Mene ne nitrogen? Mass nitrogen. nitrogen kwayoyin

Non-ƙarfe kashi 15 na farko kungiyar [Va] a lokaci-lokaci tebur - da nitrogen zarra 2 na wanda ya hada ta samar da wata kwayoyin - a colorless, odorless kuma m gas, lissafta ga mafi daga cikin yanayin duniya, kuma shi ne wani ɓangare daga dukan abubuwa masu rai.

Tarihi na samu

Nitrogen gas ne game da 4/5 na cikin yanayin duniya. Yana da aka ware a farkon nazarin da iska. A 1772, Swedish Himik Karl Wilhelm Scheele farko ya nuna cewa irin wannan nitrogen. A cewar shi, da iska ne cakuda biyu gas, daya daga wanda ya kira "wuta iska", watau. A. The goyon bayan konewa, da kuma sauran - "mummũna iska" saboda ya zauna a bayan da farko cinye. Waɗannan su ne oxygen da kuma nitrogen. Around lokaci guda nitrogen da aka ware da Scottish botanist Daniel Rutherford, wanda ya fara wallafa sakamakon binciken, kazalika da Birtaniya sunadarai Henry Cabendish da kuma Birtaniya clergyman kuma masanin kimiyya Joseph Priestley, wanda shared tare da Scheele primacy na samu na oxygen. Bugu da ari karatu sun nuna cewa sabon gas ne wani ɓangare na nitrate ko potassium nitrate (KNO _3), da kuma, daidai da, aka raɗa masa suna na mai nitrogen ( "haihu Saltpeter") da Faransa sunadarai Chaptal a 1790 nitrogen da aka farko dangana ga sinadaran abubuwa na Lavoisier, wanda bayani na da rawar da oxygen a konewa kushe da phlogiston ka'idar - rare a cikin XVIII karni. misconception konewa. A rashin iyawa na wannan sinadari don tallafa wa rai (Greek ζωή) shi ne dalilin da cewa Lavoisier mai suna nitrogen gas.

Fitowan kuma yaduwan

Mene ne nitrogen? Bisa ga yawan sinadaran abubuwa, ya ranked shida. A yanayi na Duniya to 75,51% by nauyi da kuma 78,09% na da kundinta da aka hada da rabi, kuma shi ne da manyan tushen ga masana'antu. A yanayi ma ya ƙunshi karamin adadin ammonia da ammonium salts, kazalika da nitrogen oxides da nitric acid, kafa a lokacin saukar aradu da a ciki konewa injuna. Free nitrogen da aka samu a cikin da yawa meteorites, volcanic kuma nawa gas da kuma wasu ma'adinai marẽmari, da rana, da taurari da kuma nebulae.

Nitrogen kuma an samu a cikin ma'adinai adibas na potassium da kuma sodium nitrate, amma saduwa mutum bukatun isa. Wani abu mai arziki a cikin wannan kashi ne guano, wanda za a iya samu a cikin caverns, inda kuri'a na jemagu, ko da bushe wurare frequented by tsuntsaye. Har ila yau, nitrogen dauke a cikin ruwan sama da ƙasa a cikin nau'i na ammonia da ammonium salts, da kuma a cikin tẽku ruwa a cikin nau'i na ammonium ion (NH ₄ ^+), nitrite (NO ₂ ^-) da kuma nitrate (NO ₃ ^-). A talakawan ne game da 16% na hadaddun kwayoyin mahadi kamar sunadarai, sun ba a duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. The halitta abun ciki a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi ne 0.3 sassa da 1000. ruwan dare a sarari - daga 3 zuwa 7 kwayoyin halitta da silicon zarra.

The most kasashen da suke samar da nitrogen (as ammonia) a farkon na XXI karni, sun Indiya, Rasha, Amurka, Trinidad da Tobago, Ukraine.

Sayar da samar da amfani

Masana'antu samar da nitrogen dogara ne a kan wani fractional barasan na liquefied iska. Its tafasar zafin jiki ne daidai -195,8 ° C, ko 13 ° C ƙananan fiye da na oxygen, wanda ta haka ne rabu. Nitrogen kuma za a iya samar a kan wani babban sikelin da konewa na carbon ko hydrocarbons a cikin iska da kuma raba da sakamakon carbon dioxide da ruwa daga saura nitrogen. A cikin kananan sikelin m nitrogen aka samar da dumama da azide barium Ba (N _{3) 2.} Laboratory dauki sun hada da dumama da wani bayani na ammonium nitrite (NH ₄ NO _2), da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ammonia da wani mai ruwa-ruwa bromine bayani ko da tsanani da jan oxide :

• NH ₄ ^{+ +} NO ₂ ^- → _{N, 2} + 2h ₂ O.
• 8NH ₃ + 3Br ₂ → N ₂ + 6NH ₄ ^{+ +} 6Br ^-.
• 2NH ₃ + 3CuO → N ₂ + 3H ₂ Ya + 3Cu.

