Mandelshtam Nadezhda: biography da kuma tunanin

Mandelshtam Nadezhda ... Wannan ban mamaki mace ransa, mutuwa da kuma tunanin sa wata babbar dama a Rasha da kuma kasashen yammacin masana, cewa da muhawara game da ta rawa a cikin wuya thirties da forties na karni na ashirin, ta tarihin da kuma wallafe-wallafen wasiyya yana har yanzu. Ta gudanar da husuma da kuma kisan aure a garesu da shinge na tsohon abokai. Ta kasance da aminci ga poetic al'adunmu na takaici matacce miji Osip Mandelstam. Godiya ta, ajiye wani yawa na aikinsa. Amma ba kawai cewa ya yi tarihin Nadezhda Mandelstam. Memories na mace yi real tarihi tushen daga cikin mummunan lokaci na Stalinist danniya.

yara

Wannan m da talented yarinya da aka haifa a 1899 a wani iyalin Yahudawa Khazin, wanda soma Kiristanci. Mahaifina ya da wani lauya, da kuma mahaifiyarsa yi aiki a matsayin likita. Nadia ya ƙarami 'yar. Da farko, ta iyalin rayu a Saratov, sa'an nan ya koma Kiev. Akwai kuma koya Mandelstam nan gaba. Hope zo a cikin mata motsa jiki a tare da ci gaba sosai a lokacin da ilimi da tsarin. Ba duk abubuwa da aka ba ta daidai da kyau, amma mafi yawansu duk ta ƙaunar da labarin. Iyaye sa'an nan da wajen, ta tafi tare da ita 'yar tafiya. Saboda haka, Nadia ya iya ziyarci Switzerland, Jamus, France. Mafi girma ilimi ba kammala, ko da yake ta shiga dokar baiwa na Kiev University. Hope aka fascinated da zanen, kuma ya yi tsawa wuya shekaru na juyin juya halin.

Soyayya na rayuwa

Wannan lokaci shi ne mafi romantic a cikin yarinya ta rayuwa. Aiki a Kiev a wani studio, ta sadu da matasa mawãƙi ne. Ta kasance goma sha tara shekara, kuma ta kasance mai taimako "soyayya ga sa'a", wanda ya sa'an nan sosai a Vogue. Saboda haka, dangantakar dake tsakanin matasa maza lazimta a rana ta farko. Amma Osip haka fadi cikin soyayya da wani mummuna amma m artist cewa lashe zuci. Daga baya, ta ce cewa ya jũna a ji kamar suna da wani gajeren lokaci zuwa ji dadin juna. The biyu da aka yi aure, kuma a yanzu shi ne mai real iyali - Mandelshtam Nadezhda Osip. Husband da jin tsoro kishi matasa matarsa da ba ya so ya raba da shi. Osip kiyaye da yawa haruffa wa matarsa, wanda ya tabbatar da saba labaru na iyali ta ji cewa sun tsakanin maza.

"Black" shekaru

Amma rayuwar iyali ba haka ba ne Rosy. Osip juya amorous da amana, Hope yi kishi. Suka zauna a talauci, da kuma kawai a 1932 samu wani biyu-daki Apartment a Moscow. Kuma a cikin 1934 da mawãƙi Mandelstam aka kama domin waqe da Stalin kuma yanke masa hukuncin shekaru uku na zaman gudun hijira a birnin Chernyn (a kan Kama River). Amma kamar yadda na danniya kwayoyi to, kawai fara kadi, Mandelshtam Nadezhda samu izinin bi mijinta. Sa'an nan, bayan da matsala na m abokai, Osip jumla raga da ya haramta su zauna a cikin manyan birane na Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma biyu suka tafi zuwa Voronezh. Amma kama karya mawãƙi ne. Ya zama yiwuwa ga ciki da kuma ciwon iska, kokarin kashe kansa, sai ya fara sha daga hallucinations. Ma'auratan kokarin komawa zuwa Moscow, amma bai samu izni. Kuma a cikin 1938, Osip aka kama a karo na biyu da kuma kashe wani sufuri a zangon m yanayi.

