Ina keel na jirgin sama? Aircraft Kiel: yi

Ko da mutum ya taba ganin a cikin teku, hakika ya san rabuwar kalmomi: "Bakwai ƙafãfunsu karkashin keel." Kuma da tambaya nan da nan taso. A keel na jirgin - mafi muhimmanci tsarin rarraba, wanda aka a haɗe da yawa sassan jikinsa. Amma idan wani ya san inda located da abin da ke cikin keel na jirgin sama?

Mene ne wannan?

Wannan ne "dalĩli" na zaman lafiya da cewa ba ka damar ceton da jirgin sama ba shakka. Ba kamar jirgin ruwa, da keel na jirgin sama shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin tsaye stabilizer na wutsiya. A kasa na fuselage ne babu keel a tashi inji yi ba! Amma akwai wani subtlety. A gaskiya wannan bangare da tabbaci da alaka da kaya-qazanta abubuwa na fuselage, amma saboda wani abu a na kowa akwai har yanzu a cikin teku, da kuma iska lokaci. Saboda haka inda ne keel na jirgin sama? Kawai sa, shi ne a tsaye ɓangare na wutsiya.

An fixedly sanya, yana gyarawa a maki uku wanda suke tsakaitã da jirgin sama axial line. A bayyanar, wannan yanki yana da cikakken siffar wani trapezoid. Matsayin mai mulkin, da keel na jirgin sama kunshi spars, hakarkarinsa da kuma fata. Wannan makirci ne da wani classic, ya canza kadan tun da farko jirgin sama. A gaban spar aka sanya à (as mai mulkin).

shimfidu

Mafi sau da yawa, da keel ne guda, amma a wasu lokuta yana yi biyu, har ma sau uku (a kan propeller kai harin). A karshen harka, shi ne ake bukata don samar da wani babban directional kwanciyar hankali da nauyi kayan aiki. Af, duk da jirage a wuri na wuri na keel kasu kashi uku iri:

• Gina ta al'ada makirci. Irin wannan, alal misali, da keel na A321 jirgin sama.
• "Mandarin," cewa shi ne jirgin sama wanda a kwance wutsiya filafilin kifi ne dake a gaban fuka-fuki.
• "Tailless". A keel ne kawai a tsaye wutsiya, a kwance ailerons gaba daya ba a nan.

Hakika, na karshe biyu jinsin su ne mafi hankula ga "al'umma" na soja jirgin sama, kamar da jeri na keel wajibi ne a ciyar da jirgin sama karin high maneuverability.

A wasu lokuta, yi amfani da karin hadaddun kayayyaki. Alal misali, podkilevye combs (aka - ventral keels). Suna amfani da wasu supersonic jirgin sama, inda adana cikakken kwanciyar hankali a lokacin jirgin ne m. Saboda haka, a karkashin keel na jirgin sama (wannan shi ne inda mun riga mun gani) akwai wani ƙarin da wani m ambaliya. More kowa halin da ake ciki shi ne lokacin da a kwance stabilizer wutsiya duk da su matsa zuwa saman keel. Wannan ya faru a lokacin da engine aka saka a cikin raya na jirgin sama. Irin wannan makirci, misali, za a iya gani a cikin gida mai amfani jirgin sama "il".

Mẽne ne a gare?

Kamar yadda aka sani, windless weather - wani m rarity, wanda ba ya faru sau da yawa ma'aurata sau a shekara. A mafi yawan lokuta, akwai iska, da kuma da ƙarfi, kuma shugabanci zai iya bambanta da cika fuska. Lokacin da jirgin sama ne tashi, iska gusts iya ƙwarai tasiri cikin shugabanci da kuma hanya. A jirgin sama da ya kamata a shirya haka cewa nasu su koma zuwa barga matsayi. Kawai a cikin wannan hanya iya wani hadari jirgin.

Babban manufar

Babban mulkin na yi na keel - sanya shi haka da cewa shi ne a karkashin wani yanayi bai samu a cikin slipstream da reshe. In ba haka ba mai yiwuwa kaifi take hakkin da Stability Shirin, kuma a mafi wuya yanayi - jiki da nakasawa da kuma lalata dukkan wutsiya. Saboda haka, babban manufar da keel - ceton directional kwanciyar hankali.

The zane na da yawa jirgin sama ne irin wannan part - m. By daidaitawa da girma na sabawa daga cikin keel, da ƙungiya kula da shugabanci binciken shugabanci. Togiya - soja da jirgin sama, a cikin abin da canza shugabanci na jirgin injuna amsa tare da wani sarrafawa dirka vector. A cikin yanayin, to sa m keel jirgin sama (photo shi ne a cikin labarin) ne wawa, saboda obalodi lokacin maneuvering irin wannan cewa shi ne kawai hallaka.

Abin da iri na zaman lafiya bayar da keel?

