Malaria - a ... zazzabin cizon sauro vectors. Alamun, ganewar asali, magani da kuma rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro

Malaria - mai tsanani cuta, wani lokacin m. Mutanen da suka kamu da shi, kamar yadda mai mulkin, akwai mai tsanani bayyanar cututtuka, ciki har da jin sanyi, zazzabi, mura-kamar jihar. Cuta da zazzabin cizon sauro ita ce mafi girma alama na mutuwa. Duk da haka, dace da daidai magani iya hana shi. Zazzabin cizon sauro ne ya sa ta Plasmodium, da kwayoyin zaune a cikin wani irin sauro cewa Ciyarwar a mutum jini. A kasa, wannan batu da za a tattauna a more daki-daki. Domin bayani a kan lura da rigakafin cutar za a iya samu a cikin wannan ɗaba'ar.

labarin

Alamun cutar zazzabin cizon sauro da aka bayyana a cikin zamanin da na Sin likita rubuce-rubucen. Wasu halayyar cuta cututtuka, wanda daga baya aka mai suna zazzabin cizon sauro samu a cikin aikin da na sarki likita Nei Jing "Canon of Medicine". Wannan cuta aka yadu da aka sani a Girka matsayin farko a matsayin 4th karni BC, yayin da ya kasance cikin hanyar da high mace-mace kudi. Babban bayyanar cututtuka ne kiyaye da Hippocrates da sauran tsoho da masana falsafa da kuma likitoci. Susruta Hindu likita, zurfin tunani da kuma goyon bayan Ayurveda, a cikin rubutun ma da aka ambata game da bayyanar cututtuka na zazzabin cizon sauro da yi magana game da bayyanar bayan da aka ta cije wasu kwari. Wasu Roman marubuta dangantawa da zazzabin cizon sauro swamps.

Tambayar zukatan an ko da yaushe neman hanyoyin da za a warkar da dukan ailments. Wanne ne kawai da hanyoyin koma ga zazzabin cizon sauro magani a zamanin da: bloodletting, yanki na cije ni reshe, da yin amfani da opium kudi ... janyo ko da bokaye ke da nasaba da aukuwar zazzabin cizon sauro fevers da astronomical mamaki da kuma matsayin da taurari a sararin sama. Mutane da yawa suka jũya zuwa maita. Kimiyya Albertus Magnus, Dominican, shawara da su bi da zazzabin cizon sauro da Cin kananan buns, tattalin daga gari da kuma adam fitsari na haƙuri, kazalika da sha abin sha da hada barasa, kamuwa da jini da kuma barkono.

A zamanin d Girkanci likita Galen, wanda ya yi aiki a Roma, shawara cewa amai da ya auku a zazzabin cizon sauro, shi ne wani ƙoƙari na jiki ya fitar da gubobi fita da zub da jini accelerates waraka. Wadannan ka'idojin sun mamaye magani ga goma sha biyar da ɗari shekaru. M lokuta da zazzabin cizon sauro da aka hõre bloodletting kuma tilasta tsarkake ciki da kuma hanjinsu da enemas da amai. Wannan ya kai ga m sakamakon: mutanen suka mutu daga anemia da dehydration, kazalika daga kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro cututtuka a ko da ya fi guntu lokaci.

A China a cikin karni na BC 2nd a likita ayyukan da aka bayyana shuka Artemisia ko zaki abinci mai ɗaci, da ake amfani da matsayin magani ga cutar cizon sauro. Abin sha'awa, a 1971, Sin da masana kimiyya ware daga gare shi, da aiki sashi - artemisinin. A lokacin yakin Vietnam a ne rayayye aiki a kan binciken na anti-zazzabin cizon sauro kaddarorin da zaki abinci mai ɗaci. Tsantsa daga wata shuka ciyar da dakin gwaje-gwaje berayen da beraye kamu da damuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro. Artemisinin da aka quite tasiri, kazalika da quinine da chloroquine. A Kalam wannan abu a yau wani bangare ne na iko da kuma tasiri anti-zazzabin cizon sauro kwayoyi.

Irin Plasmodium da cewa yana sa da zazzabin cizon sauro ci gaba, aka fara gano ta Faransa likita da kuma masanin kimiyya Laveranom a cikin marigayi 19th karni. Rasha masu bincike sun yi wani babban taimako ga nazarin cutar da kuma ci gaban hanyoyin gyara shi. Daga cikin wadannan malamai shi ne ya kamata a lura Karna Maiya Martsinovsky, VA Danilevsky, SP Botkin. A lokacin farko da kuma duniya na biyu Wars bursts zazzabin cizon sauro da aka gani.

