"Kwanta": An Analysis. "Kwanta": summary

"Kwanta" - an yi fice a abin tunawa daga zamanin d adabi, rubuta a cikin 12th karni. Karanta wannan aiki har yanzu yana da kyau sakamako a kan mutane, ya buɗe sama sabon sãsanni a gare su.

"Kwanta." tarihi ayyukansu

"Kwanta" ne a wallafe-wallafen fitacciyar, wani aiki halitta a zamanin d Rasha. Wannan aikin da aka rubuta a kusa da farkon na goma sha biyu karni, da kuma a 1795 da aka samu ta hanyar Count Alexei Ivanovich Musin-Pushkin. A 1800, shi da aka buga. The asali na "Words" bace a cikin wuta a 1812, a lokacin da Mai girma Patriotic War, da Rasha, mutane da Faransa.

Takaitacciyar samfurin

Analysis na "Lay" na nuna cewa samfurin yana da wani abun da ke ciki, shi ne na hali na Old Rasha adabi halittun. A da tsarin akwai irin murya da rinjaye, kazalika maku yabo.

Irin murya ne gaisuwa ga masu karatu na marubucin, kazalika da ra'ayoyin da marubucin ya bayyana kadan game da abubuwan da suka faru, wanda zai bayyana. Marubucin so ya gaya duk game da Prince Igor ta yaƙi fairly, ba tare da ajiye, ba tare da tsoma bakin hasashe. Yana hidima a matsayin abin koyi ga sanannen actor Bojan, wanda ya ko da yaushe ba kawai bi da tsoho epics, amma kuma poetically rera waka na zamani da sarakuna.

Analysis na "Lay" a takaice ya nuna cewa marubucin kayyade da na shekara-shekara iyakoki na labari kamar haka: ya yayi Magana game da rayuwa Vladimira Svyatoslavicha na Kiev, sa'an nan a hankali ya cigaba da bayyana rayuwar Prince Igorya Svyatoslavicha.

A mãkirci ayyukansu

Sojojin Rasha aika zuwa yaqi tare da wani karaya abokin gaba - Polovtsy. Kafin a fara yakin neman maida hankali sama da rana, kallon masassarar rana ta fara. Duk sauran mazaunin na zamanin d Rus 'zai zama razana da zai yi watsi da tsare-tsaren, amma Prince Igor ba haka ba ne. Ya kuma sojojinsa har yanzu ke gaba. Ya na farko May 1185. Igor nufi goyon bayan da ɗan'uwansa, Vsevolod Bui Tour.

Bayan wucewa a wani lokaci na hanyar, ya gana da Igor Polovtsian kwantonsu. Su yawan nisa ya wuce adadin Rasha mutane. Amma da Rasha ne har yanzu yaƙi fara.

Igor da Vsevolod Bui yawon shakatawa suka yi nasara a farko yaƙi kan Polovtsy. Ã'a, sun ba da damar da su, don shakata. Amma ba su gani, ko ji cewa sojojin sun gudu low da yawan Polovtsian sojojin har yanzu ya wuce da yawan Rasha akai-akai. Kashegari, da Polovtsian sojojin kai farmaki da Rasha sojojin da kuma rinjaye shi ba. Mutane da yawa Rasha sojoji kashe, Prince Igor aka dauka fursuna.

Cikin dukanin Rasha ƙasar yana kuka saboda matattu, da kuma Cumans, don lashe yaƙi, rabo mai girma. A nasara a kan sojojin Igor Polovtsian sa Rasha ƙasar yawa tsautsayi. Mutane da yawa sun kashe sojojin da kuma kara Cumans ci gaba da washe da Rasha ƙasar.

Svyatoslav Kievsky

Analysis na "Lay", da aiki wanda aka sanya wa wani ba a sani ba marubucin, tattaunawa game da bakon mafarki na Svyatoslav na Kiev, a cikin abin da ya ga kansa a kan jana'izar jana'izar idi. Kuma mafarki ya zama gaskiya.

Lokacin da Svyatoslav koya daga cikin shan kashi na Rasha da dakarun, ya fadi a cikin baƙin ciki. Prince Igor aka kama. Ya rayu karkashin kulawa da Polovtsy, amma da zarar daya daga cikinsu, Laurel, gayyace shi tserewa. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da Cumans yanke shawarar kashe duk Rasha fursunoni. Igor amince da gudu. Karkashin murfin na dare, ya saddled ya doki da kuma hau ta hanyar asiri Polovtsian sansanin.

