol lokaci, a takaice, ya samo asali. Tare da kowane tsara, ta hankali canza, kuma ya kasance mafi rikitarwa.

Rayuwa da kuma gida

Farkon Slavic bukkoki kunshi wani gini sabõda shi, kuma miyagun ƙwayoyi Stores. Kowane irin sarari ya zama gida ga ware wasu ma'aurata. Ruwan dare rabin-dugouts kusa da kudancin tribal kungiya ta kashin na Eastern Slavs alama ta Arab geographers. Irin wannan gidãjensu fara bace a cikin X karni. Wannan tsari da aka hade tare da katsewa na patriarchal iyali dangantakar kananan da kuma withering bãya daga tribal saurã.

Alal misali, a Kiev, ban da rabin-dugouts sun gina log gidajensu da kuma shiga. Wood ne mai gwada m kaya, za a iya samun shi a kusan kowane birane ko karkara mazaunin. Availability taimaka da sauri mayar alƙarya, a cikin taron na wuta. Wuta ko da yaushe ya kai ga tsanani lalacewa, wanda, a daya hannun, akwai wani m rashin itace.

An muhimmin ɓangare na Prince ta Palace ya Gridnitsa - a fili daki, inda banquets taru tawagar. Karatu wani aristocratic mazauni naúrar - wannan shi ne wani fun hanyar fahimtar abin da ya al'adun pre-Mongol Rasha. Architecture ne wani nuna alama na zamantakewa matsayi, matsayin da a kan zamantakewa tsani ginin owner. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin XII karni, a lokacin da jihar karshe rushe, da grand haihuwa Gridnitsa bace - suka fara amfani da gabatarwa a matsayin kurkuku.

clothes

Al'ada manoman ko smerdy, sa a shirt-belted rigan tucked cikin wando da kuma high takalma. Cheap hunturu Jawo amfani. A daidai wannan folksy dauke bear Jawo. Ta samar da hakan sun kunkuntar da kuma fata, buckles sanya tagulla. Mata sukan sa kayan ado (na boko zobba, necklaces, beads).

A halayyar alama na retinue, boyars da yarima tufafin ya alkyabbar. Idan manoma sa lilin shirts m, da aristocrats - shirts sanya daga siliki. The prince ta takalma da aka yi daga goatskin. A m sifa da monarch da wani hula tare da Jawo edging. Kayan ado manya da aka yi da duwatsu masu tamani, da zinariya. Alal misali, Prince Svyatoslav saka halayyar lu'u-lu'u kunne. Rayuwa da al'adu na pre-Mongol Rus (10-13 karni) mamaki da yawa 'yan kasashen waje. Winter tufafi Rasha nobility da aka yi na Sable Jawo, shi ne mafi muhimmanci da kayayyaki a duk Turai kasuwanni.

abinci

Tun kafuwar noma na Rasha ya arable noma, da rage cin abinci na talakawa mutane yafi kunshi burodi da kuma da dama hatsi (sha'ir, alkama, hatsin rai, da gero). Su duk da muhimmancin ga rayuwata da Eastern Slavs ya muhimman hakkokin. A burodi ne don haka dogara a kan abin da archaeologists sun samu yara toys a cikin nau'i na abinci. Furfure gazawar da aka dauke mafi girma da bala'i, da zama dole sakamako na wanda ya zama tartsatsi annoba.

Nama abinci townspeople kunshi kaji da dabbobi. A kauyen ya dade kiyaye da tsoho hadisin doki nama. An muhimmanci na wani gida tebur sun kiwo kayayyakin, ciki har da cuku. Asalin yaki na Church da kafirci shafi rage cin abinci. Alal misali, wannan cuku aka dauke bukukuwan pudding. Firistoci kokarin daidaita cin abincin nasu zuwa garkensa da taimakon daban-daban posts.

Kifi a kan tebur musamman prized sturgeon (an san cewa Novgorod sarakuna sun "osetrenniki", wanda aka tattara daga kifi Lobel haraji sturgeons). A key kayan lambu ne turnip da kabeji. Da abinci da al'adun shi ne pre-Mongol Rasha, a takaice, su ne jinkirin canza duk wasu duniyoyin rayuwa na Slavic. Traditional kayan yaji masu kirfa, vinegar, kwayoyi, anisi, Mint, barkono. A hasara wannan gishiri zai iya juya daga kasa bala'i. Wannan samfurin ne a fi so batu na hasashe yan kasuwa.