Mixed gandun daji na Rasha. Shuke-shuke da dabbobi na gauraye gandun daji. Ƙasa gauraye gandun daji

Broadleaf da kuma gauraye gandun daji sa up wani yawa karami yawan gandun daji sashi na Rasha, fiye da coniferous taiga. A Siberia, su ne mãsu fakowa gaba ɗaya. Broadleaf da kuma gauraye gandun daji na hali na Turai na Rasha da kuma Far Eastern yankin. Irin deciduous da coniferous itatuwa. Su ba kawai da mai gauraye abun da ke ciki na gandun daji tsaye, amma kuma iri-iri na daban-daban namun dajin, da juriya ga m muhalli tsoma, da tsarin da mosaic.

Iri da kuma layering na gauraye gandun daji

Akwai kananan-Leaved da coniferous da kuma gauraye deciduous gandun daji. Farko girma, yafi a cikin nahiyar yankunan. Mixed gandun daji da fili bayyane layering (canje-canje a cikin abun da ke ciki na Flora, dangane da tsawo). A topmost bene - high spruce, Pine, itacen oak. Dan kadan ƙananan girma Birch, maples, elms, lindens, daji pear da apple itatuwa, ƙaramin oakery da sauransu. Bugu da ari, akwai ƙananan itatuwan: Rowan, viburnum da dai sauransu Next bene bushes form: .. Viburnum, Hazel, hawthorn, daji ya tashi bushes, raspberries da yawa wasu. Next zo da shrubs. A sosai kasa suna girma ganye, lichens da kuma mosses.

Intermediate da kuma 'yan asalin siffofin coniferous-kananan-Leaved gandun daji

An ban sha'awa alama ne cewa gauraye-Leaved iri-iri suna dauke su kawai wani karewa kuma da samuwar wani coniferous gandun daji. Duk da haka, da suka zo da kuma 'yan asalin: iri-iri na dutse Birch (Kamchatka), Birch groves a cikin gandun daji, Aspen itatuwa da kuma swampy alder (kudu na Turai na Rasha). kananan-Leaved gandun daji irin ne sosai haske. Yana inganta luxuriant girma da ciyawa murfin kuma ta bambancin. Coniferous gandun daji gauraye broadleaf irin, da bambanci, da dangantaka da wani barga halitta tsarin. An rarraba a miƙa mulki zone tsakanin boreal da deciduous iri. Coniferous-deciduous gandun daji girma a filayen da kuma a kan ƙananan dutsen zone tare da m da kuma gumi yanayin damina.

Zone gauraye da deciduous gandun daji

Coniferous-deciduous gandun daji girma a cikin warmer yankuna na temperate zone. Suna bambanta da iri-iri da kuma richness na ciyawa murfin. Girma intermittent tube daga Turai Rasha da Far East. Su shimfidar ne m ga mutane. Don kudu da taiga ne a sashi na gauraye gandun daji. Suna yada a kan dukan yankin na gabashin Turai Bayyana kuma Urals (har zuwa Amur yankin). Kada samar da wata m zone.

Est Turai iyaka rabo broadleaf da kuma gauraye gandun daji arewa ta'allaka a 57 ° C. w. Sama da shi vuya kusan gama oak (daya daga cikin key itace). Ta Kudu kusan shãfi arewacin iyaka da gandun daji steppe, inda spruce vuya gaba daya. Wannan sashi ne mai rabo ba a cikin siffar wani alwatika, biyu vertices daga waxanda suke a Rasha (Ekaterinburg, St. Petersburg), da kuma na uku - a Ukraine (Kiev). Wannan shi ne, kamar yadda da nisa daga primary yanki zuwa arewa broadleaf da kuma gauraye gandun daji a hankali janye daga watershed yankunan. Sun fi son dumi da kuma kariya daga garin kankara iskõki da kogin kwari tare da samun damar zuwa surface na carbonate kankara. A cewar shi cikin gandun daji na deciduous da kuma gauraye da irin kananan iri-iri hankali isa taiga.

Gabas Turai Bayyana ne mafi yawa low-maƙaryaciya, kuma lebur ƙasa, amma wani lokacin akwai tuddai. A nan ne asalin, iyo wuraren waha kuma watersheds daga cikin mafi girma Rasha kõguna: da Dnieper, Volga, Western Dvina. Su floodplains fadamun suna cike da koyaswa gandun daji da kuma makiyaya. A wasu yankuna, da filayen kwari, saboda da kusanci na ruwan karkashin kasa, kazalika da iyaka kwarara, wani lokacin sosai swampy. Akwai ma yankunan da yashi kasa, abin da girma Pine gandun daji. A Marshes da clearings girma Berry bushes da ciyawa. Yankin ne mafi dace wa coniferous-deciduous gandun daji.