Na ɗari biyu data kasance jinsunan na parasitic protozoa irin Plazmodium zazzabin cizon sauro sa akalla goma. Daga cikin su P. ovalecurtisi, P. wallikeri, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. knowlesi. A mafi wuya da kuma m cikin sharuddan da zazzabin cizon sauro mace-mace lalacewa ta hanyar kwayoyin P. knowlesi da P. falciparumand. Kamuwa da zai kai ga ci gaban da cutar da ake daukar kwayar cutar na musamman da sauro Anopheles HALITTAR. Kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro zama mafi kusantar a lokacin aiki tafiya a duniya, musamman a cikin m fama da yankunan na duniya, kazalika da hulda da wani mutum tare da namomin jeji.

facts

Malaria - wata cuta lalacewa ta hanyar parasitic protozoa Plasmodium cewa harba wani talakawan na mutane miliyan 200 a shekara, a duniya. A sakamakon haka, don wannan dalili, akwai 500,000 mutuwar. A zazzabin cizon sauro m ne ingested Anopheles sauro cizon. Abin da ya faru na gaba? Zazzabin cizon sauro m wuce hadaddun rai sake zagayowar a cikin sauro ta jiki, sa'an nan - a cikin jikin wanda ya kamu. A sake zagayowar mayar da lokacin da wani sauro cizon wani mutum wanda aka riga kamu, kuma akwai a jininsa m da cewa yana sa da cutar "zazzabin cizon sauro". Hotuna da pathogen da aka gabatar a kasa.

A yankunan da suka fi mutuwa kudi daga wannan cuta ne Afirka da Asiya, Tsakiya da kuma Kudancin Amirka. Malaria - a cutar da ke shafar manya-manyan yawan mutane ziyartar wadannan yankunan. A sub-saharan Africa yawancin lokuta (86%) - yara kasa da shekaru 5 years. Game da 40% na adadin jama'a na duniya ne a hadarin kwangila kungiyar. A shiryawa zamani ne daga daya zuwa makonni uku. Wasu mutane na iya zama yan dako da ake kira dormant parasites. A wannan yanayin, da kunnawa da kamuwa da cuta na iya faruwa bayan watanni da dama, ko ma shekaru bayan da zazzabin cizon sauro plasmodium samu shiga cikin jiki.

shaida

Malaria - wata cuta wanda cututtuka sun hada da jin sanyi, zazzabi, ciwon kai da kuma tsoka zafi. Wasu marasa lafiya da tashin zuciya da amai, tari da gudawa. Status zazzabi faruwa kowane daya, biyu ko kwana uku - wannan shi ne mafi hankula bayyanuwar zazzabin cizon sauro. Tremors jin sanyi da kuma maye gurbinsu da wani da ake kira zafi mataki da aka halin high zazzabi, cramps, ciwon kai, da kuma amai.

Matsalolin akai-akai alamun cuta irin siffofin da wurare masu zafi da zazzabin cizon sauro. Saboda halakar ja jini Kwayoyin da hanta Kwayoyin iya zama wani fata da kuma jaundice fata na idanu, kazalika da zawo da tari. A mafi rare lokuta, a rash bayyana a jiki a cikin nau'i na itchy, m papules. A filaye ƙaddara da zazzabin cizon sauro. Photo sama nuna wani m cuta.

M siffofin, misali, idan wani zazzabin cizon sauro pathogen Plasmodium falciparum, suna tare da matsaloli kamar:

• zub da jini;
• hanta da na koda gazawar.
• bugu da coma.
• lalacewar da tsakiya m tsarin.

Ba tare da dace magani, wadannan cututtuka sau da yawa kai ga mutuwa.

Yaya ta yada?

Saboda haka, mu tattauna a more daki-daki yadda da zazzabin cizon sauro m shiga jiki da kuma tasowa da shi. A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar na zazzabin cizon sauro m Plasmodium ne hadaddun, da kwayoyin yana da biyu masu - wani mutum da da anopheles sauro. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, da cutar da ake daukar kwayar cutar ta cizo na kwari, cikinsa da m an ciyar da kai tsaye zuwa cikin jini.

