Mene ne macroeconomics da microeconomics?

Macroeconomics ne wani muhimmin ɓangare na guda tattalin arziki ka'idar. Usul suna amfani da gwamnati don daidaita kasuwar yanayi a lokacin cyclical crises da recessions. Masana kimiyya sun ga shekarun da suka gabata karanta abin da macroeconomics. Tabbatar da dalilin da Dzhona Keynsa ne classic da kuma da kafa.

ka'idar Keynes

A XX karni, wani sabon Hanyar domin binciken na kasa da tattalin arziki. Da masu bincike suka fara la'akari da tattalin arzikin na daya kasar a matsayin dukan. To, abin da yake macroeconomics? Yana da wani kimiyya da cewa karatu na kasa tattalin arzikin a guda hadadden tsarin. Wannan dabarar da aka karshe kafa kawai kwanan nan, ko da yake wasu daga ãyõyinSa suke a cikin ayyukansu na gargajiya siyasa da tattalin arziki (Adams, Marx, da sauransu. D.).

Wannan m kimiyya da aka haife shi a 30s na XX karni. Mafi yawa daga duk shi ne alaka da bude da kuma aiki na Turanci mai bincike John Maynard Keynes. Ka'idarsa zo a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da abubuwan da cewa gagarumin zamanin. A cikin marigayi 20s akwai babban mawuyacin, wanda ya sa a rikicin kudi a Amurka da Turai. Ya zama a sarari cewa a cikin saba tattalin arziki kasuwar tsarin kasa. A zamanin da simintin gyaran kafa da masana kimiyya kira.

Macroeconomics da Microeconomics

Dzhon Keyns tsara abin macroeconomics, a cikin littafinsa "The Janar Theory of Employment, Interest da Kudi," da aka buga a 1936. Shi ne daga wannan lokacin ne ya fara ci gaba da wani sabon kimiyya horo. Amma ko da rabin karni da akwai wani macroeconomics microeconomics. Ta ba nazarin tattalin arzikin a matsayin dukan, da kuma mafita ga takamaiman kasuwa mahalarta. Microeconomics ma ya duba matsalar da farashin. A cikin ikon yinsa, daga ta analysis hada da sunadaran don yin amfani da albarkatun iyakance.

Saboda haka, Microeconomics hulda da wasu tattalin arziki abokai, yayin da macroeconomics karatu dukan kasa tattalin arzikin matsayin dukan. Keynes, a cikin Jigon Labor bayyana abin da Concepts da mamaki suna da mafi muhimmanci ga sabon ka'idar. Wannan ne babban gida samfurin, da hauhawar farashin kaya, da rashin aikin yi, da kuma talakawan farashin matakin. A bincike na duk wannan yale mu mu fahimci abin da macroeconomics. Definition jaddada cewa yana da wani m kimiyya. Duk da haka, ba za mu iya ce cewa microeconomics da macroeconomics zama da kansa daga juna. Su biyu rassan guda ka'idar kimiyya, sabili da haka hulɗa tare da juna a mutunta mutane da yawa.

Criticism na gargajiya siyasa da tattalin arziki

Don gane abin da mai micro kuma macroeconomics, shi wajibi ne don duba a ka'idar cewa su aka yi tsayayya. Kuma ta kasance a cikin dokar da kasuwar, wanda aka tsara da Jean-Baptiste Ka ce. Shi ne mai Faransa tattalin arziki, wanda ya zama na gargajiya makaranta na siyasa da tattalin arziki, da ganiya da aiki wanda ya faru a farkon na XIX karni.

Jigon da manyan dokar ne don tabbatar da cewa tallace-tallace na kayayyakin haifar samun kudin shiga, wanda, bi da bi, su ne kafuwar ga samuwar sabuwar bukatar. Wannan ƙarshe ne ma mika ga kasa tattalin arzikin a matsayin dukan har zuwa lokacin da littafin da aka buga da Dzhona Keynsa. Masana kimiyya gudanar da wani bincike na duniya rikicin a cikin marigayi 20s da kuma zo ga ƙarshe cewa sunadaran tsara Ka ce, a cikin rãyuwar yanayi ba aiki.

Jihar baki a cikin tattalin arzikin

Keynes yi imani da cewa wani yunkri kasuwar ne unpredictable. Saboda haka malamin bayar da shawarwari da tabbatarwa daga jihar tsari na tattalin arziki. Mene ne Macroeconomics a cikin wannan mahallin? Yana da wani kayan aiki na jihar, da ake bukata don nazarin jihar na kasa da tattalin arziki. Hukumomi iya amfani da daidaituwar tattalin arziki da hanyoyi yadda ya kamata tsara yanayin.

Keynes da ra'ayoyin da aka echoed a matakin qarshe. A cikin shekaru 60 da ya sabawa rubuce-rubucensu ya zama tushen manufofin {asar Amirka, da United Kingdom, Canada da kuma Sweden. Duk wadannan kasashe suna yanzu halin da wani babban misali na rai da kuma kudi da kwanciyar hankali. Akwai a cikin wannan da walwala da kuma nasara da macroeconomics matsayin amfani da kimiyya.

