Petersburg Academy of Arts: tarihi, wadanda suka kafa, da malamai

A ado na daya daga cikin St. Petersburg embankments ne da ginin, wanda aka kulle ta biyu sauran sphinx, ya kawo sau daya daga m Misira. A an sanya Petersburg Academy of Arts, ya kira yau da Institute of zanen, sassaka da Architecture. An dauke da zama cikin shimfiɗar jariri, da Rasha art, yana da wani fitaccen mai suna a duk duniya.

A haihuwa na Academy

Academy of Fine Arts a St. Petersburg da aka kafa ta fi so na Empress Elizabeth, shahararren Rasha dattaku da kuma zama majiɓinci na XVIII karni Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov (1727-1797). Photo depicting ya fasa gabatar a cikin labarin. Ya kasance daga abin da rare a dukan lokatai, da category mutanen da suka yi kokarin amfani da matsayinsa da kuma arziki ga amfanin Rasha. Zama a cikin 1755 ya kafa na Moscow University, saka a zamanin yau University sunan, bayan shekaru biyu, ya dauki himma don ƙirƙirar wani ilimi ma'aikata tsara don horar da artists a al'ada art.

Petersburg Academy of Arts, wanda aka located farko a gidansa a kan Sadovaya Street, ya fara aiki a 1758. Mafi yawa daga cikin kudade da aka bayar daga na sirri kudi Shuvalov matsayin taskar domin da abun ciki kasa adadin da aka kasaftawa. A m shuni, ba kawai saboda kudi da umarnin daga kasashen waje, da mafi kyau malamai, amma kuma gabatar da Academy ya halicci wani tarin zane-zane na zuwa gare shi, sa haka farkon halittar gidan kayan gargajiya da kuma library.

A farko rector na Academy

Daga farkon lokacin da aiki da Academy of Arts, kazalika da gina ta a halin yanzu ginin dangantaka da sunan wani mutum wanda ya bar wani gagarumin alama a cikin tarihi na Rasha da al'adunsu. Wannan shi ne wani fitaccen Rasha m Alexander Filippovich Kokorinov (1726-1772). Bunƙasa a tare da Farfesa JB Vallenom M. de la Mothe gini aikin, a cikin abin da Academy koma daga Shuvalov ta qasaita, ya kama ta a matsayin darektan, sa'an nan farfesa kuma rector. A yanayi na mutuwarsa ba Yunƙurin zuwa daya daga cikin mutane da yawa Legends na St. Petersburg, da aka sani da "fatalwa na Academy of Fine Arts." Gaskiyar cewa data daga tsira Rector na Academy, ba su mutu ba a sakamakon ruwan ta cuta, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin aikin hukuma labarin mutuwarsa, kuma rataye a ta ɗaki ƙarƙashin marufi.

The yiwu Sanadin kunar bakin wake da ake kira biyu. A cewar daya daga version, dalilin kuwa shi ne unsubstantiated zargin embezzling mallakar gwamnati dukiya, cewa shi ne cin hanci da rashawa. Saboda a cikin waɗannan kwanaki sai aka dauke mafi kunya da wulakanci, da kuma wanke Alexander Filippovich kasa, sai ya zaɓi ya mutu. A wani version na samar da kuzari ga wannan mataki bauta tsawatawa ya karbi daga Empress Catherine II, ziyarci ginin makarantar kimiyya da kuma samun datti dress a kan freshly fentin bango. Tun daga nan ya ce da wani mutum ya kashe kansa shawa ba tare da samun natsuwa Vyshny duniya, wanzuwa har abada yawo da ya halitta sau da katangu. Ya hoto da aka gabatar a cikin labarin.

Mata kunshe a cikin Academy ta tarihi

A wannan zamanin Catherine mace ta farko a Academician na Petersburg Academy of Arts. Ta zama dalibi na Faransa sculptor Etena Falkone - Marie-Anna Kollo, halitta tare da malaminsa, sanannen "Bronze doki". Shi ne ta ke yi da sarki shugaban, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin mafi kyau sculptural hotuna.

Admiring ta aikin Empress yi umurni da nada Collot rayuwa fensho da kuma sanya irin wannan babban daraja. A halin yanzu, daga wani adadin na zamani masu bincike ne na ra'ayin cewa, saba wa kafa version of Marie-Anna Kollo - mace Academician na Petersburg Academy of Arts, shi ne marubucin da ba kawai da shugaban, "The Bronze doki", amma dukan adadi na sarki, yayin da ta malamin sassaka a doki. Duk da haka, wannan ba detract daga abin yabo.

A wucewa, ya kamata a lura da cewa high da lakabi na girmamawa sanã'anta a Rasha a karshen da XVIII karni, wani artist, wanda ya zo daga kasar Faransa, kuma daya daga cikin mafi kyau hoto painters ya lokaci - Vigee Lebrun. Academician na Petersburg Academy of Arts - da take, wadda aka bayar kawai don digiri. Lebrun ma samu wani kasa grand lakabi na girmamawa aboki na maras tauyewa, wanda aka bayar da a lokacin shahararren artists wanda masu ilimi a kasashen waje.

The domin na horo samu a cikin XVIII karni

Petersburg Academy of Arts tun da aka kafa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban da Rasha da al'adunsu. Game da cewa, yadda tsanani da aka sanya a cikin aikin ta na iya zama nuni da cewa a cikin XVIII karni, da horo da tsawon shekara goma sha biyar, da kuma mafi kyau digiri da aka aiko a jama'a kudi ga wani horon kasashen waje. Daga cikin batutuwa na art, yi karatu a makarantar da aka zanen, zane, sassaka da kuma gine.

