Mene ne wani gothic labari? Modern Gothic litattafan

Kalmar "Gothic" a cikin adabi ma'anar da Genre, hada tsoro, romance, almarar kimiyya da kuma kasada. A majagaba na Genre ya da Turanci marubuci Horas Uolpol da labari "The Castle na Otranto".

Origin of ajalin

Yau, da kalmar "Gothic" ne related to da dama daban-daban kwatance a art, tarihi da kuma al'adu. An kai tsaye alaka gine-gine, adabi, da kuma zanen music. Duk da haka, asalin ma'anar da kalmar akwai, ba shakka, daga cikin sunan Jamus mutane - Goths.

A Goths kasance daya daga wani adadin related, amma sosai m Jamus kabilu. Su ne kusan ko da yaushe a yaki da na makwabta, da sõyayya da su ne kawai don su yi yaƙi da Romawa. Ganiya da su daraja ya V karni, a lokacin da kabilan yammacin da kuma gabashin Goths ci Romawa da kuma nasara da mafi Spain. Bayan haka, tarihi na kabilar aka tunawa da tarihi daga cikin kasashen da suka ci da yaki.

Yana wasu ƙarni kafin lokaci "Gothic" zo koma zuwa wani abu daban. A lokacin da Renaissance, a lokacin da na gargajiya da al'adunsu samu ta biyu haihuwa, "Gothic" kira da gine-gine da style of tsakiyar zamanai. A 'yan ƙarni ta zama wani irin litattafan, mai yiwuwa saboda mawallafa zaba a matsayin site na mataki na zamanin d gine-gine na Gothic style tare da m tarihi.

A tarihin Gothic labari

Gothic labari fito a cikin farkon kalaman na romanticism a tsakiyar XVIII karni da kuma tsiwirwirinsu m shahararsa a cikin XIX karni. An haife shi a Ingila a mayar da martani ga tsaurara m style na litattafan da lokaci.

Duk da haka, ba za a dauka a matsayin romantic Gothic labari halittar. Saiwoyinsa tafi yawa da zurfi cikin tarihi, taba a kan na da tarihi na tsoro, jama'a tãtsũniyõyin, imani da kuma da faxin. Wadannan dogon-tsaye kafofin wahayi da kuma amfani da zamani gothic litattafan, misali, da Trend ne a fili gani a ayyukan Stephen King ko enn Rays.

A farko Gothic labari ya aikin Horasa Uolpola "The Castle na Otranto", na farko da aka buga a 1764. Marubucin kansa ya ce yana sha'awar biyu na zamani da kuma na da litattafan, amma a duka nau'o'i Walpole samu shortcomings, daga wanda ya yi kokarin rabu da a cikin "Castle na Otranto". A cewar shi, da gargajiya na da romance ma quirky da kuma na zamani - ma idon basira. Amma masu sukar rungumi bidi'a a cikin makamai, bayyana cewa wannan wata cakuda da almarar, tarihi da kuma ƙagagge takardun ke kan m wallafe-wallafen ka'idojin.

Duk da sana'a sukar, da gothic labari in English adabi ya sami m shahararsa, wanda sa'an nan ya rinjayi fitowan da wannan salo a cikin Jamusanci (Schauerroman) da kuma Faransa adabi (Jojiya da kuma Roman Noir).

Gothic labari a Rasha kira dama, da kuma daya daga cikin mawallafan da suka wadãtar da wannan salo hada Pushkin ( "The Queen of spades"), Lermontov ( "Hero of Our Lokaci") da kuma litattafan Gogol ( "Wii", "maraice a kan wani Farm kusa Dikanka").

The abubuwa na Gothic labari

Babban fasali na Gothic labari a cikin tsawon da samuwar jaddada iyakoki da abin da aka jiyar da Romantic wallafe-wallafe. Duk da so da al'adu igiyoyin da hankali da hankula da kuma janye motsin zuciyarmu, romantic adabi tsakiyar XVIII karni, an ma wuya a kan ra'ayi na wayewar.

A mawallafa na gothic litattafan nema ya rushe da kyau-kafa tsarin da adabi na lokaci, da biyan hankali ga mafi duhu da kuma unexplored batutuwa da cewa ba za a iya bude, ta amfani dace da m hanyoyin. Kada ku ji tsõro, tashin hankali, asiri - duk abubuwa da suke cikin bukatar ƙarin wallafe-wallafen wajen. Gothic labari in English adabi tilasta mai karatu ya tafi bayan da sanannun da kuma m, aka gina shi a kan mafi yanayi, fahimta, a sume, amma karfi tunanin hasken dake fitowa da kuma boye amfane shi.

A cewar da yawa sukar, da gothic labari ne bayanin mai auku duniya, kuma wannan shi ne duniya da mai karatu da aka nuna ta amfani da ainihin abubuwan da hadisan labari, wanda, duk da haka, suna sosai daban-daban a cikin halaye.

scene

Kusan duk litattafan a cikin Gothic style dogaro wurin don samar da wani tunanin canza launi samfurin. Saboda haka, kwatancin yadda wurare, shimfidar, weather, da kuma sauran muhalli abubuwa wasa mai da muhimmanci sosai rawa a wannan salo.