mutum tasiri

Broadleaf da kuma gauraye gandun daji na dogon lokaci da fallasa su daban-daban da tasirinsa daga mutane. Saboda haka, da yawa iri-iri sun canja da cika fuska: m ciyayi ko dai gaba daya hallaka ko partially ko gaba daya maye gurbinsu da sakandare kankara. Yanzu da saurã daga deciduous gandun daji iri daban-daban da cewa sun tsira a karkashin nauyi anthropogenic matsa lamba, suna daban-daban Tsarin Flora canje-canje. Wasu jinsunan rasa wuri a cikin 'yan asalin al'umma girma a anthropogenically damuwa habitats ko shagaltar intrazonal matsayi.

sauyin yanayi

Climate na gauraye gandun daji wajen m. An halin gwada da dumi a cikin hunturu (a cikin talakawan daga 0 zuwa -16 °) da kuma dogon bazara (16-24 ° C) kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da taiga zone. A talakawan shekara-shekara da ruwan sama - 500-1000 mm. An yadu wuce danshin, wanda shi ne mai alama na kar-wanke da ruwa tsarin mulki. Mixed gandun daji suna da halayyar alama ne babban matakin da ciyawa murfin. Su biomass ne a kan talakawan 2-3 dubu kg / ha. zuriyar dabbobi biomass matakan ma ya wuce taiga, duk da haka, saboda da hakan ayyuka na kananan kwayoyin halitta, halakar da kwayoyin abubuwa ke da yawa sauri. Saboda haka gauraye gandun daji da karami kauri da kuma mafi matakin na bazuwar zuriyar dabbobi fiye da taiga conifer.

Kasa gauraye gandun daji

Ƙasa gauraye gandun daji dabam- dabam suke. Cover ne fairly motley tsarin. A cikin ƙasa na gabashin Turai Bayyana ne ya fi kowa irin sod-podzolic gona. Yana da wani irin classic kudancin podsolic kasa da aka kafa kawai a gaban iyaye kankara baƙin yumɓu irin. Sod-podzolic gona yana da guda tsarin da bayanin martaba kuma a irin wannan tsarin. Ya bambanta daga podsolic a massiveness zuriyar dabbobi (5 cm) kuma zai fi girma iya aiki duk sãsanni. Kuma wannan ba shi ne kawai bambancin. Sod podsolic kasa ne mafi pronounced humus sararin sama A1, wanda aka located a karkashin zuriyar dabbobi. Ya bayyanar ya bambanta daga abin da Layer na podzolic kasa. A na sama ƙunshi rhizomes Sward da kuma siffofin sod. Horizon za a iya canza launin a cikin daban-daban tabarau na launin toka, kuma yana da sako-sako da tsarin. Ikon Layer - 5-20 cm, humus rabo - har zuwa 4%. The sama na profile data ƙasa ne acidic. Tare da zurfafa na shi ya zama ko da karami.

Ƙasa gauraye m-Leaved gandun daji

Gray gandun daji kasa gauraye deciduous gandun daji suna kafa a cikin m yankuna. A Rasha, da suka rarraba daga Turai na zuwa Transbaikalia. A cikin irin wannan ƙasa sediments shiga zuwa mafi girma zurfin. Duk da haka, ruwa alluna ne sau da yawa da zurfi ƙwarai. Saboda haka, wetting kasar gona don su matakin ne na hali kawai a sosai moistened yankunan.

Mixed gandun daji kasa su ne mafi alhẽri dace domin aikin noma fiye da substrates taiga. A kudancin yankunan Turai na Rasha arable ƙasar sa up 45% na yankin. Wajen arewa da kuma taiga rabo daga arable ƙasar da aka hankali rage. Noma, a cikin wadannan yankunan da wuya saboda karfi leaching, waterlogging da ƙasa zavalunennosti. Don samun mai kyau da ake samu na bukatar mai yawa da taki.

Janar halaye na Fauna da Flora,

Shuke-shuke da dabbobi na gauraye gandun daji ne sosai bambancin. A jinsin richness na Flora da fauna ne m kawai tare da wurare masu zafi Jungle da kuma gida da yawa yara da kuma herbivores. Ga a matsafai na kan bishiyoyi tushen squirrels da sauran dabbobi, a kan rawanin yi sheƙarsu tsuntsãye a tushen Burrow equips hares da Foxes, da kuma ba da nisa daga kogin otters rayuwa. Species bambancin gauraye zone ne manya-manyan. Sa'an nan ji dadi kamar yadda mazaunan taiga da deciduous gandun daji, da gandun daji-'yan. Wasu farkakku ne a ko'ina cikin shekara, da kuma sauran domin hunturu hibernate. Shuke-shuke da dabbobi na gauraye gandun daji da dankantakar halitta. Mutane da yawa herbivores ciyar a kan daban-daban berries, wanda a gauraye gandun daji sosai.

Bishiyoyi gauraye gandun daji

Mixed-Leaved gandun daji game da 90% kunshi coniferous itatuwa da kuma kananan-Leaved irin. Broadleaf jinsunan ba sosai. Tare da Pine itatuwa da suka girma Aspen, Birch, alder, Willow, poplar. Birch hada iri-iri na da irin wannan mafi. Matsayin mai mulkin, su ne na biyu - da cewa an girma a kan gandun daji gobara, clearings da glades, tsohon sauran arable ƙasar. A bude wuraren, irin gandun daji suna da kyau koma a farkon shekaru na girma cikin sauri. Expand yankunan na taimaka wa ayyukan mutane.

