Kwamfuta da duk kayan lantarki sune na'urorin haɗari, ka'idoji basu fahimta akai akai ta mafi yawan mutane. Mene ne ROM kuma me yasa na'urar ta zama dole? Yawancin mutane ba za su iya amsa wannan tambayar ba. Bari muyi kokarin gyara wannan rashin fahimta.
Menene ROM?
Menene su kuma ina ake amfani da su? Saurin tunawa (ROM) su ne ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ba. Hanyoyin fasaha suna aiwatar da su azaman microcircuit. Bugu da ƙari, mun koyi abin da raguwa na ROM na ƙaddara. An tsara na'urorin don adana bayanan da mai amfani da shigarwa suka shigar. A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwa, zaka iya samun takardu, karin waƙa, hotuna - wato. Duk abin da ya kamata a adana don watanni ko ma shekaru. Adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, dangane da na'urar da ake amfani da ita, na iya bambanta daga wasu kilobytes (a kan mafi sauki na'urorin da suke da kristal silicon, irin su microcontrollers) zuwa terabytes. Ƙarin ƙarfin ROM - ƙarin abubuwa zasu iya samun ceto. Ƙarar tana daidaitacce daidai da adadin bayanai. Idan shãfe haske amsar tambayar, abin da ROM ya kamata a ce: ne data sito, wanda shi ne mai zaman kanta da DC ƙarfin lantarki.
Hard disks a matsayin asali kayayyakin ajiya masu tsabta
A kan tambaya, menene ROM, an riga an amsa. Yanzu zamuyi magana akan abin da suke. Babban ma'aunin ajiya mai mahimmanci sune rikici. Suna cikin kowace kwamfuta. An yi amfani dashi saboda kwarewarsu ta hanyar tattara bayanai. Amma akwai wasu ROMs da suke amfani da multiplexers (waɗannan su ne microcontrollers, kamfanonin farko da sauran kayan aikin lantarki masu kama da juna). Tare da cikakken nazarin zai zama dole ba kawai don fahimtar darajan ROM ba. Sakamakon wasu kalmomi ma wajibi ne, don shiga cikin batu.
Ƙarawa da kuma ƙari da ƙarfin ROM ta hanyar fasaha mai haske
Idan adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya bai isa ga mai amfani ba, to, zaku iya amfani da ƙarin fadada damar da aka bai wa ROM ɗin a cikin filin ajiya bayanai. Anyi wannan ta hanyar fasahar zamani wanda aka aiwatar a cikin katunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da kebul na USB. Suna dogara ne akan ka'idar amfani da sake amfani. A wasu kalmomi, ana iya share bayanai a kan su da kuma rubuta dubun dubban sau.
Abin da ke ƙunshi na'urar ajiya mai ɗorewa
A ROM ya ƙunshi sassa biyu, waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayin ROM-A (don adana shirye-shiryen) da kuma ROM-E (don bada shirye-shirye). Wani abu mai mahimmanci Kayan aiki na ajiya shi ne tsararren lasifikar lantarki wanda aka sare ta amfani da wayoyi na adireshi. Wannan ɓangaren ROM ɗin yana aikin babban aikin. Cikakken ya dogara ne da kayan da aka sanya ROM ɗin (ana iya amfani dashi na kwakwalwa da kwakwalwa, kwakwalwa, kwakwalwa, kwakwalwa, ƙididdigar ƙirar, da kuma dukiyoyinsu na tarawa na caji na lantarki).
Tsarin tsarin ROM
Wannan nau'i na kayan lantarki yana wakilta a cikin nau'i na na'ura, wanda a cikin bayyanar yana kama da haɗawar wasu ƙwayoyin sel guda ɗaya. Chip ROM, duk da mawuyacin yiwuwar kuma, zai zama alama, muhimmiyar dama, a cikin girman ƙananan. Yayin da aka haddace wani takamaiman bayani, ana sanya hatimi ga shari'ar (lokacin da aka rubuta nau'in zero) ko zuwa maɓallin wutar lantarki (lokacin da aka rubuta wani sashi). Don ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin na'urorin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kwakwalwan kwamfuta za a iya haɗa su a layi daya. Haka kuma masana'antun sun samo samfurin zamani, saboda kullun na ROM ya sa su zama masu gasa a kasuwa.
Kwafin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya idan aka yi amfani da shi a sassa daban daban na fasaha
Adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ya bambanta dangane da nau'in da manufar ROM. Saboda haka a cikin kayan aikin gida mai sauki kamar kayan wanke ko masu firiji zaka iya samun ƙananan microcontrollers (tare da samfurin nau'in kilobytes), kuma a wasu lokuta akwai wani abu da yafi rikitarwa an shigar. Yi amfani da babban adadin ROM a nan ba shi da ma'ana, saboda yawan kayan lantarki yana ƙananan, kuma fasahar ba ta buƙatar lissafin ƙididdiga. Don hotuna na zamani, kuna buƙatar wani abu mafi kyau. Kuma mahimmancin ƙwarewar shine fasaha ta kwamfuta kamar kwakwalwa da kuma sabobin, ROM wanda akalla, zai iya karɓar wuri daga masu yawa na gigabytes (domin an fitar da su 15 da suka wuce) zuwa dubun daruruwan kabyts na bayanai.