A hankula scene na Gothic labari, ba kawai tsokani a ji na tsoro da fargaba, amma kuma ya bayyana withering na duniya baki daya. Tsohon gine-gine, kango kuma ce cewa a lokacin da wani rai ne a cikin cikakken lilo, kuma a yanzu duk da cewa an bar - kawai wata inuwa daga baya, kuna ɓõyẽwa kansa a tarihi, da kuma Stores manta asĩri.

protagonists

Heroes Gothic litattafan samar da wata irin archetypes, kuma akwai wani samfurin na su halaye, wanda ya dace domin mafi kayayyakin.

A protagonist ne yawanci shi kadai, shi ne sau da yawa a cikin zaman talala, ko kurkuku - a kan nasu, ko da shi. Anti-gwarzo ne embodiment na mugunta - da matsayi samu ta su ta hanyar nasu laifi, a sakamakon jerin ayyuka da kuma yanke shawara, ko laifi na wasu. A protagonist daga cikin ayyukan da wannan salo ne sau da yawa baƙo yawo cikin duniya, kasancewa a tutur hijira, wanda zai iya zama wani nau'i ne na allahntaka azãba.

labarin

Sau da yawa mãkirci na Gothic labari nuna Fading duniya. Babban hali, na gaji da zama shi kadai / aurin / hijira, da fuskantar da mugunta, sau da yawa a cikin nau'i na gwaji ko yaudara. Gwaji Yanã da gwarzo je da shi, domin su aikata zunubi, kuma cika fall. Alal misali, a cikin labari "Ambrosio, ko da m" M. G. Lyuisa protagonist - wani samfurin na Spanish m na Order, lured Matilda, wanda shi ne ainihin wani aljanin, ya aiko ga rai na m.

Babban jigogi

Duk da cewa babban batutuwa na Gothic Genre ne allahntaka da kuma unattainable, daga gare su ne a fili gani a duk babban jigo na Romanticism - matsalar da "superfluous mutum", wani irin Byronic gwarzo ci abinci saba wa juna.

Daya yana da kawai don duba da shãmaki daga tsoro da kuma allahntaka, gwarzo iya fahimtar wani mutum wanda, kamar dukan peculiar tsoro da shakka. Kawai Gothic adabi ayan ƙwarai ƙara dukan waɗanda tsoro da wanda wani mutum ya ci karo da kowane rana.

Criticism Gothic adabi

Gothic labari a lokacin ta zama an hõre daban-daban da sukar. Literary Figures sau da yawa dangantaka abubuwa na Gothic labari tare da zurfin-zaune ji da kuma son zũciyõyin mutum. A sabon karni da kuma ci gaban psychoanalysis ya dalilin jawo daidaici tsakanin Gothic abubuwa da mutum tunaninsu da lamirinsu.

A cewar Davis, Morris, wannan salo - da Gothic labari - yana fitar da motsin zuciyarmu, ya nufi, da kuma fargabar cewa mutane yawanci nema don sarrafa, boye da kuma watsi. A gwagwarmayar da protagonist tare da allahntaka mugunta ne misãli ga wani sosai real gwagwarmaya da cewa mutum ne nin, kuma m tunani.

Mata Gothic Wallafe-wallafe

Turanci Gothic labari tare da gidãjen, dungeons, duhu gandun daji da kuma m, hanyõyi, aiki a matsayin haihuwa na musamman sabon abu ga Turanci adabi na lokaci. Mata Gothic adabi, wanda majagaba sun enn Redklif, Meri Shelli da Charlotte Bronte, a yarda mata-marubuta a karon farko don bayyana sana'a da kuma zamantakewa burinsu, kazalika da jima'i sha'awa. Free style gothic labari yarda da Ladies tada batutuwa kamar jima'i matsayi, patriarchal dabi'u da kuma jima'i danniya na mata a cikin mazan jiya English al'umma.

Wannan mata litattafan buga a wallafe-wallafen na'urar a matsayin "mai allahntaka bayani." Wannan wayo da dabara a yarda da Ladies rubuta litattafai, irin wannan a cikin bayyanar, yanayi da kuma ne sau da yawa abun ciki zuwa Gothic, amma suna, duk da haka, ya bayyana sosai hakikanin rai.

Gothic tasiri a Romantic kasida

Top Gothic litattafan sun yi wani ma'auni tasiri a kan Turanci Romantic kasida. Famous ayyukan Sama'ila Taylor Coleridge - "The Rime na Ancient Mariner" da "Christabel", kazalika sufi da ayyukan Dzhona Kitsa "Hauwa'u na St. Agnes" da "Isabella", da irin wannan Gothic abubuwa. Gothic labari fasali, kamar wahayi, da fatalwowi, hadari da cusa tsoro m kwatancin shimfidar dauka daga cikin ayyukan kasida enn Redklif.

