Lustration - abin da yake da shi? A dokar on lustration. Lustration a Ukraine

The canji na gwamnatin gwamnatocin da aka sau da yawa tare da disclosures da related shari'a matakai da accusatory. Kalmar "lustration" bã kõme ba ne sabon. Kalma san ma mafi unenlightened. Amma abin da ya aikata lustration, shi ya kasance m ga kusan kowa da kowa.

A tarihin abin da ya faru na Lustration hanyoyin

Saboda haka, a zamanin d Roma da kuma zamanin tsohuwar Girka akwai wani tsarkakewa na al'ada. Hadishi yi wa jarirai tsarkakewa ta wurin miƙa hadaya ga gumakan. A zamani yanayi, mamaki: "Lustration - cewa shi ne," ba za mu iya magana game da wani tsari na tsarkakewa daga dukkan matakan da gwamnati daga wani takamaiman irin jami'ai.

Mafi sau da yawa lustration ya shafi dukkan manyan jami'an kasar da ke jihar, kazalika da duk wakilan da doka da oda da kuma tsaron kasa. Ministoci, wakilan da zartarwa da kuma yan majalisun dokoki da hukumomin, jami'an tsaro, da alƙalai, da 'yan sanda - shi ne da bai cika jerin ma'aikata a game da wanda amfani da manufar "lustration".

Me amfani lustration

A initiators na aiwatar ne ko da yaushe sabon, zo a lokacin da wasu juyin (ko juyin mulki) gwamnati. Sunã yin, jihãdi a cikin kowane hanya don nuna su rashin laifi to duk abin da ke faruwa a kasar kafin su. Sau da yawa mutane na kasar shan wahala dukan "isa yabo" na baya maye a cikin sabon. Kuma bã ya ƙãra wa biyayya da mutane zuwa ga sabon gwamnati, amma wajen exacerbates wani riga wuya mika mulki tafiyar matakai.

Saboda haka, sabuwar gwamnatin shige da wata doka a kan lustration, wanda ya qayyade yanayi a karkashin abin da jami'an na iya zama a ofishin. Duk waɗanda suka ko ta wani hanya da hannu a keta hakkin dan Adam, da kuma zalunci na mutane, da gurbata siyasa da kuma tarihin asali, kuma haka a. E., Kada damar kula da gawarwakin kafa ta sabon tsarin mulki.

Lustration - shi ne fansa magabata

Lustration - abin da yake da shi? Ramuwar gayya a gabãninsu. Wannan shi ne yadda wasu kasashen Turai da Amurka siyasa masana kimiyya, da kuma masana tarihi kimanta wannan tsari. Shi ne ba ko da yaushe zai yiwu su tabbatar da a ƙarshe na aikin da laifin aikata laifukan dangane da kare hakkin dan adam da abubuwan da yanci. Sau da yawa isasshen dace game da "alama" ga hukumar, wanda ke hulda da wannan batun, da kuma jami'ai a can ne da matsaloli da yawa.

Tare da kwarara denunciation ta zura sandunan da Czech, a cikin abin da jami'an lustration gudanar bayan faduwar kwaminisanci jam'iyyar. Yawan aikace-aikace daga 'yan kasa tare da sunayen da ake zargin da hannu a keta hakkin dan Adam a wadannan kasashen ya kai irin wannan sikelin cewa kawai mataki na farko - a lokacin da samun sigina - sun riga sun jerawa cikin sassa uku. A farko fall jami'an wanda laifi aka tabbatar, da kuma bai bukatar tabbaci. na biyu - wadanda zunubai ba a tabbatar ba, amma suka boye gaskiyar da ya hadin gwiwa tare da tsaro hukumomi. Kuma na uku kungiyar ya juya ga mutanen da wanda laifukan kacokan shi ya kusan ba zai yiwu saboda da gazawar da aikinsu. Mafi sau da yawa dangane da wadannan tausayin jami'an ba su la'anta, amma wannan category shi ne mafi girma.

Da muhimman hakkokin ka'idodinta lustration

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, lustration - da definition jami'ai a daban-daban matakan da sunayen, wanda ake haramta daga aiki a cikin jama'a gwamnati. Mafi na kowa tsari da aka a Gabashin Turai bayan da aka hambarar da kwaminisanci tsarin mulki. Duk da bambance-bambance a hanyoyin gano warware kare hakkin dan adam a cikin kasashe daban-daban, shi ne har yanzu irin wannan akida, da kuma gudanar da lustration.

Na farko, duk Amirka ta yi Allah wadai da ayyukan kwaminisanci tsarin mulki, wani umarnin gwamnati na kasar da kuma yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai matsa lamba a kan mutane. Abu na biyu, da dukan lokaci lokaci na kwaminisanci tsarin mulki aka bayyana a matsayin mai laifi. Wannan shi ne wani karamin gargadi ga ci gaban halin da ake ciki -. Shi ne 1948-1990 shekaru. Abu na uku, a wani yawan kasashen takura samun tsohon jami'an kociya matsayi shafa ba kawai gwamnati da kuma bin doka da oda, amma kuma makarantu da kungiyoyin addini.

