Hasken wuta mafi haɗari a duniya: suna, bayanin, wuri da kuma abubuwan da ke ban sha'awa

Yau a farfajiya na Duniya ne game da 600 aiki volcanoes da kuma 1000 bitattu. Bugu da kari, kimanin dubu 10 suna boye a karkashin ruwa. Mafi yawan su suna located a jamsin na tectonic faranti. Kimanin kimanin 100 na tsaunukan wutar lantarki da ke kewaye da Indonesiya, akwai kimanin 10 daga cikinsu a jihohin jihohi na yammacin Amurka, an kuma riƙa ɗaukar gungun tsaunuka a yankin Japan, da Kuril Islands da Kamchatka. Amma dukansu ba kome bane, idan aka kwatanta da daya megavolcano, wanda masana kimiyya suka fi tsoron.

Hasken wuta mai haɗari

Duk wani ɓangaren tarin wutar lantarki, ko da mai barci, yana wakiltar kowane haɗari. Don sanin ko wanene daga cikin su shine mafi haɗari, babu mai amfani da ilimin lissafin jini ko geomorphologist, tun da yake ba zai yiwu a yi la'akari da lokacin da ƙarfin ɓacin kowane daga cikinsu ba. Domin sunan "mafi haɗari a duniya na dutsen mai fitattun wuta" a lokaci guda ya ce da Roman Vesuvius da Etna, da Mexico Popocatepetl, Jafananci Sakurajima, Colombian Galeras, dake cikin Congo Nyiragongo, Guatemala-Santa Maria, Hawaii-Manua-Loa da sauransu.

Idan da hatsarin da aman wuta domin tantance zargin lalacewar cewa shi zai iya sa, to, shi zai zama m juya don tarihi, abin da ya bayyana abin da sakamakon mun kawo mafi m volcanoes a duniya a baya. Alal misali, dukan shahararren Vesuvius ya dauke shi a cikin shekara ta 79 AD. E. Kimanin mutane 10,000 kuma sun share manyan garuruwa biyu daga fuskar duniya. Rushewar Krakatoa a 1883, wanda ya kasance sau 200,000 fiye da bam din bam din da aka kwashe a Hiroshima, ya yi kira a ko'ina cikin duniya kuma ya dauke rayukan mutane 36,000.

A shigowa da aman wuta a 1783 a karkashin sunan Lucky kai ga cewa wani babbar ɓangare daga dabbõbi an lalace, da kuma abinci da kayayyaki, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa 20% na yawan na Iceland ya mutu a dalilin matsananciyar yunwa. Shekara ta gaba saboda Lucky ya zama sananne a dukan Turai. Dukan wannan yana nuna abin da sikelin effects iya hallara don mutane da shigowa na babban aman wuta.

Tsarin Rashin Ƙari

Amma ba ka san cewa duk mafi girma m volcanoes na duniya ba kome ba ne idan aka kwatanta da abin da ake kira supervolcano shigowa kowane daga cikinsu dubban shekaru da suka wuce kawo gaske m aqibar dukan duniya da kuma canja sauyin yanayi a duniya? A shigowa na volcanoes zai iya samun ikon at 8 da maki, da kuma tokar ba kasa da 1000 m ³ da aka fitad da zuwa tsawo na akalla 25 km. Wannan ya haifar da adadin sulfur mai tsawo, rashin hasken rana don watanni masu yawa, da kuma rufe manyan yadudduka na ƙasa tare da manyan yadudduka na ash.

Abun kulawa sun bambanta da cewa suna da wani dutse a maimakon wani dutse a shafin yanar gizo. Wannan ginin circus yana da tushe ko kaɗan ne ya samo asali ne bayan da aka samu fashewar tashin hankali tare da saki hayaki, ash da magma, ɓangaren dutsen ya fadi.

Mafi hadarin wuta mai haɗari

Masana kimiyya sun san kasancewar kimanin kimanin mutane 20. A site na daya daga wadannan fearsome Refayawa yanzu Lake Taupo a New Zealand, da sauran da aka boye a karkashin supervolcano Toba lake, located a kan tsibirin Sumatra. Misalan tsaunuka sune Long Valley a California, Wallis a New Mexico da Ira a Japan.

Amma mummunan hasken wuta a cikin duniya shine mafi "tsufa" zuwa raguwa da dutsen mai girma mai suna Yellowstone, wanda ke kan iyakar ƙasashen yammacin Amurka. Shi ne wanda ya sanya masu ilimin lissafin ilimin lissafin ilmin lissafi da masanan ilimin lissafi na Amurka, da kuma dukan duniya, suna rayuwa a cikin halin tsoro, tilasta su manta game da dukkanin hasken wuta mai hadarin gaske a duniya.

Yanayin da kuma girman Yellowstone

A Yellowstone caldera yana cikin arewa maso yammacin Amurka, a Jihar Wyoming. An fara lura da shi daga tauraron dan adam a shekarar 1960. Caldera, wanda girmansa kusan 55 * 72 km, na daga cikin sanannun shahararren Yellowstone National Park. Kashi na uku na kusan kadada 900,000 na filin Parkland yana cikin dutsen mai fitattun wuta.

Karkashin bakin dutse Yellowstone har yanzu ginu giant kumfa magma zurfin game da 8000 m. A zafin jiki cikin magma zuwa ga 1000 ⁰ C. Wannan a kan site Yellowstone Park zafi spring bubbling jam'i na fasa a cikin ɓawon burodi puffs na tururi da kuma tasowar gas gaurayawan.