Elemental nitrogen iya amfani da a matsayin inert yanayi domin halayen bukata wariya da oxygen da kuma danshi. Ana amfani da da kuma ruwa nitrogen. Hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, oxygen, sunadarin flourine, da kuma - kadai abu wanda, a lokacin da ruwan batu na nitrogen ne ba a wani m crystalline jihar.

A sinadaran masana'antu, wannan sinadari da ake amfani da su hana hadawan abu da iskar shaka ko wasu spoilage, a matsayin inert diluent, wani mai amsawa gas cire zafi ko sunadarai, kazalika da wuta ko fashewa hanawa. A cikin masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci, nitrogen gas da ake amfani da su hana spoilage, da kuma cikin ruwa - for daskare-bushewa da kuma sanyaya tsarin. A lantarki masana'antu gas hana hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kuma sauran sinadaran halayen, pressurizes da na USB daina kai hare hare da kuma kare Motors. A metallurgy, nitrogen da ake amfani a waldi da brazing, hana hadawan abu da iskar shaka, carburization, kuma decarburization. Kamar yadda m gas da shi da ake amfani da a samar da porous roba, robobi da kuma elastomers, shi hidima a matsayin propellant a aerosol gwangwani, da kuma Halicci matsa lamba a cikin ruwa da man fetur jiragen sama. A magani, m daskarewa da ruwa nitrogen da ake amfani da adana jini, bargo, nama, kwayoyin da maniyyi. Ya samu aikace-aikace a cryogenic bincike.

sadarwa

Mafi yawa daga cikin nitrogen amfani a yi na sinadaran mahadi. Triple bond tsakanin kwayoyin halitta daga cikin kashi ne da karfi (226 kcal da mole, sau biyu kamar yadda a kwayoyin hydrogen) cewa wani kwayoyin nitrogen da wahala shiga cikin wasu mahadi.

Babban masana'antu Hanyar kayyade kashi ne a minjun-Bosch tsari ga rairaya ammonia da suka ci gaba a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, domin ya rage Jamus ta dogara a kan Chilean nitrate. Yana hada kai tsaye kira na NH ₃ - colorless iskar gas da pungent, irritating wari - kai tsaye daga ta abubuwa.

Mafi yawa daga cikin ammonia ne tuba zuwa nitric acid (HNO ₃₎ da kuma nitrates - salts da esters na nitric acid, soda ash (Na ₂ CO _3), hydrazine (N ₂ H ₄₎ - a colorless ruwa used matsayin roka propellant kuma da yawa a cikin masana'antu tafiyar matakai.

Nitric acid ne wasu manyan kasuwanci sinadaran fili na kashi. Colorless, sosai lalatattu ruwa da ake amfani a samar da takin, dyes, kwayoyi da kuma bama-bamai. Ammonium nitrate (NH ₄ NO ₃₎ - gishiri da ammonia da nitric acid - shi ne ya fi kowa nitrogen taki bangaren.

Oxygen + nitrogen

C siffofin jerin oxygen, nitrogen oxides, r. H. nitrous oxide (N ₂ Ya), a cikin abin da shi ne, sunã daidaita da valence na +1 oxide (NO) (+2) da kuma dioxide (NO ₂₎ (4). Mutane da yawa sosai maras tabbas nitrogen oxides. su ne babban kafofin gurbatawa a cikin yanayi. Nitrous oxide, kuma a san yadda dariya gas, an wani lokaci used matsayin m. Lokacin da inhaled, shi sa m ciwon iska. Nitric oxide reacts hanzari tare da oxygen ta samar da wata kasa-kasa dioxide matsakaici samfurin a cikin samar da nitric acid da kuma mai karfi da oxidant a sunadarai matakai da propellant.

Har ila yau, amfani ne da wasu nitrides kafa ta karafa da nitrogen fili a dagagge yanayin zafi. Nitrides na boron, titanium, zirconium da Tantalite da musamman aikace-aikace. Daya crystalline nau'i na boron nitride (BN), misali, ba na baya zuwa lu'u-lu'u a taurin da kuma oxidized bad haka amfani da high-abrasive.