Sporozoites (m Plasmodium) tafiya a cikin jini da kuma shigar da mutum hanta. Akwai su girma da kuma harba ja jini Kwayoyin - ja da maikacin jini, a cikin abin da ya ci gaba muddin haƙuri ba ciji mayar da zazzabin cizon sauro vectors - sauro. Da zarar a jikin kwaro, shiga plasmodium a cikin salivary gland, da kuma na gaba lokacin da ka ciji cikin wani sporozoite sake fara da rai sake zagayowar a mutum jini.

Development matakai na jinsin kamar P. ovale da P. vivax, yana iya zama ma fi hadaddun kuma hada da samuwar m siffofin - hypnozoites, wanda sau da yawa kasance m ga dama makonni da kuma ko shekara. A cikin jiki, da zazzabin cizon sauro cizon sauro Plasmodium sha da jima'i a lokacin da suka rayuwa sake zagayowar, kuma a cikin jikin mutum pathogen ne a cikin asexual lokaci, wanda kuma ake kira schizogony. Saboda haka, ci gaban sake zagayowar na Plasmodium a ja jini Kwayoyin aka kira erythrocyte schizogony.

Kamar yadda da kamuwa da cuta yada? Its kafofin ne mace Anopheles sauro da kuma cutar mutane (duka marasa lafiya da kuma kafofin watsa labarai). Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa zazzabin cizon sauro - wata cuta da cewa ba a daukar kwayar cutar a tsakanin mutane, ko kuma m, ko da Airborne droplets. Samu na iya faruwa ne kawai a lokacin da haƙuri da jini shiga jiki da lafiya mutum.

bincikowa da Features

Lokacin da sama da bayyanar cututtuka, musamman a lokacin da tafiya, shi ne shawarar da za a gwada wa da gaban da zazzabin cizon sauro m. Bayyananen na da yawa cututtuka iya kama bayyanar cututtuka na zazzabin cizon sauro. Wannan, misali, rawaya zazzabi, typhoid, mura, ciwon kwalara, kyanda da kuma tarin fuka. Saboda haka, likita dole ne ya san tarihin ziyarar mara lafiya mutum, to sanya dole gwaje-gwaje.

Ganewar asali da zazzabin cizon sauro da fari ya shafi yin gargajiya da kuma mafi yawan amfani da gwajin - shi ne nazarin jini shafa a kan gilashin slide, wanda yayi amfani da wani canza launi nuna alama nuna gaban parasites cikin ja jini Kwayoyin. Duk da cewa wannan gwajin ne mai sauki isa, da daidaitar da sakamakon dogara sun fi mayar a kan fasaha fasaha na m wanda ya shirya da kuma nazarin jini kayayyakin karkashin hange.

Sauran gwaje-gwaje da cewa zai iya taimakon a cikin ganewar asali da cuta:

• immunoassays.
• polymerase sarkar dauki.

magani

Features na magani ya dogara da dalilai da dama:

• Plasmodium view, dauka a cikin jiki.
• na asibiti halin da ake ciki na haƙuri, misali, lura zai zama daban-daban domin adult, yaro da ciki mace, domin kãyã da mãsu nauyi siffofin rashin lafiya.
• miyagun ƙwayoyi ji na ƙwarai daga pathogen.

A karshen factor dogara da yanki a cikinsa da kamuwa da cuta da aka samu. Gaskiyar cewa wasu sassa na duniya da daban-daban na zazzabin cizon sauro parasites da suke resistant zuwa wasu kwayoyi. Kudi daga cutar zazzabin cizon sauro da za a iya dace daidai likita wanda shi ne saba da bayanai na ladabi ga lura da zazzabin cizon sauro a duniya. Mutanen da suka kamu da ra'ayoyi da pathogen P. falciparum, na iya mutu ba tare da jiyya da wuri, don haka warkewa matakan dole ne a dauki nan da nan.

M siffofin da zazzabin cizon sauro suna bi da baka magunguna. Complex bayyanar cututtuka irin su tsananin anemia, illa sani, coma, na huhu edema, koda gazawar, m na numfashi wuya ciwo, watsa intravascular coagulation, maras wata-wata na jini, acidosis, gaban haemoglobin a fitsari, jaundice kuma kowa yana da seizures, bukatar igiyar jini gwamnati na kwayoyi.

Yadda za a rabu da zazzabin cizon sauro tare da taimakon kwayoyi? Jiyya da cutar magunguna ne ba ko da yaushe nasara. Na nufin "Aral" shi ne tasiri da parasites dukkan fãce resistant zuwa ta aiki abubuwa m damuwa, msl, Plasmodium ovale. zaɓuɓɓuka masu biyowa don miyagun ƙwayoyi jiyya za a iya amfani da su wajen magance resistant zuwa chloroquine da zazzabin cizon sauro jinsin:

• Quinine sulfate a hade tare da maganin rigakafi "Doxycycline" ko "Tetracycline".
• Kwayoyi "Clindamycin" ko "Maralon".