Ya sanya hanya zuwa Donets River kwana goma sha ɗaya, da kuma Cumans ya bi shi. A sakamakon haka, Igor gudanar a samu zuwa Rasha ƙasar. A Kiev da Chernigov mu sadu da shi da farin ciki. Ƙare "The kalmar" kyakkyawan poetic fasara da Prince Igor da retinue.

Haruffa "Lay"

A babban harafin "Lay" shi ne, ba shakka, Prince Igor Svyatoslavich. Wannan shi ne wani shugaba ne fitacce, ga wanda babban abu - kayar da abokan gaba da kuma kare Rasha ƙasar. Tare da ɗan'uwansa, kuma tare da nasara sojojin ne a shirye su yi duk abin da gama ɗaukakar da motherland.

Af, idan ka duba Analysis "Lay", Grade 9, za ka iya samun shi a cikin dakunan karatu na mu makarantu.

Igor Svyatoslavich sa kuskure, saboda wanda shi ne ya ci sojojin, Rasha matansu ne gwauraye, da kuma yara - marãyu.

Kiev prince Svyatoslav - wani mutum wanda yake so zaman lafiya da natsuwarSa ga Rasha, ya yi Allah wadai da ɗan'uwansa, Igor da Vsevolod for sauri wajen yanke shawara, kuma domin da baƙin ciki sun zo da Rasha ƙasar. Svyatoslav ya a cikin ni'imar da ƙungiyar na shugabanninmu, domin su hadin gwiwa mataki da Polovtsy.

Yaroslavna ta kama a cikin samfurin

Yaroslavna - Igor matar - shi ne tsakiyar mace da hali, "Lay." Idan wani bincike na "Lay" kuka Yaroslavna zai zama mafi ma'ana ɓangare na dukan aikin. Yaroslavna yi kuka a mafi hasumiyar tsaro Putivel (wannan birni ya kusa da Polovtsian steppe). Ta ce da na halitta abubuwa. Ikon ta kalmomi, su ne wani wahayi. Ta dora alhakin iska da cewa shi busa tafi a kan nakkasa ta fun, shi yana nufin da Dnieper da rãnã.

Analysis na "Lay", a takaice abin da za ka iya karanta a cikin articles masana ilimin harsuna masu bincike ya nuna cewa Yaroslavna sa bãyanta mafi girma sha'awa fiye da protagonist na aikin, da kuma ta kukan da aka fassara a cikin harsuna da yawa. The author of "The kalmomin" imanin cewa, Yaroslavna ta Makoki da wani tasiri a kan da na halitta sojojin, sabili da haka Igoryu Svyatoslavichu gudanar ya tsere daga zaman talala. Mafi shahara image na embodiment Yaroslavna - opera A. B. Borodina "Prince Igor" (rubuta tsakanin 1869 da 1887).

Cumans a cikin "Lay"

Babban abokan adawar na Prince Igor da kuma sojojin Rasha a cikin samfurin ne Polovtsy. Su ne mazaunan filin, cewa shi ne, da m steppe, Rasha filayen s.

Rasha dangantakar da Polovtsy mutane sun daban-daban, da suka iya zama abokai, iya jayayya. By 12th karni, da dangantaka zama maƙiya. Idan wani bincike na "Lay" zinariya kalma yayi kashedin Igor Svyatoslav na abota da Polovtsy. Amma da dangantaka da Polovtsy ne kullum ba haka bad. Kamar yadda tarihi bincike Igor Svyatoslavich da dangantaka mai kyau tare da Polovtsian khans Kobyakov da Konchak. Ya dan ko aure 'yar Konchak.

Zaluntar Polovtsian, wadda ke nanata duk m masana tarihi, ya ba mafi girma daga bukata kwastan na lokaci. Prince Igor, ana gudanar da fursuna da Polovtsy, iya ko furta da Kirista coci. Bugu da kari, da hulda da Rasha Polovtsy amfana da biyu da Rasha mutanen da suka fadi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da cocin Katolika. Bugu da kari, Rasha kayayyakin sayar a cikin Polovtsian kasuwanni, misali, a Trabzon da kuma a Derbent.