Inorganic cyanides dauke CN kungiyar ^-. Hydrogen cyanide ko hydrocyanic acid HCN, shi ne maras tabbas, kuma musamman mai guba gas wanda ake amfani da fumigation yawa tama a cikin wasu masana'antu tafiyar matakai. Cyanogen (CN) ₂ da aka yi amfani a matsayin sinadaran tsaka-tsaki da kuma na fumigation.

Azides Are mahadi wanda dauke da wani rukuni na uku nitrogen atoms -N _3. Mafi yawansu ba su kasance m da sosai m zuwa tunkaro. Wasu daga cikin su, kamar gubar azide Pb (N _{3) 2,} ana amfani da detonators da primers. Azides, kamar halogens, readily hulɗa tare da wasu abubuwa ga form a jam'i na mahadi.

Nitrogen ne wani ɓangare na da dubban kwayoyin mahadi. Mafi yawan su an samu daga ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen, nitrous ko nitric acid. Amines, amino acid, amides, misali, samu daga ammonia ko a hankali alaka da shi. Nitroglycerine da nitrocellulose - nitric esters. Nitrite da aka shirya daga nitrous acid (HNO _2). Purines kuma alkaloids ne heterocyclic mahadi a cikin abin da nitrogen maye gurbin daya ko fiye carbon atoms.

Properties da kuma halayen

Mene ne nitrogen? Yana da wani colorless, odorless gas cewa condenses a -195,8 ° C, colorless, low danko ruwa. Sinadarin wanzu a cikin nau'i na N ₂ kwayoyin, ya wakilta a matsayin: N ::: N:, wanda nauyin makamashi ne daidai to 226 kcal da mole, shi ne na biyu ne kawai zuwa carbon monoxide (256 kcal da mol). Saboda wannan dalili, da kunnawa makamashi na kwayoyin nitrogen ne sosai high, don haka a al'ada yanayi da rabi ne in mun gwada inert. Har ila yau, sosai barga nitrogen kwayoyin ƙwarai taimaka wa thermodynamic rashin zaman lafiya da yawa nitrogen mahadi, a cikin abin da connection, ko da idan karfi isa, amma na baya dangantakar kwayoyin nitrogen.

In mun gwada kwanan nan, da kuma ikon da nitrogen kwayoyin da aka abke gano zama ligands ga hadaddun mahadi. A kallo cewa wasu mafita daga ruthenium gidaje za su iya sha na yanayi nitrogen, ya haddasa abin da zai nan da sannu za a samu sauki da kuma mafi alhẽri hanyar gyara wannan abu.

Active nitrogen za a iya samu ta hanyar wucewa low matsa lamba gas ta hanyar high-ƙarfin lantarki lantarki sallama. A samfurin ne amber da kuma fiye da readily reacts fiye da kwayoyin, atomic hydrogen, sulfur, phosphorous da daban-daban karafa, da kuma ma da yake iya saki NO to N ₂ da kuma Yã _2.

A fahimci abin da yake nitrogen, za a iya samu saboda ta lantarki Gininsu, wanda yana cikin irin 1s 2s ^{2 2 3} 2p. Biyar waje electron bawo dan kadan duduba cikin cajin, sakamakon tasiri nukiliya cajin ji a yankin na covalent radius. Nitrogen kwayoyin halitta ne gwada da kananan da kuma suna da wani babban electronegativity, located tsakanin carbon da oxygen. E sanyi ya hada da uku waje rabin-orbitals, kunna ta samar da uku covalent shaidu. Saboda haka, nitrogen zarra dole ne musamman high reactivity, forming tare da mafi sauran abubuwa barga binary mahadi, musamman a lokacin da sauran kashi ne ma daban-daban electronegativity, imparts gagarumin polarity sadarwa. Lokacin da wani kashi electronegativity ƙananan polarity a haɗe zuwa nitrogen zarra na m korau cajin, wanda fid da ta unshared electrons su shiga a daidaituwa shaidu. Lokacin da sauran kashi ne mafi electronegative ɓangare na tabbatacce cajin na nitrogen muhimmanci takaita bayarwa kaddarorin da kwayoyin. A low polarity saboda saboda electronegativity daidaita wani kashi, mahara sadarwa ĩkon tasarrufi a guda. Idan atomic size mismatch hana samuwar mahara shaidu cewa form guda bond ne wata ila za gwada da rauni, da kuma dangane da aka m.