A tsarin da macroeconomy

Da rabo daga guda tattalin arzikin a cikin mafi kyau kasuwanni nuna cewa irin wannan macroeconomics. Wannan kimiyya Highlights a general tattalin arzikin da dama jinsin sassa. A farko kasuwar - kasuwa na samar da abubuwan. Shi ne mafi muhimmanci. Wannan ya hada da albarkatu kamar kasa, aiki, kudi da kuma ta jiki babban birnin kasar. Wasu masana kimiyya koma zuwa wannan jerin, kuma ma wani sa na mutum talanti kuma damar iya yin komai a cikin al'umma.

A gaba kasuwar - kasuwa kaya da kuma ayyuka. Wannan shi ne wani muhimmin batu na macroeconomics. Mene ne wannan? Wannan ya hada da samar da kayayyaki da kuma ayyuka, da cewa shi ne, a cikin wasu kalmomi, da samuwar wadata da kuma bukatar - babban engine na wani tattalin arziki. Ga musayar real dabi'u, don haka wannan kasuwar da aka kira real.

Wani muhimmin bangare na macroeconomics - kudi. Suna amfani da kudi kasuwa da kuma Securities kasuwar. Akwai hada babban birnin kasar, bayar da rance, musayar ayyukan. A ake kira nahiyar model na kudi kasuwa mayar da hankali a kan Securities, kamfanonin inshora, fensho da kuma zuba jari kudi.

Business hawan keke

Macroeconomic ka'idar gabatar a cikin kimiyya amfani da kalmar tattalin arziki hawan keke. Suna wakiltar wani cyclical hawa da sauka - da UPS da kuma hambarar da a ci gaba da tattalin arzikin kasar. Tattalin arziki da hawan keke suna samuwa a cikin wani tsarin. Suna da dama, saukarwa - ganiya na koma bayan tattalin arziki da kuma kasa. Hawa da sauka a cikin kasuwanci sake zagayowar iya zama fi'ilan jifa-jifa da unpredictable.

Masana kimiyya wanda yayi nazari abin macroeconomics da microeconomics, gano babban Sanadin wadannan hawan keke. Wannan na iya zama da juyin juya hali, yaki, canji na yanayi na zuba jari, da sauransu .. Duk wannan yana rinjayar da daidaituwa tsakanin wadata da kuma tara bukatar. A halin da yanayin tattalin arziki da hawan keke aka kai tsaye alaka da irin macroeconomic mamaki kamar rashin aikin yi da kuma hauhawar farashin kaya.

zafi fiye da kima

Theorists sun kuma samarwa da Kalmar "zafi fiye da kima tattalin arziki". Wannan yanayin ne a halin da ake ciki lokacin da kasar ta kai a kalla su kudi damar. Saboda wannan, Oddly isa, akwai iya zama kumbura da gagarumin karuwa a farashin.

Su, bi da bi, shi ne sau da yawa a cikin hanyar tattalin arziki koma bayan tattalin arziki da kuma cyclical rashin aikin yi. Idan kasar yana fuskantar irin wannan halin da ake ciki, ya kamata ya shiga tsakani jihar. Wannan ne msar tambayar tushe na macroeconomics iya zo da hukumomi domin taimako. Keynes da mabiyansa sun yi karatu da kyau gwaninta daga cikin rikicin. Mutane da yawa daga cikin ka'idojin tsara ta su da aka yi amfani da daban-daban jihohi a lokacin da koma bayan tattalin arziki. A totality na tattalin arzikin dawo da matakan - cewa shi ne macroeconomics da microeconomics. A definition daga wadannan tarbiyya da a kowane thematic littafi.

Kasafin kudi da kuma manufofin kudi

Amirka, inda gwamnatin sani sosai abin da macroeconomics, nasarar jimre cyclical crises. Karfafawa siyasa, wajibi ne don magance matsalar da koma bayan tattalin arziki, da ake kira kasafin kudi da kuma monetary manufofin.

Ta yaya suka bambanta? A XX karni, theorists sun tsara abin da kasafin kudi da manufofin da monetary macroeconomics. Jihar iya yanka haraji ko kara nasu sayayya a kasuwa. Irin wannan karfafawa matakan ne kasafin kudi siyasa. Yana yana da nasa drawbacks. A musamman da suka kunshi a gaskiyar cewa Jihar iya jawo tsanani hasarori da kuma zauna tare da kasafin kudin gaira.

Monetary siyasa yana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don daidaita tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki a kasar. A saboda wannan dalili, Central Bank. Ya iya kawo wa kasuwar ƙarin kudi wadata. A amfani da manufofin kudi kafin kasafin kudi ne cewa idan aka dauke da fitar da banki tsarin ne yafi m ga canje-canje. Wannan damar da tattalin arzikin daga cikin rikicin jima. Yawan jama'a da irin wannan hanya ma fi m domin a cikin wannan harka, ba more mabukaci rance. Manufar monetary manufofin da za a iya kira farashin kwanciyar hankali, samar da girma da kuma cika aiki a cikin al'umma.