Obligate parasites: iri, halaye, da misalai

Parasitism - daya daga cikin tsofaffin siffofin Gwamuwar kwayoyin. Daga Girkanci kalmar "m" na harshe za a iya fassara a matsayin "m." Lalle ne, jigon parasitism cewa biyu genetically jũna kwayoyin zamani for quite dogon lokaci, tare da daya daga cikin kwayoyin amfani ga sauran ba kawai mazauninsu, amma kuma wani tushen abinci. A irin wannan ban sha'awa, daga wani nazarin halittu ra'ayi, sabon abu na obligate parasitism, za a tattauna a wannan labarin.

Inda ya yi da Kalmar "parasitism"?

A zamanin d Girka akwai wata dokar: a lõkacin da wata siyasa samun kuma tsohon su cika kai tsaye aikinsu, ya ke zuwa jihar dogara da ita. Domin wadannan mutane gina musamman Apartments, kira parasitariyami. Amma mazauna hostels kira parasites. Saboda haka da farko m - shi ne wanda yake iya zama ba fãce, ga wasu.

parasitic kwayoyin

parasites yanzu kira halittu ne wadanda zama mai yiwuwa ba ne ba tare da sauran mutane na zuwa daban-daban nazarin halittu jinsunan. The m iya gaba daya rasa ikon for m rai (wannan shi ne abin da ake kira obligate parasites), ko kuma matsa wa parasitic hanyar rayuwa ne kawai a wasu matakai na ta ci gaba.

Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa m amfanin daga cikin co-zama tare da rundunar, tare da karshen haddasa cutar. Lokacin da wannan lalacewar iya bambanta a cikin m m iyaka, daga nama lalacewa daban-daban gabobin ko ãr kafin da canji hali na rundunar. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a cikin yanayin kamuwa da cuta bukatar warkar da parasites in ba haka ba irreparable lalacewar jiki za a iya amfani. A matsayin misali, da yawa kwayoyi ko magunguna da cewa ba da damar zuwa rabu da tsutsotsi.

Features na parasitic kwayoyin

Ba kamar predation, parasitism unshi da karbuwa daga cikin m zuwa halaye na da rundunar. Parasites iya kasance kamar wata rundunar jiki surface kuma a cikin cavities na ciki gabobin ko Kwayoyin.

Quite halayyar alama ne akan rage parasitic kwayoyin sun wasu gabobin, wanda ta hanyar zama ba lallai ba ne. Alal misali, sau da yawa da parasites ba narkewa kamar tsarin, sakankancẽwa gabobin ko kuma wata gabar jiki. Sha'awa, da parasites a cikin shakka daga juyin halitta ba "dawo" rasa Gabar tsarin: kawai zai yiwu kara simplification na jiki. A matsayin misali na irin wannan simplification iya kai ƙwayoyin cuta, wadda ana zaton na unicellular kwayoyin canza kama zuwa wani kwayoyin na DNA ko RNA, "cushe" a mai gina jiki da harsashi. Ƙwayoyin cuta ne don haka m cewa wasu masu bincike ba su ma yi la'akari da su, su zama rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

A ci gaba da parasitism

Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa parasitism tashi a lokacin da suke zaune duniya, a lokacin da a cikin ƙasa biogeocoenoses fara bayyana. Saboda karfafa dangantakar da ke tsakanin kwayoyin ci karo da siffofin daban-daban na symbiotic dangantaka cewa wakilci Gwamuwar mutane na zuwa jinsuna daban. A wannan yanayin, wanda irin hankali fara daidaita da wa jikin wani. Kwarewa ya zama haka kunkuntar cewa tsohon symbiote iya ba wanzu ba tare da rundunar da kuma zama m. Mai parasites aka saba da m sunadaran da rundunar kwayoyin. Alal misali, kwayan cell bango thicken, musamman tsarin su hana combing da haka ci gaba da extremities mites. D.