Jiyya na zazzabin cizon sauro a mafi yawan lokuta akan stereotyped dauka zuwa wani yankin. Ga misali, da wakili P. falciparum, samu a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, shi ne m zuwa chloroquine, amma idan da kamuwa da cuta daga cikin wannan jinsin da zazzabin cizon sauro ya faru a Afirka, da abu ba zai iya kawo sakamako mai kyau a cikin magani.

Modern masana kimiyya sun ɓullo da wani regimen dangane da hade da kwayoyi da Kalam da aiki malariya mahadi - artemisinin. Misalai na hada magunguna:

• "Artesunate-Amodiaquine."
• "Artesunate-Mefloquine."
• "Digidroartemizin-Piperahin".

Cin gaban sabuwar hanyar da zazzabin cizon sauro da magani ne da za'ayi ci gaba, wanda ake dangantawa da wani karuwa a yawan miyagun ƙwayoyi-resistant damuwa na Plasmodium. Daya daga cikin alamar mahadi a cikin halittar inganci da kwayoyi da cutar cizon sauro ne spiroindolon, wanda tabbatar da tasiri da P. falciparum jinsunan da pathogen a yawan gwaje-gwajen.

Drug "Primaquine" za a iya amfani da su bi siffofin da zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda pathogens lokaci mai tsawo kasance a wani m jihar a cikin hanta. Wannan zai iya hana kōmōwa na tsanani cuta. Mata masu ciki kada kai "Primaquine." Wannan magani an contraindicated, da kuma mutane da suke fama da rashi na glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Domin wannan dalili da kayan aiki ne ba sa zuwa, muddin wani bincike nunawa gwajin ba sarauta daga wanzuwar wannan matsala. A wasu ƙasashe, in ban da baka da kuma injectable siffofin magunguna amfani da suppositories.

Cuta a lokacin haihuwa

Malaria - mai tsanani barazana ga ciki mace da tayin. Kamuwa muhimmanci ƙara hadarin wanda bai kai ba haihuwa da kuma stillbirth. Statistics nuna cewa a cikin sub mutu daga cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a kowace shekara Saharar Afrika da kuma 30% na yara. Saboda haka, duk mata masu ciki da suka rayu a hadarin gaske yankunan ko ana shirin tafiya can, ya kamata ka shakka tuntubar likita da kuma daukar su wajabta magunguna, kamar "sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine." Wajibi ne zazzabin cizon sauro prophylaxis hana kamuwa da cuta.

Jiyya na da cuta a cikin mata suke ciki, dangane da misali makirci tattauna a sama. Duk da haka, kwayoyi kamar "Primaquine", "Tetracycline", "Doxycycline" da "halofantrine" suna ba da shawarar saboda da m hatsari ga tayin.

A cuta a cikin yara

Zazzabin cizon sauro rigakafin ne wajibi ga duk yara, gami da jariran, da suka rayu ko wasu lokaci a yankunan da yaduwar cutar. Wadannan kayan aikin zai iya aiki a matsayin mai m "Chloroquine" da "Mefloquine."

Yana da muhimmanci a yi amfani da daidai sashi don yaro, wanda ya dogara a kan shekaru da kuma nauyi. All iyaye kafin tafiya zuwa jariri a cikin kasashen na da hadarin kungiyar, ya kamata shawarci gwani a yara cututtuka a kan jiyya da kuma rigakafin cutar karkashin shawara. Tun da wani yawan abin sama da malariya miyagun ƙwayoyi iya zama m, duk magunguna ya kamata a adana daga cikin isar yara, misali, a cikin tam rufaffiyar kwantena.

Rigakafin kamuwa da cuta

Idan wani mutum ya yi niyyar tafiya zuwa wuraren da zazzabin cizon sauro da na kowa, sama da dukan, yana da don gano abin da ke nufin da kuma a cikin abin da dosages ya kamata a dauka don hana kamuwa da cuta. An shawarar fara shan wadannan kwayoyi makonni biyu kafin samarwa tafiya, yayin da zama a kasar don wata guda bayan ya dawo daga wata tafiya. A halin yanzu, babu maganin da aka halitta daga cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, amma m bincike, maganin shi ne har yanzu a karkashin ci gaba.