Historical Fage "Lay"

Analysis na "Lay" ya nuna cewa wannan aikin da aka halitta a cikin shekaru a lokacin da Rasha da aka raba raba sassa.

Ma'ana Kiev a matsayin Rasha tsakiyar duniya da lokaci kusan vuya. Rasha sarauta zama raba jihohin, da kuma warewa daga ƙasarsu ne a haɗe zuwa Council of Liubech a 1097.

The kwangila kammala tsakanin shugabannin a majalisa, aka karya, duk da manyan birane fara gurin zuwa 'yancin kai. Amma 'yan lura cewa, Rasha bukatar a kare, cewa makiya suna riga gabatowa daga dukkan bangarorin. Polovtsy ya tashi ya fara yaƙi da Rasha mutane.

A tsakiyar 11th karni, sun zarcewa barazana. "Lay", da bincike na wanda muna kokarin gudanar da wani, labari ne game da ban tausayi karo na Rasha da kuma Polovtsian.

Rasha iya ba yadda ya kamata hamayya da Polovtsy ga dalilin cewa ba su iya yarda da su. Constant kowa, buwãyar da ikon da da zarar mai girma Rasha jihar. Na'am, a wannan lokacin a Rasha zo da farfadowar tattalin arzikin, amma shi a baje saboda gaskiyar cewa links tsakanin daban-daban gonaki rauni.

A wannan lokaci akwai wata sauka a hankali kafa lambobi tsakanin Rasha mutane. Rasha da aka shirya don zarar ci a cikin daya, amma da yawa matsala dalilai a wannan lokaci.

Marubucin wannan yanki ya rubuta ba kawai game da Rasha soja mataki da Polovtsy. Ya fi bata sha'awa, da kyau na da 'yan qasar matakan da gandun daji, picturesque' yan qasar namun daji. Idan wani bincike na "Lay", da yanayi a shi taka wata muhimmiyar rawa. Ya taimaka wajen Prince Igor tserewa daga zaman talala da kuma komawa zuwa ga iyãkõkin Rasha. Iska, da rãnã da kogin Dnepr zama da babban masõya a kan hanya daga Polovtsian mulkin gida.

Da amincin "Lay"

Kusan nan da nan bayan da "Lay" da aka buga, ya fara bayyana a cikin shakka da amincin. Tun da rubutum wannan aikin da aka ƙone a wuta a 1812, sa'an nan su bincika, kuma nazari akwai kawai na farko buga edition da rubutum kwafin.

Masu bincike a tambaye gaskiya cewa samfurin ne na gaske, domin dalilai daban-daban. Da cewa shi ba zai yiwu ba a samu fitar da ainihi na marubucin, kuma abu na biyu, a kan bango na sauran ayyukan wancan zamanin, "The Word" ya da kyau sosai, akwai alamar ba na gaskiya ba da cewa a cikin 12th karni shi yiwuwa a rubuta wannan.

A shekarar 1963, shahararren tarihi adadi A. A. Zimin shawara ta hanyar nazarin "Lay" Svetoslav zinariya kalma wadda jũna m ga shi da cewa samfurin a cikin 18th karni rubuta Joel Bykovsky, sa'an nan-Archimandrite Ceto sufi na Yaroslavl.

Amma nan da nan akwai sabuwar shaida da amincin "Lay". Ba gardama hujja da wannan shi ne «kundin Cumanicus», Dictionary Polovtsian harshe, wanda aka wallafa a cikin marigayi 13th karni. Yana da aka sayo da zarar babban Italian mawãƙi Francesco Petrarca. An sani cewa "Kalman" m wajen samo daga Polovtsian harshe, watau, da Polovtsian kalmomi. Wadannan guda kalmomi za a iya samu a cikin kundin Cumanicus. An sani cewa Polovtsian mutane kamar yadda irin wannan sun daina wanzuwa a tsakiyar zamanai. Saboda haka, a cikin wannan yanayin da gurbata ba za a iya yi. Tuni a karni na sha takwas, babu daya a Rasha Polovtsy ba mu san me ya sa da manna Polovtsian kalmomi a cikin rubutu na aikin iya ba.