Akwai iri uku na zaman lafiya, saboda wanda jirgin tsarin hada da wani keel:

• Track.
• Tsaye.
• Mai gangara.

Za mu fahimci tare da duk wadannan jinsunan a daki-daki. Saboda haka, directional kwanciyar hankali. Ya kamata a tuna cewa a cikin hali na asarar tsaye zaman lafiyar da fuselage a jirgin, da jirgin sama nufin har yanzu ci gaba don wani lokaci zuwa gardama a gaba saboda inertial karfi. Bayan nan, da iska ya kwarara fara gudu da raya na jirgin sama, wanda ya ta'allaka a baya da cibiyar nauyi. Kiel a cikin wannan hali ya hana fitowan da wani juyawa karfi, tilasta jirgin kafin a juya a kusa da axis.

Tsaye da kwanciyar hankali. Zaton da jirgin sama ne Flying a al'ada mode, cibiyar nauyi daidai da cibiyar na aikace-aikace na matsin ta fuselage. A wannan lokaci, da fuselage ma aiki multidirectional sojojin da ke neman fadada jikin jirgin sama. Bar da kuma nauyi ne a lokaci guda. jirgin sama keel (photos na abubuwa da ka gani a cikin labarin) na samar da daidaituwa, wanda a cikin wannan yanayin ne sosai m. Al'ada jirgin ba tare da empennage, keel da stabilizer ba zai yiwu.

Sauran iri kwanciyar hankali

Kaikaice da kwanciyar hankali. Kullum magana, wannan factor ne mai ma'ana ci gaba da baya fasali. Lokacin da reshe kuma gicciye filafilin kifi cakosoban Are multidirectional rundunoninsa, suka "Gwada" to kife cikin jirgin sama. Sãɓa wa wannan nau'i na fuka-fukai: idan ka kalle su daga nesa, suna kama da harafin "U" tare da wani sosai diluted saman "ƙahoni." Wannan siffar samar da wani kai-gyara matsayi na jirgin sama a sarari. Kiel a lokaci guda taimaka wajen adana a kaikaice da kwanciyar hankali.

Lura da cewa jirgin sama tare da gaba-share reshe na da bukatar da keel ba haka ba ne mai girma ... a high gudu. Idan da dama, da karuwa a dauki sojojin faruwa a lissafi ci gaban. Kuma saboda wadannan inji yana da muhimmanci sosai mafi karko, hur keel, wanda zai iya tsayayya da irin wannan high lodi. Kuma ta yaya za a iya samu? Kuma gaya game da shi.

Features na halitta na zamani jirgin sama

A halin yanzu, Tarayyar Air sufuri Agency masana da kuma kasashen waje abokan aiki suna mayar da hankali a kan halittar jirgin sama sassa (ciki har da keel) na manyan-size sassa sanya na ci-gaba kumshin kayan.

Da rabo daga wadannan mahadi a cikin zane na zamani jirgin motocin yake sannu-sannu kara. A cewar bayanai daga masana, su girma rabo ya riga ya kai 25% zuwa 50%, da kuma kananan wadanda ba kasuwanci da jirgin sama, da kuma duk za a iya hada roba da kuma composites da 75%. Me ya sa wannan m ya yaɗu sosai a cikin jirgin sama masana'antu? Gaskiyar cewa wannan keel na jirgin sama "Boeing", Ya sanya daga wani polymer "gami", yana da matukar haske nauyi, wani sosai high ƙarfi kuma wani hanya wadda, ta amfani da daidaitattun kayan cimma kawai mara kyau.

kai tsaye kayan

Mai kubutar da yin amfani da composites a cikin zane na ba kawai da wutsiya, amma kuma daga cikin fuka-fuki da fuselage load-hali abubuwa, wanda ya zama ba kawai da karfi amma kuma m isa. In ba haka ba akwai wani alama na tsarin gazawar karkashin mataki na jirgin lodi.

Amma ba ko da yaushe. Saboda haka, girman kai na Soviet jirgin sama masana'antu, da jirgin sama "Tu-160", kuma aka sani da suna "White Swan" ko "Blackjack", ne keel na ... titanium gami. Irin wannan takamaiman da kuma musamman tsada abu da aka zaba saboda babbar lodi a kan tsarin da inji, wanda wannan rana rike muƙamin na nauyi m sun m. Amma duk da haka irin wannan muhimmiyar tsarin kula da halittar keel - a rarity, amma saboda a yau inda zanen kaya sau da yawa da za a magance mafi sauki kumshin kayan.

Wane kalubale fuskanci a samar da wani kumshin keel?