Har ila yau, akwai mai yawa geysers da laka. Dalilin wannan ya mai tsanani zuwa da zazzabi na 1600 ⁰ C. tsaye kwarara daga fā 660 km fadi. A karkashin filin jirgin sama mai zurfin kilomita 8-16 akwai rassan biyu na wannan rafi.

Yellowstone eruptions a baya

Tashin farko na Yellowstone, wanda ya faru, a cewar masana kimiyya, kimanin shekaru 2 da suka wuce, shine mafi yawan masifa a duniya a tarihin rayuwarta. Sa'an nan, da zato volcanists game 2.5 dubu. ³ km dutse aka saki a cikin yanayi, da kuma saman maki, wanda ya kai watsi ya 50 km sama ƙasa.

Mafi yawan hasken wuta mafi girma kuma mafi haɗari a duniya ya fara tasowa sama da shekaru miliyan 1.2 da suka shude. Sa'an nan adadin watsi ya kusan 10 sau kasa. Rashin na uku ya faru shekaru 640 da suka wuce. A wannan lokacin ne ganuwar gado ya rushe kuma an kafa samfurin caldera.

Me ya sa a yau shine jin tsoro na Yellowstone caldera

Bisa ga sabon canje-canje a yankin na Yellowstone National Park masanan kimiyya suna ƙara ƙara bayyana abin da dutsen mai fitad da wuta shi ne mafi hatsari a duniya. Menene ke faruwa a can? Masanan kimiyya sun firgita da canje-canje masu zuwa, wadanda suka kara karfafa a cikin 2000s:

• A cikin shekaru 6 kafin 2013, ƙasar da ke rufe caldera ta hau dutsen kamar mita 2, yayin da a cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, tashiwar kawai 10 cm.
• Daga ƙasa, an kashe sababbin masu haɗari masu zafi.
• Hakan da ƙarfin girgizar asa a yankin Yellowstone caldera yana karuwa. Sai kawai a shekarar 2014, masana kimiyya sun rubuta su game da 2000.
• A wasu wurare, iskar gas din ke shiga cikin ƙasa ta hanyar fadin duniya.
• Ruwan ruwa a cikin kogi ya karu da digiri da dama.

Wadannan labarai masu ban sha'awa sun taso wa jama'a, musamman ma mazaunan Arewacin Amirka nahiyar. Yawancin masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa rushewar kulawa zai faru a wannan karni.

Abubuwan da ake haifar da tsawaitawa ga Amurka

Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa yawancin masana kimiyyar halittu sunyi imani da cewa Yellowstone caldera shine babbar hasken wuta a duniya. Suna ɗauka cewa ɓangaren da ke gaba zai zama kamar yadda suka gabata. Masana kimiyya sun danganta shi da fashewar dubban 'yan bindigar atomic. Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin radius na 160 km kewaye da farfadowa, duk abin da za a hallaka gaba daya. A cikin "yanki matattu" za su juya filin da ke rufe turbaya, a kan kilomita 1600.

Rushewar Yellowstone na iya haifar da ragowar wasu tsaunuka da kuma samar da tsunami mai karfi. Ga {asar Amirka, yanayin halin gaggawa zai faru, kuma za a gabatar da dokar sharia. Kasashe daban-daban sun sami labari cewa Amurka tana shirye-shiryen bala'i: yana gina gidaje, samar da fiye da milyan miliyoyin filastik, yana yin tsarin fashewa, yin kwangila tare da kasashe a wasu cibiyoyin. Kwanan nan, {asar Amirka ta fi so a dakatar da shi game da harkokin gaskiya a kan Yellowstone caldera.

Yellowstone Caldera da Ƙarshen Duniya

Rushewar caldera, dake ƙarƙashin Yellowstone Park, zai kawo matsala ba kawai Amurka ba. Hoton da zai iya bayyana a wannan yanayin yana da damuwa ga dukan duniya. Masana kimiyya sun kirga cewa idan har zuwa tsawon kilomita 50 zai wuce kwanaki biyu kawai, "girgije na mutuwa" a wannan lokacin zai rufe yankin sau biyu na nahiyar Amurka.

A cikin mako daya watsi zai kai India da Australia. Rashin hasken rana za su nutse a cikin babban hayaƙi mai tsayi kuma tsawon shekaru daya da rabi (akalla) hunturu za ta zo Duniya. The talakawan zafin jiki a duniya zai fada wa -25 ⁰ C, da kuma a wasu wurare zai kasance har zuwa ^game -50. Mutane za su halaka a ƙarƙashin tarkacewar da ke fadowa daga sama daga konewa, daga sanyi, yunwa, ƙishirwa da rashin iyawar numfashi. Bisa ga tsinkaye, mutum daya daga cikin dubban zai kasance da rai.

Rushewar samfurin Yellowstone zai iya yiwuwa, idan ba ya hallaka rai a duniya gaba ɗaya, sa'an nan kuma ya canza yanayin da zai kasance ga dukan abubuwa masu rai. Babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da cewa wannan wutar hasken wuta mai banƙyama a duniyarmu zai fara ɓarna a cikin rayuwarmu, amma tsoron da ake ciki yanzu an kubutar da shi.