Tsoro da jirgin

Mandelshtam Nadezhda aka bar shi kadai. Ba da sanin game da mijinta mutuwa, ta rubuta masa wasika a ƙarshe, wanda kokarin bayyana abin da ta gani yara da wasannin ne a yanzu su da husuma, da jayayya, da ta yi hakuri game da wadanda sau. Sai ta ji ta rayuwa zullumi saboda ba su san da wannan baƙin ciki. Ta kiyaye mijinta rubutum. Ta ya ji tsoron bincike da kuma kama, to haddace dukan abin da ya halitta, kamar wakoki, da kuma litattafan. Saboda haka, Nadezhda Mandelstam sau da yawa kaura. A garin Kalinin shi kama da labarai na farkon yakin, da kuma ta da mahaifiyarta aka kwashe zuwa Asiya ta tsakiya.

Tun 1942, ta na zaune a garin Tashkent, inda wani waje kare makarantar sakandare Turanci malami da kuma ayyukansu. Bayan da yaki, Hope koma Ulyanovsk, sa'an nan - a Chita. A shekarar 1955, ta zama shugaban sashen na Turanci a Chuvash Pedagogical Institute, akwai kare rubutun.

A karshe shekaru ransa

A shekarar 1958, Mandelshtam Nadezhda Yakovlevna yi ritaya da kuma settles kusa Moscow, a garin Tarusa. Akwai da yawa tsohon fursunonin siyasa rayuwa da kuma wurin da aka sosai rare daga adawa. A can Hope ya rubuta memoirs, ya fara da farko lokacin da za a buga a karkashin wani pseudonym. Amma pensions ba su isa a rayuwar ta, kuma ta sake samun wani aiki a Pskov Pedagogical Cibiyar. A shekarar 1965, Nadezhda Mandelstam karshe samun daya-daki Apartment a Moscow. Ta dauki na karshe shekaru a can. A cikin talauci-soke Apartment mace gudanar ya ci gaba da wallafe-wallafen salon, wanda yin hajji ba kawai Rasha, amma kuma kasashen yammacin kawo dukkan. A lokaci guda Hope yanke shawarar buga wani littafi daga cikin memoirs a West - a New York da kuma Paris. A shekarar 1979, ta fara da ciwon matsaloli tare da zuciya zuwa ga batu na tsanani, da cewa ta aka wajabta gado sauran. Shirya kusa kusa ta poseli Agogon wajibi. Disamba 29, 1980 shi kãma mutuwa. Ina fatan a karanta binne sabis a cikin Orthodox yanka, kuma an binne shi a kan Janairu 2 gaba shekara a kan Troekurov hurumi.

Nadezhda Mandelstam: da littafin da kuma dauki musu Sahaban

Daga cikin halittar wannan counter DiSSiDENT mafi kyau a san ta "Memoirs", wanda aka buga a New York a shekarar 1970, kazalika da ƙarin "na biyu littafin" (Paris, 1972). Wannan shi ya sa mai kaifi dauki daga wasu abokai na Hope. Suka gane cewa matar Osipa Mandelshtama dõmin karkatarwa da hujjojin da kuma kokarin shirya sirri scores a cikin memoirs. Just a gabãnin mutuwarsa ga hasken kuma Hope "Uku Littafi" (Paris, 1978). A kan su kudade, ta regaled abokai da kuma sayo su kyautai. Bugu da kari, duk da archives na mijinta, da mawãƙi Osip Mandelstam, da gwauruwa ta gaske mika Princeton University a Amurka. Ta ba ta zama har zuwa fi na babban waƙen da kuma kusa ya ce a gabãnin mutuwarsa cewa ya aka jiran ta. Wannan shi ne, Nadezhda Mandelstam. Biography of wannan m mace ta gaya mana cewa, ko da a cikin "black" shekaru na iya zama wani real, mutumin kirki.