Idan zai yiwu, kauce wa ziyartar kasashen da high rates kamuwa da cuta a cikin in ba haka ba da zazzabin cizon sauro prophylaxis ake bukata - shi zai iya cece ka kiwon lafiya da kuma ceton rayuka. Idan ka - matafiyi, ko da yaushe kokarin zama sane da wuraren da akwai lokatan annobar cutar da cutar a wannan lokaci. Zazzabin cizon sauro vectors iya kasa a kan 'yan Adam fata a kowane lokaci na rana, amma mafi cizon lissafta ga dare. Kwari kuma suna mafi aiki a lokacin asuba da magariba. Ka guji zama a waje a lokacin da wadannan hours. Rigakafin kamuwa da cuta da muhimmanci sosai, ba da gaskiya cewa maganin da zazzabin cizon sauro ba a halitta.

Sa ya dace tufafi - sa wando, shirts tare da dogon hannayen riga, high rufaffiyar takalma maimakon bude sandals da huluna. Ƙara yawan man fetur ko abin wuta da tufafi wando. Yi amfani da insecticidal repellents, misali, za mu iya bayar da shawarar a wajen "Permethrin" cewa iyawa lalacewa da kaya. Ka tuna cewa mai kyau jamiái dauke da har zuwa hamsin cikin dari diethyl toluamide. Gidan sauro suna musamman da ake bukata a lokacin da dakin ba ventilated, misali, akwai wani kwandishan. Bi da su da aerosol repellents. Haka kuma an bada shawarar yin amfani sauro coils.

maganin

A halin yanzu, akwai wani samuwa alluran da zazzabin cizon sauro. Duk da haka, a cikin past 'yan shekaru, masu bincike sun cimma sakamako mai kyau tare da gwaji alurar. Recent manyan gwajinsu shafe yara daga takwas kasashen Afirka, ta dauki nauyin da Gates Foundation, sun nuna cewa binciken magani aka tasiri a rabin daga cikin lokuta. Mutane da yawa wasu gwaje-gwajen sun kuma zama nasara da kuma hango ko hasashen kariya da cuta kamar yadda aka bayyana a nan gaba. Masana sun ce cewa wani maganin da zazzabin cizon sauro zai kasance a gare 3-10 shekaru. Tsammani mataki dogara ne a kan katsewa da m ta rayuwa sake zagayowar da amfani mai gina jiki shiri wanda ya fitar antibodies da shi.

cuta iri

Sama da shi da aka mai suna da babban iri da cutar pathogens. Iya bambanta da cutar. Menene babban iri da zazzabin cizon sauro:

• wurare masu zafi.
• A uku-rana.
• hudu ranar.
• zazzabin cizon sauro-ovale.

A hudu-rana da zazzabin cizon sauro bayyana shida-goma-zaunanniya zazzabi harin, wanda yawanci yana farawa da safe ko da rana. Tsanani sakamakon ne m, da shiryawa zamani na iya zama har zuwa 5 months. Tropical da zazzabin cizon sauro parasites ne sosai mayar da hankali a cikin jini, inda ya bayyana vaguely zazzabi, sau da yawa ba cututtuka kamar gudawa da amai, tsakiya m tsarin raunuka, koda gazawar. Sau da yawa matsalolin da ci gaba. Vivax bayyana pronounced zazzabi ya kunshi jin sanyi, sweating da kuma zazzabi Yunƙurin, amma mai hazo alternating tare da lokaci na gafarta musu.

jama'a magunguna

Magunguna - shi ne tushen domin lura da zazzabin cizon sauro. Amma da yawa Majiyoyi da amfani da wasu albarkatun da magani daga cututtuka da plasmodium. Ga mu buga kawai da wasu daga cikinsu, yayin da a wani hali da wadannan girke-girke da kuma shawarwari ba za a iya daukarsa a matsayin farko wajen magani.

Lemun tsami da kuma lemun tsami ne amfani a cikin kwanaki hudu da zazzabi. Aƙalla uku grams na alli da narkar da a 60 ml na ruwa da kuma ruwan 'ya'yan itace na daya lemun tsami ko lemun tsami. Wannan abun da ke ciki shi ne dole ne a sami wani abin sha da farko na zazzabi.

Alum kuma dauke a matsayin goyon baya da magani daga zazzabin cizon sauro. Suna soyayyen a kan wani zafi frying kwanon rufi da kuma ƙasa zuwa foda. Tu Take teaspoon nufin hudu sa'o'i kafin zazzaɓi da rabin teaspoon sa'o'i biyu bayan haka.