A lokacin da ci gaban da m zanen kaya ya warware da dama kalubale:

• Yi aiki halittar manyan sassa na keel, da kuma wani carbon fiber samar da hanya jiko.
• Har ila yau, ya kusan gama sake tunani kuma sake ba da babban matakai na samar, wanda aka ba tsara don yin amfani da kumshin kayan.

sauran siffofin

A samar da tsari da aka aiwatar da sabuwar software (FiberSim), wanda damar cimma mafi girma zai yiwu mataki na aiki da kai. Har ila yau, yanzu keel jirgin sama wanda zane da aka bayyana a cikin labarin, za a iya kerarre a kan irin wannan fasahar, inda kusan babu zane. Production na wannan bangare a cikin wannan m ne kamar haka:

• Design ko selection na ƙãre model. Yau keel (zai fi dacewa) an kimanta a wani cikakken atomatik yanayin, ba tare da "mutum" developers.
• Yanke da kayan amfani, kamar yadda kiyaye ta atomatik yanayin.
• A atomatik yanayin, wannan ƙidãyar aka sanya na raw kayan amfani a samar da keel da tsarin sassa.
• Stacking yadudduka ana robotic inji sarrafawa da kwamfuta shirin.

Bugu da kari, wani zamani tsarin kula da samar da ƙege kwakwalwa da wadannan:

• Ci gaba da samar da prototypes cewa an gwada a mafi wuya yanayi.
• Suka ci gaba da ba-hallakaswa gwaji fasaha, wanda damar ci gaba da sa ido na keel a cikin jirgin sama.

Advanced hanyoyin domin samar da "MC-21" jirgin sama empennage

A ba da nisa da, da jirgin sama masana'antu ne a zahiri stunned da aikace-aikace na cikin gida da developers cewa su ne masu tasowa da wani sabon jirgin sama gaba ɗaya, "MS-21". Its musamman da suka bambanta shi ne cewa a kusan uku da suka gabata, shi ne na farko cikin gida mota zuwa flights a cikin kasar. A ta yi an gwada yawa na na'urorin fasahar zamani, wanda sun fi mayar da abin ya shafa da m fasali na keel kuma a kusa da wutsiya.

Tasowa, da kuma samar da caisson keel jirgin sama "MS-21" Rasha kwararru sun iya cimma wadannan:

• Cikakken sarrafa kansa nesting daga sassa da kuma raw kayan amfani a samar. A sakamakon haka, shi gudanar ya isa a kalla 50% rage a cikin jimlar kudin da dukan wutsiya, da kuma musamman da keel.
• A samar da empennage ProDirector amfani shirin cewa ba ka damar cimma cikakken daidaito a cikin aiki da sassa. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu don ƙirƙirar ba kawai m, amma kuma musamman hur keels.
• Har ila yau, keel na zamani jirgin sama da aka halitta ta amfani da wani biyu curvature dabaru. Godiya a gare su, shi ne zai yiwu a cimma multidirectional kauri a cikin wadanda wuraren da zama dole ƙarin ƙarfafa tsarin (a karkashin keel jirgin sama).
• Ko a yau, da manyan sassa na keel iya "gasa sosai" a musamman autoclaves. A sakamakon haka ne wani musamman karfi da kuma m aka gyara yin tsayayya da kaya na wani mataki.
• Control ma wuce cikakken bayani game da lissafi na hadaddun a karkashin iko na walwa tsarin.

sauran siffofin

Ta hanyar amfani da sababbin hanyoyin fasaha da kuma dabaru, haduwar samar da wani wutsiya da keel aka rage ta 50-70%. Yau, jihar gwaje-gwaje ya kasance fiye da dubu huɗu guda filafilin kifi da wutsiya.

Babban nasara - ya ɓullo da wani abin dogara da kuma sauki fasahar samar da gyara na akwatin keel size of 7.6 x 2.5 m A lokacin da suka riga ka fara isar da a kan. Irkutsk sufurin jiragen sama Shuka. Suna Ya sanya daga m kumshin kayan, da kuma siffofin da wannan tsari da riga sha'awar manyan kasashen waje jirgin sama masana'antun.

zamani da matsaloli

Ga abin da muka shafe sosai lokaci tattauna hanyoyin zamani na zane da kuma gina keel? Gaskiyar ita ce, tun cikin 60s na karshe karni da ya bayyana cewa a ci gaba da karuwa a gudun yi da jirgin sama ne kawai zai yiwu idan don su kara karfinsu da kuma gabatar da cikin samar da wani sabon gaba daya jinsunan polymeric kayan. Matsalar da jirgin sama na karshe shi ne tsara cewa da zane (da keel musamman) ne sosai saukin kamuwa zuwa "gajiya". Saboda wannan, game da shekaru 70 na karni na karshe da aka ɓullo da yawa hanyoyin da sa idanu a jihar da reshe kuma wutsiya.

Production bukatun ma high. Kowane tsari daga sassa hõre zuwa ga mafi tsananin overloads vibration bencina fuskanci yanayin zafi da kuma matsa lamba. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, tun da 'yar alamar crack ƙarshe kai ga mutuwar daruruwan fasinjoji.

Saboda haka ka san inda jirgin filafilin kifi da kuma abin da ya ke for!