hikimar tantance sunadarai

Sau da yawa da yawan nitrogen a cikin gas cakuda za a iya ƙaddara da aunawa ta girma bayan sha na sauran aka gyara na da sinadaran reagents. A bazuwar na sulfuric acid a gaban Mercury nitrate saki nitric oxide, wanda za a iya auna matsayin gas. Nitrogen da aka sami 'yanci daga hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi a lõkacin da aka kone a kan wani jan karfe oxide, da kuma free nitrogen iya auna matsayin gas bayan da sha na sauran konewa kayayyakin. A sanannun Kjeldahl hanya domin tabbatar da dalilin da abubuwa dauke nan a gudanar da mahadi kunshi a saki da fili da mayar da hankali sulfuric acid (ba dole dauke da Mercury ko ta oxide, kuma daban-daban salts). Kamar wancan nitrogen da aka tuba zuwa ammonium sulfate. Ƙara sodium hydroxide sake ammonia, wanda aka tattara ta al'ada acid. saura adadin unreacted acid da aka sa'an nan Ya ƙaddara ta titration.

Halittu da kuma physiological muhimmancin

Rawar da nitrogen a cikin rai al'amari ya tabbatar da physiological aiki na Organic mahadi. Mai rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ba zai iya yin amfani da wannan sinadari kanta ya kamata da damar yin amfani da mahadi. Saboda haka, nitrogen kam yana da muhimmanci. A yanayi, wannan na faruwa a sakamakon biyu na asali tafiyar matakai. Daya ne sakamako na lantarki da makamashi da yanayi, don haka abin da nitrogen da oxygen kwayoyin dissociate, kyale free kwayoyin halitta ta samar da NO kuma NO _2. Dioxide sa'an nan reacts da ruwa: 3NO ₂ + H ₂ Ya → 2HNO ₃ + NO.

HNO ₃ an narkar da kuma zo a Duniya daga ruwan sama a cikin nau'i na rauni sayar da giya. Ƙarshe acid ya zama wani ɓangare na hada gona nitrogen wanda aka neutralized ta samar da nitrites da nitrates. Da abun ciki na N a horar da kasa yawanci gano ta hanyar hadi dauke da nitrates da ammonium salts. Selection dabbobi da shuke-shuke da bazuwar dawo da nitrogen mahadi a cikin ƙasa, kuma iska.

Wani babbar halitta kayyade tsari ne m aiki na legumes. Saboda symbiosis da kwayoyin cuta, wadannan al'adu ne iya tana mayar yanayi nitrogen kai tsaye a cikin ta mahadi. Wasu kananan kwayoyin halitta, kamar Azotobacter Chroococcum da Clostridium pasteurianum, suna iya kafa nasu N.

da gas da kanta, kasancewarsa inert, m, fãce idan suka hũra a karkashin matsin lamba, kuma an narkar da a cikin jini da kuma sauran jiki ruwaye a mafi girma yawa. Wannan sa da miyagun ƙwayoyi sakamako, kuma idan da matsa lamba da aka rage ma da sauri, wuce haddi da nitrogen da aka saki a matsayin gas kumfa a wurare daban-daban na jiki. Wannan zai iya sa jin zafi a tsokoki da kuma gidajen abinci, aka rufe da mãgãgi, m inna har ma da mutuwa. Wadannan cututtuka da ake kira decompression cuta. Saboda haka, wadanda aka tilasta miciwa a irin wannan yanayi dole ne sosai jinkirin rage matsa lamba ga wata al'ada ga wuce haddi da nitrogen daga cikin huhu ba tare da samuwar kumfa. A mafi kyau madadin shi ne don amfani da numfashi a cakuda oxygen da kuma helium. Helium ne da yawa kasa mai narkewa a cikin jiki ruwaye, da kuma hadarin rage-rage.

isotopes

Nitrogen wanzu a biyu barga isotopes, ¹⁴ N (99,63%) da kuma ¹⁵ N (0,37%). Su za a iya raba ta da sinadaran musayar ko ta thermal yadawa. nitrogen taro a cikin nau'i na wucin gadi rediyoaktif isotope ne a cikin kewayon 10-13 da kuma 16-24. A mafi barga rabin-rai na minti 10. A farko artificially jawo nukiliya transmutation da aka samar a 1919 da Birtaniya likita Ernest Rutherford, wanda, bombarding nitrogen-14, alpha barbashi, tsakiya samu oxygen-17 da kuma protons.

Properties

A karshe lissafa abubuwan da asali Properties na nitrogen:

• Atomic lambar: 7.
• Atomic nauyi na nitrogen: 14,0067.
• Narkewa batu: -209,86 ° C.
• Tafasar batu: -195,8 ° C.
• Yawa (1 ATM, 0 ° C): 1,2506 grams na nitrogen da lita.
• Al'ada hadawan abu da iskar shaka Jihar -3, +3, +5.
• Electron sanyi: 1s 2s ^{2 2 3} 2p.