All wasu ra'ayoyi game da abin da lustration da iko, ya kasa halaye. A mafi tsawo da kuma loudest lustration matakai samu Jamhuriyar Czech da kuma Poland.

Lustration a Jamhuriyar Czech

A tsaga na Czechoslovakia zuwa jihohi biyu da kuma kifar da gwamnatin kwaminisanci ya kai ga gaskiya cewa Jamhuriyar Czech ya aiwatar da wani fairly m da kuma zurfin kawar da jami'ai. Saboda haka lustration - da cewa shi ne a yi?

Tun shekarar 1991, Tarayyar Council na Jamhuriyar Czech ya dauki wani yawan decommunisation dokokin. A musamman, daya daga cikinsu - "A cikin illegality kwaminisanci tsarin mulki" - yanke shawarar cewa alhakin duk abin da ya faru a cikin postwar lokaci a Czechoslovakia, ya ta'allaka ne a kan Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da shugabanninta. Suna da ake zargi ba ne kawai na tattalin arziki management na kasar da kuma umarnin manufofin gurguzanci, amma a yi a m leƙo asirin ƙasa a kan juna.

"Softness" taro lustration a Jamhuriyar Czech

A sakamakon mataki tabbaci ya halartar fiye da 140 000 mutane - .. Jami'ai dukkan darajõji, da alƙalai, sahun daga jami'o'i, gudanarwa na cibiyoyin bincike, da dai sauransu kamar yadda zaran wani siginar zuwa daya ko wani hukuma, ya aka nan da nan ya sallami daga jobs (idan ta kasance cikin aikin a gwamnati) da kuma wani na wucin gadi kwamitin fara da nazari a game da wannan mutumin. Bisa ga kafa tsari, da rajistan shiga ba fiye da watanni biyu da za a za'ayi, amma sau da yawa jinkiri na watanni shida ko fiye.

Idan kwamitin ya iya tabbatar da laifin mutum, ko a kalla tashi facts game da yiwu tare da hadin gwiwar jami'an tsaro, ya aka hana yiwuwar rike manyan mukamai a duk jihar Tsarin for 5 shekaru. Yana da ga irin wannan "azãba" Czech lustration matakai da ake kira taushi.

Amfani da lustration tsari

Duk da nuna gaskiya da duk matakai, to wanda sabuwar gwamnatin nema ya 1996. manyan mukamai ga duk comers bai isa ba. Saboda haka, ko da wakilan da sabon gwamnatin demokra], ya fara zagin da lustration tsari domin su kau da abokan hamayyar siyasa.

Yana samu ko da Vatslavu Gavelu, wanda shi ne na farko shugaba na Jamhuriyar Czech da kuma taka leda kawai a baya da de-communization iko da kuma iko. A cikin archives na jihar Tsaro samu fayil a kan shi, a cikin abin da, bayan wani zance da wakilin hukumomin Havel bayyana a matsayin "mai yiwu ga takarar hadin gwiwa."

Tuni a cikin shekara ta 1996, to familiarize da su fayiloli, idan wani, a cikin archives, kowa iya Czechs. Amma tun da akwai wani yawan "scandalous ayoyin", da kuma sukar da lustration sun zama ƙara nuna wa shirme kawai da wannan tsari, wani hani a kan watsuwar bayanai a kan 'yan jarida, da malamai da kuma jami'o'i da malamai da aka gabatar.

Lustration a Poland

Yaren mutanen Poland "Solidarity" motsi dauki baton da iko daga hannun 'yan gurguzun. Yana duba sosai lumana da doka. A sabuwar gwamnatin da ya tabbatar da inviolability daga cikin 'yan jam'iyyar kwaminis da kuma tsaro. Duk da haka, m shiryayye wakilan "Solidarity" a su nema don samun matsakaicin damar yin amfani da gwamnatin samarwa don gabatar da azãba ga hadin kai tare da kwaminisanci tsarin mulki a cikin nau'i na kurkuku.

Wadannan bada shawarwari da aka ba a karɓa, amma rafi denunciations daga cikin abokan aiki da aka haka mai girma cewa tsari ne a zahiri share kasar. A sakamakon haka, da Yaren mutanen Poland Sejm soma wani doka a kan lustration, a cikin abin da da'irar jami'an iyakance kawai da ministoci, manyan jami'an, wakilai, da kuma hukunci. A daidai wannan lokaci, aiki a kan jagorancin matsayi, kama aikin hukuma ya fito fili ya tũba, kuma ka karɓi gafara ga mutane aiki a kwaminisanci tsarin mulki. Da farko, shi ke game da shi.

M daukan hotuna na sabon jami'an

By 2007, Poland share dama manyan scandals. Bayan watsuwar Rumbun takardun tafi mataimakin firaministan kasar Yanushu Tomashevskomu, almara jirgin saman soja domin yancin yan Adam Lech Walesa, Aleksandru Kvasnevskomu (bakwai shugaban Poland) da kuma da yawa wasu sanannun Yaren mutanen Poland yan siyasa da kuma jama'a Figures.