Analysis na "Lay" zinariya kalma wadda da zarar ya ce Academician Likhachev, ta amfani da kundin Cumanicus kawo wani invaluable taimako ga nazarin Rasha wallafe-wallafe. Ƙirƙira kundin Cumanicus ma ya gagara: gaskiyar ita ce, wannan kamus da aka gãdar da Petrarch a 1362 da babban coci na San Marco a Venice, inda ya aka sa har 1828. Wannan shekara, da Jamusanci orientalist Julius Heinrich Klaproth sami wannan littafin da kuma buga. A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na sha tara kundin Cumanicus familiarized Rasha SAHABBAI.

Place da rubuce-rubuce "Lay"

Analysis na "Lay" ya ce wannan aiki ne cike da kauna ga Rasha kasa da mutane. Sanya wannan yanki na rubuce-rubuce - shi ne wata ila don Novgorod. Kuma ya halitta ya Novgorodian. Wannan za a iya hukunta daga harshe kalma cewa da dama a cikin "Kalma," sa'an nan a yi amfani a Novgorod. Wadannan su ne kalmomi kamar "Karna Osmomysl, haraluzhny, Goreslavich".

"Kwanta" - da bincike na wannan aikin a fili na nuna gaskiyar cewa marubucin ne 'yan qasar na Novgorod. Ya ambaci garin Dudutki, wanda ya sa'an nan kusa Novgorod. Harkar Kuɗi raka'a, wanda nufin da bincike na "Lay" nogata da kuma sabon, da masu bincike samu ne kawai a daya daga cikin mafi tsoho tarihin - a Novgorod. A Hypatian da Laurentian Tarihi na babu kalmomi. Patronymic Goreslavich da Osmomysl aka ambata a cikin "Lay", da aka samu ta hanyar bincike a cikin Novgorod rubuce-rubucen da Birch haushi.

Northern asalin marubucin "Words" an tabbatar da cewa arewacin fitilu da aka ambata a cikin littafin. Tare da taimakon Allah, Allah ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Prince Igor, yadda za a samu gida daga zaman talala. Kila, marubucin "Words" ziyarci Arctic Circle, kuma ga inda Aurora borealis.

A nazarin "Lay"

"Kwanta", da bincike na da matukar ban sha'awa ga duk masu karatu na wannan wallafe-wallafen aikin, da za'ayi tare karshen karni na sha takwas, cewa shi ne, daga lokacin da rubutun da aka samu ta hanyar Count Musin-Pushkin. Da farko tare da "kalma" da aka aiki. Da fari dai, shi yana zuwa a fassara. Abu na biyu, ya wajaba ya fassara duk m wuri, duk da wuya metaphors. Musamman mai yawa shahararren masana kimiyya sun aka nazarin "Kalma" a cikin Soviet zamanin, daga gare su - Academician Likhachev kuma A. soya. Sun nemi su mayar da asali version of "Words" da kuma ba shi daidai fassarar.

A nazarin "Lay" a makaranta

"Kwanta" ya dade da aka yi karatu a makarantun sakandare da kuma jami'o'i. Da karatunsa da hannu 7, 8, 9 azuzuwan. Don mafi nazarin ayyukan yin amfani da daban-daban kayan aikin, ciki har da drive a kan wanda chronicled labarin na zamanin d ayyukansu. A cikin nazarin "Kalman" ƙware Yaroslavl Museum-Reserve, da kuma dalibai da damar ka familiarize kansu da wani iri-iri na kayan alaka da wannan topic.

riddles ayyukansu

Duk da cewa da "Lay" yi karatu a hankali da kuma na dogon lokaci, a cikin rubutu na aikin shi ne har yanzu ba a bayyana wa masu bincike duk.

Analysis na "Lay", da yanayi na wanda har karshen da ba a bayyana, har yanzu ya nuna cewa har yanzu bukatar gano more. Saboda haka, shi ne ba a bayyana ko marubucin na "Kalma" na al'ada dabbobi, rubuta, ko da a cikin zuciya Cumans, wanda yake da sunan dabba kakanninsu. Shi ne har yanzu m me ya sa Prince Igor Pirogoscha ziyarci coci a Kiev. Duk wadannan asirai har yanzu jiran da za a bincika.