Coniferous-deciduous gandun daji kunshi da farko na fir, lindens, pines, itatuwan oak, elms, elms, maples, kuma a kudu maso yammacin yankuna na Rasha Federation - Beech, ash kuma hornbeam. A wannan itatuwa, amma gida jinsin girma a cikin Far East, tare da inabi, Manchurian irin goro da inabõbi. A mutunta mutane da yawa, da abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin da girma stock na gandun daji coniferous-deciduous irin dogara da yanayin damina, topography, kasar gona da hydrological gwamnatin wani musamman yankin. A Arewa Caucasus aka mamaye oak, Pine, Maple, fir da sauran jinsunan. Amma mafi bambancin a abun da ke ciki ne Far Eastern gandun daji coniferous-deciduous irin. Suna kafa ta itacen al'ul Pine, Khingan fir, spruce ayyanskoy, da dama jinsunan Maple, Manchurian ash, Mongolian oak, Amur Linden, kuma tanã biyar 'yan qasar jinsunan ciyayi.

Species bambancin da fauna

Daga manyan herbivores a gauraye gandun daji Elk, bison, aladu, barewa, da Sika deer (shigo da saba form). Daga Rodent yanzu gandun daji sunadaran marten, ermine, dabbar beaver, chipmunks, Otter, beraye, badgers, mink, ferrets baki. Mixed gandun daji yawaita da yawa jinsunan tsuntsaye. A nan ne da yawa daga cikinsu, amma ba dukan: oriole, nuthatch, siskin, fieldfare, goshawk, Hazel takaddamarsu, bullfinch, Nightingale, cuckoo, alhudahuda, m crane, goldfinches, woodpecker, takaddamarsu, finch. Fiye ko žasa da manyan yara gabatar Wolves, Lynx da Foxes. Mixed gandun daji ne ma gida zomaye (hares da hares), kadangaru, hedgehogs, macizai, frogs da kuma ruwan kasa bears.

Namomin kaza da kuma berries

Berries an gabatar da blueberry, rasberi, Cranberry, Cranberry, blackberry, ceri, strawberry, itacen ƙaya, elderberry, Rowan, Cranberry, rosehips, hawthorn. A gandun daji na irin wannan ne da yawa edible namomin kaza: Aspen, fari shaft, chanterelles, russula, namomin kaza, namomin kaza, man shanu namomin kaza, volnushki daban-daban blewits, boletus, Mokhovikov, namomin kaza da sauransu. Daya daga cikin mafiya hatsari m toadstools ne macromycetes kuma kodadde toadstool.

shrubs

Rasha gauraye gandun daji fifita shrubs. Bene undergrowth unusually ci gaba. Domin m oak halin gaban Hazel, dogara sanda itace, kerkẽci Laka, honeysuckle itace, da kuma a arewacin yankin - alder buckthorn. A gefuna da kuma a bude Woodlands girma rosehips. A cikin gandun daji na coniferous da m-Leaved irin ci karo lianoobraznye shuke-shuke: Calystegia sepium, hops hawa, bittersweet.

ganye

A babban bambancin da jinsunan, kazalika da wani hadadden tsaye tsarin da ciyawa gauraye gandun daji (musamman coniferous da m-Leaved irin). Mafi na kowa da kuma yadu wakilta category - a mesophilic shuka lalata. Daga cikin su akwai wakilan oakwood. Shi ne mai shuka wanda leaf farantin yana da wani gwaji nisa. Wadannan sun hada da: Mercurialis perennis, ƙasa m, Lungwort, Lily na kwari, Turai Wild Ginger, m sedge, Zelenchuk rawaya, chickweed lanceolate, sochevnik (Black da spring), Violet ban mamaki. Hatsi ake wakilta Ashtoret bluegrass, fescue giant, gandun daji Reed ciyawa, Brachypodium pinnatum, boron da kuma wasu sauran na yada. Flat data ganyen shuke-shuke suna da wani zaɓi da ya daidaita da takamaiman fitosrede coniferous-deciduous gandun daji.

Bugu da kari a wadannan perennial nau'in a cikin data sets kuma sami ciyawa ephemeral kungiyoyin. Its girma kakar, suna canjawa wuri zuwa ga spring lokaci, a lokacin da matsakaicin lighting. Da zarar snow melts, wato blooming da kyau ephemeroids form kafet da rawaya anemones da Goose bakuna hohlatok shunayya, da bluish m-prolesok. Wadannan shuke-shuke je ta hanyar rayuwar sake zagayowar for mako biyu, da kuma lokacin da ganyen itatuwa Bloom, su m part ƙarshe ya mutu. M lokaci da suka fuskanci karkashin Layer na kasar gona kamar yadda tubers, kwararan fitila da kuma rhizomes.