A dukan shakka da binciken, wanda ya samar da da dalibai tare da Academy of Arts, ya kasu kashi biyar azuzuwan, ko sassan, wadda hudu da na biyar su ne mafi ƙasƙanci da aka kira ilimi makaranta. Sun soma boys suka kai biyar-shida shekara, inda suka koyi karatu da saya da asali basira, tsunduma a zanen ado da kwafe shirya hotuna. A kowane daga cikin wadannan biyu horo tsawon shekaru uku na makarantar firamare. Saboda haka, da ilimi makaranta Hakika dade shekaru shida.

Sassan daga uku zuwa na farko sun mafi girma, aka mai da su, a gaskiya, da Academy of Arts. Su dalibai, a baya horar da matsayin kungiyar, zuwa kashi azuzuwan bisa ga nan gaba specialization - zanen, engraving, sassaka ko gine-gine. A kowane daga cikin wadannan uku mafi girma sassan karatu na shekaru uku, sakamakon kai tsaye a cikin Academy horo dade shekaru tara, kuma da shida shekaru ciyar a wani ilimi makaranta, shi ya shekara goma sha biyar da haihuwa. Kawai yawa daga baya, a cikin XIX karni, bayan 1843 rufe ilimi makaranta, da horo lokaci ne muhimmanci rage.

sauran tarbiyya

Academy of Fine Arts a St. Petersburg, a kan model na kama Turai cibiyoyin shi saki daga ganuwar ta ba kawai da fasaha horar da kwararru a fannoni daban daban na art, amma kuma yadu ilimi mutane. Baya daga cikin muhimman tarbiyya a cikin manhaja kuma hada waje harsuna, tarihi, labarin kasa, mythology kuma ko da ilmin taurari.

A cikin sabon karni

Petersburg Academy of Arts a cikin karni na 19th samu ta kara ci gaba. Wanda ya jagoranci ta m Rasha majiɓinci, Count Aleksandr Sergeevich Stroganov gudanar da wani jerin sauye-sauye, wanda a cikin sa, na maido da aka halitta kuma ya samu lambar azuzuwan, kazalika da wasu yanayi da ake shigar da sansanin soja koyo. An muhimmanci mataki a cikin rãyuwar Academy na zamani shi ne karo na farko da canja wuri zuwa Ma'aikatar National Education, sa'an nan - da ma'aikatar da na mallaka Kotun. Wannan ya ƙwarai da gudummawar da samun ƙarin kudade da kuma yarda more digiri je kasashen waje.

A ikon classicism

Kusan a ko'ina cikin XIX karni kawai m style, gane da makarantar kimiyya, ya Classicism. A cikin manyan al'amurra na koyarwa a lokacin da aka ƙwarai rinjayi da ake kira matsayi na nau'o'i - rene ta Paris Academy of Fine Arts na tsarin na rabo na nau'o'i na zane-zane, bisa ga muhimmancin, babban na wanda aka dauke a tarihi zanen. Wannan manufa wanzu har karshen XIX karni.

A cikin layi tare da wannan, dalibai da fenti a kan batutuwa dauka daga Littafi ko daga ayyukan tsoho mawallafa - .. Homer, Ovid, Theocritus, da dai sauransu Old Rasha theme kuma yarda, amma kawai a cikin mahallin tarihi ayyukan Lomonosov da Shcherbatov da kuma kuma Synopsys - wani tarin ayyukan da tsoho chroniclers. A sakamakon classicism, wanda wa'azi da St. Petersburg na mallaka Academy of Arts, babu makawa iyakance kerawa na dalibai, tilasta shi a cikin kunkuntar sãsannin na moribund akidun.

Artists 'yan tawayen Tsarki ya tabbata Rasha art

A hankali a hankali ne 'yantar daga kafa canons fara da cewa a cikin Nuwamba 1863, 14 daga cikin mafi talented dalibai kunshe a cikin yawan mahalarta a cikin hamayya domin ya samu lambar zinariya, ya ki zuwa cin su a kan wani ba mãkirci na Norse mythology, m da hakkin ya zabi da topic. Samun kasance ƙi, suka demonstratively bar makarantar, shirya al'ummomi, wanda ya zama tushen ga wani daga baya shahara Association of Matafiya Art nune-nunen. Wannan taron ya gangara a tarihi na Rasha art a matsayin tawaye na goma sha huɗu.

Tsofaffin] aliban kuma malaman jami'o'i na St. Petersburg Academy of Arts suna da irin shahara painters kamar yadda MA Vrubel, V. A. Serov, V. I. Surikov, VD Polenov, VM Vasnetsov, da kuma waɗansu da yawa. A wannan numfashi tare da su ya kamata kuma a ambaci, da kuma wani galaxy na m malamai, daga cikinsu V. E. Makovsky, I. I. Shishkin, A. I. Kuindzhi da I. E. Repin.

Academy a XX karni

Petersburg Academy of Arts ci gaba da ayyukan up ga Oktoba 1917 juyin mulki. A cikin watanni shida bayan da Bolsheviks zo ikon yanke shawara na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta Sin da shi da aka soke, da kuma karkashi aka kafa da kuma lokaci-lokaci su canza sunayensu zuwa daban-daban art makarantu, tsara da shirya sabon Masters gurguzu art. A shekarar 1944, an sanya shi a cikin ganuwar da Institute of zanen, sassaka da Architecture aka mai suna bayan I. E. Repina, wanda ya sa wa wannan rana. Kansu suka kafa na Academy of Arts - Chamberlain na mallaka Kotun I. I. Shuvalov da fice a Rasha m A. F. Kokorinov, har abada shiga tarihi na Rasha art.