A farko da aka buga aiki na Persi Bishi Shelli Gothic labari ya "Zastrotsi" na zaman talala, damu da wani irin fansa ubansa da rabin ɗan'uwansa. A shekara daga baya ya wallafa wani biyu labari, "Ruhul Irvine," wanda babban harafin an alchemist wanda yake so ya samu asirin rai madawwami. Duka ayyukansu quite m, kuma m version na Gothic labari, duk da haka, ya shafa ba kawai aiki na Shelley, amma kuma ya nan gaba matar, ya zama marubucin "Frankenstein."

Ba kalla rawa wajen ci gaban na Gothic Genre da kuma taka leda sanannen Ubangiji Byron. Ya yi watsi da uwargijiyar mawãƙi bayyana a matsayin "wani mahaukaci, mugunta da kuma kawo hadari" mutumin, da cewa shi ne babban fasali na canza son kai na yaron Harold - wani samfur na Byronic gwarzo.

Haka kuma, sau da yawa Byron shirya gasa ga mafi sufi labarin daga da'irar abokai-marubuta, ciki har da kansa, maza Shelley da kuma Dzhona Polidori. Kamar yadda masu sukar, wadannan tarurruka suka bauta wa a cikin hanyar samar da wani "Frankenstein" labarin da Polidori ta "Vampire".

Victoria zamanin da a sake tunani na Gothic Genre

By farkon Sarauniya Victoria ta sarautar m gothic labari ƙwarai rage saboda a sashi don korau zargi, jera saboda shahararsa na tarihi litattafan da Walter Scott. Duk da haka, da Victoria Gothic adabi jiran sake tunani da salo.

Edgara Alan an dauki mafi muhimmanci bidi'a a cikin Gothic adabi on. A marubuci biya kamar yadda da yawa da hankali ga ilimin halin dan Adam na da haruffa, da yawa gargajiya abubuwa na salo. Yana da wani babban wallafe-wallafen zargi, As Masani game da duka da amfani ko rashin amfani da Gothic, don haka mayar da hankali a kan jihar hankali ya haruffa. A cewar shi, da tsoro ya mai da wallafe-wallafen theme, cancantar binciken.

Canje-canje da suka faru a cikin mata gothic labari. "Wuthering Heights" Emily Bronte yana da dukan zama dole abubuwa: a duhu scene, da fatalwowi da Byronic gwarzo a fuskar Heathcliff. Duk da haka, babban harafin da labari ba kawai a kurkuku, da kuma shan wahala daga rashin adalci na wani patriarchal al'umma da kuma jinsi nuna bambanci ba. Babban heroine na Bronte 'yan'uwa mãtã kawo zaman bango na mata gothic labari.

Salo karfi da tasiri da halayyar da zamanin irin marubuta kamar Charles Dickens. Ya tsaya a sansanonin 'Verviers Gothic adabi mai taken "Urban Gothic labari." A cikin shafukan da ayyukansa titunan London ne mafi depressing wuri gothic mataki evokes da tsoro da kuma son tsira. Irin ayyukan matsayin "Oliver karkatarwa," "Great tsammanin" da "Damuwa House" koma mataki na Gothic labari a birane hanyoyi, ya kuma lungu.

A zambiyõyin Dickens tafi da marubuta na marigayi karni na sha tara. A ƙarshen Victoria zamanin alama wani sabon karuwa a shahararsa na birane gothic labari, samu wani abu akan sake haihuwa godiya ga ayyukan Robert Louis Stevenson ( "M Case na Dr Jekyll da Mr Hyde"), Genri Dzheymsa ( "Juyawa daga cikin Dunƙule") da kuma Oscar Wilde ( "The Hoto na Dorian Gray").

Mafi shahara antagonist na Gothic Genre - Count Dracula - ya bayyana a kan shafukan da labari da Bram Stoker. Stoker ya ja hankalin mawallafa asiri to Transylvania da kuma Gabashin Turai a matsayin dukan, game da shi sa da yankin da aka fi so scene na gothic litattafan.

Modern Gothic litattafan

Mutane da yawa zamani marubuta na almarar kimiyya da kuma wakilan wasu nau'o'i amfani da gothic abubuwa a cikin ayyukansu. Gothic tsoro labaru, firaministan misalai na wanda za a ayyukan enn Rays, da basira hadawa da al'adar XVIII karni da 'yanci na adabi magana, halayyar zamani wallafe-wallafe. Gothic, a wata hanya, su ne wasu daga cikin litattafan da Stephen King da kuma aikin Daphne du Maurier. Wasu gothic laya an sake tunani da yawa labaru game da Vampires. Har ila yau, ga Gothic Genre za a iya kidaya a tsakanin wasu daga cikin ayyukan Nila Geymana, Terry Pratchett kuma ko da Dena Brauna.