Parasites: babban iri

Akwai uku main iri parasitic kwayoyin:

- ZABI parasites. Su ne wani ɓangare na rayuwarsu kamar yadda free mutane, amma tare da parasitic hanyar rayuwa ne kawai wasu matakai na raya kasa, kamar yadda mai mulkin, haifuwa. A matsayin misali, wasu iri hanji kwayoyin.

- obligate parasites. Duk matakai na m rai sake zagayowar hade da rundunar. A waje yanayi irin m ba zai iya zama. Obligate parasites - duk da ƙwayoyin cuta, Rickettsia da Chlamydia.

- Random parasites. Wannan shi ne wani aramin rukuni na kwayoyin da cewa su maida parasitism da hatsari. Misalai ne fungi, wanda zai iya zama cikin hanyar ci gaba a mutum subcutaneous mycoses.

Ware wani irin parasitic kwayoyin - abin da ake kira sverhparazitov. Irin kwayoyin kamar yadda Runduna ta amfani da sauran parasites. Superparasitism - fairly kowa sabon abu a cikin yanayi, yana mai muhalli muhimmancin: irin kwayoyin tsara da size da jama'ar na parasitic kwayoyin.

"The bad news a cikin marufi da furotin"

Ƙwayoyin cuta ne obligate parasites - kwayoyin da cewa ba su iya haifa a waje da cell. Masana kimiyyar halitta yi imani da cewa ƙwayoyin cuta daga zuriyar mafi hadaddun kwayoyin da suka koma wani parasitic hanyar rayuwa da kuma sun rasa mafi yawan su genes kuma salon salula Tsarin. Ƙwayoyin cuta rasa ko da ikon kai-metabolism: domin samar da makamashi da suke amfani da tafiyar matakai na rayuwa a cikin kamuwa da kwayar halitta.

By definition, da Nobel Prize P. Medawar, da cutar - shi ne "bad news a cikin marufi da gina jiki." Yana da gaske haka: kwayar tsarin Sauki da iyaka. Ƙwayoyin cuta ne DNA ko RNA kwayoyin, a kare da furotin da harsashi dauke da sunan "capsid". Da zarar a cikin cell, da cutar kwayoyin halitta suna fara reprogram aikin biochemical tsarin, haddasa su haifa zama dole domin cutar kwafi sunadaran.

Ƙwayoyin cuta kamar yadda cikakkar parasites

Ƙwayoyin cuta za a iya kira wani irin "sarki" da parasites a duniya akwai ba guda jinsunan, wanda zai ba za a fallasa su kwayar cututtuka. Ƙwayoyin cuta iya infest ba kawai a cikin sel na dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke, amma kuma a cikin guda-celled kwayoyin. Abin mamaki, da kawai obligate parasites, cewa ba kawai m of m free zama, amma kuma ya nuna da kaddarorin rai al'amari ne kawai a lokacin da fall a cikin rundunar kwayoyin.

Bazai tasiri duk da lalacewa da cewa cutar na iya sa wa jiki, warkewarta for parasites cewa harba Kwayoyin. Abin baƙin ciki, da ƙwayoyin cuta, obligate kwayuka parasites daga cikin mafi girman matakin ninka sauri isa. Su ci gaba gaba daga cikin Pharmaceutical masana'antu. Saboda haka, obligate kwayuka parasites da ciwon da sauki, idan ba m tsarin, sa'an nan kayar da Sarkin yanayi - adam ...

Yau, masana kimiyya sun ƙarasa da cewa shi ne a parasitic kwayoyin ne daya daga cikin manyan injuna na juyin halitta. Kada ka yi zaton cewa wadannan halittu kawo kawai cũta: obligate parasites, wanda ake exemplified a cikin wannan labarin ne musamman mai ban sha'awa a nazarin halittu, ba tare da wanda ci gaban da suke zaune duniya ne ba zai yiwu ba.