Masked ROM
A lokuta inda aka yi rikodin ta hanyar amfani da tsarin gyaran fuska kuma an yi amfani da mask, ana kiransa masked na'urar na'urar ƙira. Adireshin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikinsu suna ciyarwa zuwa 10, kuma an zaɓi wani guntu ta amfani da alamar CS na musamman. Ana aiwatar da shirye-shiryen irin wannan ROM a masana'antun, saboda haka, masana'antu a kananan ƙananan matakan ba shi da amfani kuma ba daidai ba ne. Amma a cikin manyan samfurori, su ne mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin dukan na'urori masu ajiya masu ɗorewa, wanda ya ba su sanannen shahara.
Hanya daga jimlar jimla ta bambanta a cikin wancan a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya an haɗa su da takardun gyare-gyare masu linzami na silicium polycrystalline. A lokacin samarwa, duk masu tsallewa an halicce su, kuma kwamfutar ta yi imanin cewa an rubuta rahotannin a ko'ina. Amma a lokacin shirya shirye-shiryen haɓaka ƙaruwa mai amfani, tare da taimakon abin da aka rabu da rassa na ƙira. Lokacin da ake amfani da ƙananan ƙananan ƙafa, masu tsallewa sun kwashe kuma kwamfutar sun karanta cewa akwai siffar ƙira. Ta wannan mahimmanci, ƙidodi na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar abubuwa kawai suna aiki.
Shirye-shiryen karantawa kawai kawai
EPROM ya kasance dacewa a cikin tsarin masana'antu, don haka za'a iya amfani da su don samar da matsakaici da ƙarami. Amma irin waɗannan na'urori suna da iyakokin su - saboda haka, zaka iya rubuta wannan shirin sau ɗaya kawai (saboda gaskiyar cewa masu tsalle suna ƙarewa sau daya kuma don duka). Saboda rashin yiwuwar yin amfani da na'urar ajiya mai ɗorewa sau da yawa, idan an rubuta shi kuskure, dole ne a jefar da shi. A sakamakon haka, farashin duk kayan aikin da aka haɓaka yana ƙaruwa. Saboda rashin daidaituwa na sake zagayowar samarwa, wannan matsala ta damu sosai ta hankalin masu ci gaba da na'urorin ƙwaƙwalwa. Hanyar fita daga wannan yanayin shi ne ci gaban ROM, wanda za'a iya tsara shi sau da yawa sau da yawa.
ROM tare da ultraviolet ko ƙarewar lantarki
Kuma sun sami irin wadannan na'urori kamar "ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tare da ultraviolet ko lantarki sharewa". An halicce su ne akan nauyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar suna da tsari na musamman. Saboda haka, kowane tantanin halitta MOSFET ne, wanda aka sanya ƙofar daga silikar polycrystalline. Yana kama da daftarin da aka gabata, dama? Amma bambancin wadannan ROMs shine silicon ɗin yana bugu da žari yana mai kewaye da shi tare da kayan haɓaka mai ban mamaki, silicon dioxide. Ka'idar aiki a nan ya dogara ne akan abun ciki na cajin shigarwa, wadda za a adana shi har tsawon shekaru. Akwai siffofi don sharewa. Saboda haka, don na'urar ultraviolet ROM, hasken ultraviolet yana fitowa daga waje (lantarki ultraviolet, da dai sauransu) yana buƙatar bugawa. A bayyane yake, daga mahimmanci na sauƙi, aiki na ƙaddarar da aka yi tare da murfin lantarki yana da mafi kyau, tun da yake don kunnawa ya zama dole kawai don amfani da lantarki. An aiwatar da ka'idar tsaftace wutar lantarki a cikin irin wadannan ROMs a matsayin tafiyar da flash, wanda mutane da yawa zasu gani.
Amma irin wannan tsarin ROM, ban da gina ƙwayar halitta, ba ya bambanta da tsarin daga wani nau'in ajiya na dindindin na maskedi. Wani lokaci wasu na'urori ana kiransa reprogrammable. Amma tare da dukkan amfanin, akwai wasu iyakoki ga gudunwar sharewar bayanin: wannan aikin yakan ɗauki kimanin minti 10-30.
Duk da yiwuwar sake rubutawa, na'urorin haɓaka suna da ƙuntatawa akan amfani. Saboda haka, kayan lantarki tare da gogewar ultraviolet na iya tsira daga 10 zuwa 100 na haɗin rewriting. Sa'an nan kuma mummunar tasirin radiation ya zama sananne cewa sun dakatar da aiki. Zaka iya ganin amfani da waɗannan abubuwa kamar ajiya don shirye-shiryen BIOS, a cikin bidiyo da katunan sauti, don ƙarin tashoshin ruwa. Amma ka'idar tsaftace wutar lantarki mafi kyau ne game da sake sake rubutawa. Saboda haka, adadin sake rubutawa a cikin na'urori na yau da kullum daga 100 000 zuwa 500,000! Akwai na'urorin ROM masu rarrabe waɗanda zasu iya aiki kuma mafi, amma ga mafi yawan masu amfani ba su buƙata.