A shekara ta 2006, Polish Sejm soma gyara ga lustration dokar, bisa ga abin mika cikin kewayon mutane wanda ayyukan a lokacin zamanin mulkin na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ya batun jama'a. 'Yan jaridu, da malaman jami'a da kuma jami'a, gudanarwa na makarantu da kuma sauran qananan jami'ai su ma su yi biyayya lustration da'awarsu, a lõkacin da ake ji wa wani aiki ko sha wani rajistan shiga a cikin taron cewa a lokacin da tallafi na gyara ya riga ya shagaltar da post. Sake denunciations kwarara ya girma zuwa unprecedented rabbai, don haka da cewa kotun tsarin yana zuwa Poland, a 2007, don gane da yawan wadannan gyara, ba bisa doka ba.

Last abin kunya, ba da amsa ga wannan tambaya "lustration - cewa shi" ya barke a shekara ta 2007 a cikin sahu na cocin Katolika. Mukaminsa na Lardi na Warsaw aka tilasta su bar Stanislaw Wielgus, yanã bõye a lokacin ganawa a cikin Vatican ta hadin gwiwa tare da Yaren mutanen Poland jihar tsaro jikuna a cikin 70s.

Lustration ya kamata a mainstreamed cikin duk yankuna na rayuwar mutum, amma da nuances da yanayi a wadda mutane ne za a gani.

Lustration a cikin post-Soviet sarari

Tsohon jamhuriyoyin tarayyar Soviet, sami 'yancin kanta a shekarar 1991, shi ya yi ta nanata cewa lustration, wanda darajar ne mafi overrated, an da ake bukata.

A Rasha da Ukraine sun sha kokarin fara da lustration, amma babu doka da aka ba soma. A Rasha, rabon da aka gabatar a matsayin wani ɓangare na fi na repressed da totalitarian tsarin mulki na doka, bisa ga abin da duk mahukunta da kuma jami'an da hannu a danniya, aka kawo su gaban kotu. Duk da haka, musamman yaduwar wannan yi ba a samu, da kuma duk m yunkuri a lustration hukumomi, ba su sami goyan baya.

A Georgia, kwaminis da kuma Nazi alamomin da aka dakatar a lokacin lustration. Domin muhimmanci matsayi ba a yarda tsohon ma'aikatan kungiyar na tsaro gabobin da kuma functionaries na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis.

Lustration a cikin Baltic Amurka

A mafi girma rawa lustration kai a cikin Baltic kasashen. A Estonia, misali, doka ta tanadi ga la'anta daga wasu mutane a cikin taro danniya a lokacin da kwaminisanci tsarin mulki. Latvia da kuma Lithuania ne mafi m hali zuwa baya na mutane, amma a nan da dacewa dokokin ƙuntata samun ikon sane hada kai tare da jami'an tsaro na Tarayyar Soviet. Duk da haka, kamar yadda a Turai, suka fata saka sirri makiya - kalmar "m cinikayya" ne sosai m, sabili da haka mutumin da ake zargi ba kudin wani abu.

Ukraine da kuma gwagwarmayar da tsarki na hukumomi

"Lustration a Ukraine ya kamata a yi nan da nan!" Sai ya da irin wannan kirarin ne masu zanga-zanga da aka ba da farko juyin juya halin. Da farko tsanani fara magana game da lustration bayan da "Orange juyin juya halin" na 2004.

Sa'an nan, a cikin Verkhovna Rada aka rajista nan da nan 2 doka a kan lustration. A cewar daya daga cikinsu, lustration kamata a da za'ayi a dangane da wadanda ke da hannu a cikin gwamnatin jihar, fãce ga shugaban kasar da kuma gwamnatin functionaries. A wani doka, ƙuntata ga duk wanda kai tsaye ko a kaikaice hadin gwiwa tare da KGB na Tarayyar Soviet.

A shiri na Ukrainian jama'a su yi gãfara ga

Babu sa'an nan kuma a yanzu babu doka da aka ba soma. A cewar masana (sociologists, siyasa masana kimiyya, da sauransu. P.), Lustration a Ukraine ne m, t. Don. Al'umma ne ma son fansa da shi ne da kamar wuya ya zama gaskiya game da wani, da dukan jami'an.

A bukatun ga "gwamnatin wucin gadi" gwagwarmaya da Maidan, a 2014, musamman, ta tanadi da bukatun ga 'yan takara su ne: rashin laifi ga hukuma, tun 2010. m gwaninta na akalla 5 shekaru a cikin m matsayi a cikin t h da kuma a gwamnati ... rashin laifi zuwa 100 arziki a Ukraine , da sauransu. n.

Kamar yadda na Afrilu 9, 2014 a cikin Verkhovna Rada da Ukraine ya riga rajista 4 na doka, shafe tsaftacewa dukkan matakan na Ukrainian gwamnati - shi ne matakai kamar lustration alƙalai, babban jami'in ma'aikata da kuma kananan, jami'an tilasta bin dokoki, da sauransu ..