Jihar manoma a Rasha

Jihar manoma - wannan shi ne na musamman aji cewa ka fito a Rasha a cikin 18th karni. Yana shiga uku nau'i-nau'i a free yawan na kauye. Da farko sun chernososhnye manoma. Su sun riga sun zauna a cikin "black ƙasashe na sarki." Sinfi na biyu shi ne "tattalin arziki" manoma. Wadannan mutane a zaune sufi ƙasa. The uku category ne freeholders. Aka mai da su ne zuriyar bauta wa mutane lugar a cikin 16th karni kudancin iyakar Muscovite Rasha, wanda da daraja Estate a cikin rikirkida Bitrus ba a ciki. A wani yawan larduna (a Voronezh, Kursk, Orel, Tambov) freeholders zarcewa da mafiya yawa daga cikin gida yawan.

Jihar manoma a matsayin aji zuwa farkon sarautar na Nicholas lissafta game da goma sha bakwai da mutane miliyan. Tun daga zamanin da Moscow Rasha daga wannan aji zauna ba kawai na sirri da 'yanci, amma kuma gwamnati. Jihar manoma to kofur azãba ba an hõre.

A cewar wasu masana tarihi, wannan ajin yana da yafi waje girma. Duk da haka, wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. Ko da a cikin tsakiyar ɓangare na kasar mallakar jiha peasantry fiye da mutane fiye da a yankunan dake yammacin. A lokacin bazawa na Laws of 1830, shi ne babban ko dukan taro na yawan jama'a a shekara ta talatin da shida lardunan Turai na jihar da kuma a Siberia. A da mafi yawa aji na Rasha jama'a a lokacin.

Jihar manoma kasance mafi dãcẽwa da wani free transfer daga daya Ikklesiya zuwa wani, daga daya lardin zuwa wani, daga County zuwa County. A wannan yanayin, da muhallinsa daga daya ƙasa zuwa wani ne sau da yawa karfafa ta gwamnati. Jihar manoma sun cancanci (as dukan jama'a, kazalika da dabam) don shiga cikin kwangila da yarjejeniyar tare da mutane. Su ma zai iya saya dukiya (m ko immovable), to ba shi a matsayin jingina. Bayan da littafin a 1801, 12 ga watan Disamba, musamman doka, jihar za karfafuwa zuwa manoma (kamar yadda tausayin bourgeoisie da m) saye da masu zaman kansu ƙasa ikon mallakar.

Duk da yake manya da aka bautar soja sabis sa'an nan an baiwa da matsanancin 'yancin walwala, aka kafa "na uku Estate". Ya] uwa da wakilan jihar na peasantry, tare da industrialists da kuma 'yan kasuwa. A mafi yawa aji na jihar kuma yana da hakkin ya shiga wani fatauci matakin, guild, bude masana'antu, handicraft da kuma masana'antu kamfanoni, kasuwanci da kamfanonin da kuma kiyaye su.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa a lokacin da Accession zuwa kursiyin Nicholas, jihar manoma a rikicin. A lura da wannan aji na yawan sashen na ma'aikatar kudi. Dole ne mu ɗauka cewa wannan jiki da aka ƙoƙarin "matsi daga" na jihar manoma kamar yadda zai yiwu, kokarin samun su zuwa ga waɗanda haraji da cewa ba zai iya dauke daga gidan haya. Bafadan ta gida gwamnati ya canja zuwa yankunan karkara yawan halitta aikinsu, kuma mafi tsanani. Dole ne in ce cewa shi ba kawai amfana da gonaki, amma kuma zuwa wasu har yuwuwa rayuwar serfdom. Duk da haka daraja gwamnati sau da yawa boye sabani ƙasar masu, wanda ya so ya amfãnin saboda da na kowa asashe. Kullum tabarbarewar tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki na jihar na peasantry. A wannan yanayin, gwamnatin kasaftawa gagarumin adadi domin ta tabbatarwa a ramammu shekaru.

Tun da farkon sarautar Nicholas matsayi na jihar na peasantry fara ayyana janar yakin dokar da ba administrative ayyukan. Wannan shi ne sakamakon m aikin Speransky streamline kasar dokokin. Duk da haka, da yawa umarni a jama'a nau'i na farko ya bayyana.